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INDIVIDUAL ESCHATOLOGY
("Let us consider this settled," said Calvin, "that no one has made progress in the school of
Christ who does not joyfully await the day of death and final resurrection" [Institutes, 3.10.5].)
Biblical eschatology is a vast field of study encompassing far more than merely "end-time"
events, or what we customarily speak of as "prophecy". Also included within the discipline of
eschatology is the destiny of the individual, most often conceived as entailing 4 phases or
experiences: (1) physical death, (2) the intermediate state, (3) the bodily resurrection, and (4) the
judgment of the believer,
Individual eschatology refers to events which occur to each individual as he or she dies
(Erickson).
A. DEATH IS CERTAIN
1. Death is real and certain (Hebrews 9:27; 1 Cor. 15:54-56; 2 Cor. 4:11-12)
2. Death has three kinds.
a. Physical death
This is the cessation of life in the physical, mortal body. (Matt. 10:28; Luke 12:4-
5; 14:26)
This is the separation of the soul (or spirit) from the body. (Ecc. 12:7; James 2:26)
This is not extinction but transition to another state of existence.
This is not natural to man.
- Physical death came through one man (1 Cor. 15:21).
- Physical death is one of the evils overcame by the resurrection of Christ.
- Physical death is pictured as an enemy (1 Cor. 15:26)
- Physical death is one of God’s expression of His disapproval of sin (Gen 6:13;
9:6; Gen 19; Num. 16)
b. Spiritual death
This is the separation of the person from God because of sin. (Eph. 2:1-2)
c. Eternal death
This is the final state of separation from God-one is lost for all eternity in his or
her sinful condition.
This is being referred to as the “second death” (Rev. 21:8)
This is a state of eternal punishment. (Rev. 21:8)
This will not be experienced by the believers of the Lord Jesus Christ (Rev. 20:6).
B. INTERMEDIATE STATE (THE MOMENT AFTER WE DIE)
Intermediate state refers to the condition of human between their death and the resurrection.
This is simply the state of people's existence after physical death.
- (3) Sleep is used to illustrate that the pain of death as a penalty for
sin is gone for the Christian. Death for the believer, rather than
something to be feared, is like dozing off for a nap.
- See esp. Lk. 16:19-31; Mt. 17:1-8; Mark 12:26-27; Rev. 6:9-11.
Unbelievers are also conscious and disembodied but in Hades. Later with the
resurrection bodies, they will be tormented eternally in Gehenna (Mark 9:43-48;
Matthew 10:28; Rev. 20)
A. Unbelievers
Essentially, unbelievers can anticipate, whether they know it or not, that they may be
experiencing, upon their physical death, torment and punishment as they await the final
judgment of Christ. There are a couple of passages that indicate this. 2 Peter 2:9 is the first one
we will look at.Peter says here, "The Lord knows how to rescue the godly from temptation
and to keep the unrighteous under punishment awaiting the day of judgment." Here is a very
clear statement that those who are unrighteous are not in some kind of unconscious experience,
soul sleep or something like this, but rather they are consciously experiencing punishment
awaiting this day of judgment. The term that is used there, that they are under punishment, is a
present passive participle, indicating the ongoing nature of this punishment the are enduring.
Another passage that I believe is relevant to this is Luke 16, where Jesus tells the story of the rich
man and Lazarus. You may recall this. Beginning at verse 19, the rich man enjoyed many
benefits in this life.The poor man, Lazarus, used to lay at his gate covered with sores and long to
be fed with crumbs that came from the rich man's table. But now, they both have died, and the
rich man is in Hades, it says, while the poor man is at Abraham's bosom. We read this concerning
the rich man, in verse 24,"He cried out and said 'Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send
Lazarus so that he may dip the tip of his finger into water and cool off my tongue, for I am in
agony in this flame.
But Abraham said to him, 'Child,remember that during your life you received good things, and
Lazarus bad things; but now he is comforted here, and you are in agony. And besides this,
between us and you there is a great chasm fixed, so that those who wish to come over from here
to you will not be able to do so, and that none may cross from there to us.' And then the rich man
in Hades said, 'Then I beg you, father, send someone to my father's household, for I have five
brothers, in order that he may warn them, so that they will not come to this place of torment.'
And Abraham said, 'They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them.'" A couple of things
about this are interesting. It is very clear that this is happening in the intermediate state. This is
not a statement of the final judgment. This is not hell or the lake of fire, as we read about it
in Revelation 20. Rather, this is a time period between this man's physical death and the coming
of Christ. How do we know that? Because he appeals for someone to go and speak to his
brothers who are still out there. Other people have not died yet. This is prior to the end of the age
Another interesting thing is that this man is conscious and experiencing torment during this
time. He wishes for just a drop of water to be brought to him, but nothing of the sort can be done;
there is this chasm fixed. Finally, notice that, because this chasm is fixed, there is no way in
which one could transfer from one side to the other. People who are in this horrible place of
torment cannot move to the place of Abraham's bosom of blessing nor the other way around. So,
it seems to be clear from this that our ultimate destiny is secured at the point of our physical
death; there is no point after our physical death in which it can be changed. Hebrews 9:27
confirms this when it says, "It is appointed unto men once to die and after this comes the
judgment."
In summary: the intermediate state for the Christian is immediate transition upon death into the
presence of Christ during which time we experience holiness (no longer being at war with the
flesh, although final glorification awaits the resurrection), happiness, a heightened sense of
consciousness, and knowledge of Christ in its fullest. For the non-Christians a heightened sense
of consciousness, but one of torment, agony, irreversible separation from Christ (Luke 16).
Conclusion:
1 Corinthians 15:12-49
Dr. Kevin DeYoung “We are all natural evangelist for the things we love the most, and when we
love the Lord Jesus, we talk about Him.