Political Economy [A Historical Perspect Foti haus Reektonwaid fas examination of se perso An Introduction to Modern Economic Theory ‘Basil J. mtoste New in The Themes And Issues in Modern Sociology Series edited by dean Floud and Sohn Goldthorpe Sociologists and Religion Susan Baee Ahowioage ne fee about rehigiaus th Guere Heute, The mutvor consiaars bs Berknaimtan views of ei Neal ag the relationship Bete igion and betel, a fi eoeia group, ‘E20 Paperback £1.09} Trade Unionism A.A. Banke ene main topics: trade usianinm as @ cclestive bargiriog, #04 #8 2 ‘Sitionst esrparcons 2.8 Weperdack £1.00), October Volume 2 Number 3 August 1973 Contents Talal Asad Two European images of non-European rule 263 T. Anthony Jones and Andrew T. Seull Ineroduction to Two laws of penal evolution” 278 Emile Durkheim Two laws of penal evolution 285 Barry Hindess Tranecendentalism and history: the problem of the history of philosophy and the sciences in the fater philosophy of Hussert 309 A.D, Lubtinskaya Popular masses and the social relations of the epech of ‘Sbsolutism: methodology of research 343 Correspondence 376 Notes on authors 386 Published quarterly for the Editors by Routledge & Kegan Poul Lud Landa art Boston, including portage £4725 (43:50) per fare noua subscription £4°50 (81Editorial Board Roy Bailey Shefiekd Potstechinie 7 Barry Hindess Unversity of Hieerpoal Poul Q. Hirst Birhteek € Lene, University of London rence J. Johnson University of Leiceter Mary Mefouosh Nuficld Cotiege, Osford Harold Wolpe Polyzeionic of Ne : Landon Sami Zubsida Birkbeck Caltege, University of Landon Claude Meitsssous Contre National dy ln Recherche Scientifique, Paris (€ sponding, Member) Contributions ave welcomed by the Editors. Al! contriations, eorrespendences ant other tateria! dealing with the exlitorial matter of this journal shotli be soot eo die Petey Bconanty and Society, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ur2., 68-74 Carter Lene horion BOW EL, England. Nores en the form that contributions shou take are apsilie fece dee ters ef this md Books for reviews soul ge sent to Harry Hindess, Department of 8 Liverpet, Liverpoul 1169 3BX, England and nat eo the pubohors enon and Society is publshest quartetly in February, May, August and November ‘The anual subscription io £4>50 (U.S.A. $12.50) which inchules postane. Slvale cerca are £t-as each (U.S.A. 83.50). Subscriptions together with remitnices Seekd be we oo Subscriptions Manager, Esinomy and Sooty, Routledge & Keynes Peak Luly rewty House, Reading Road, Herley-upon-Thames, Oxfardshire Re 1EN, Engload Subscriptions Manages, Reonomy and Sect}, Routiadge & Kesn Paul be ¢ Boston, Mass, o2r08, US. Adtartising empires shold be acreated to ‘The Jouenala Manazee, Seelety, Routledse & Kegan Paul Lid, 68-74 Carter Lane Leis cciology, Univerity of rk Street, omy and BCH SEL, Enalanet [ | i | Two European Images of Non-European Rule” Talal Asad Abstract Functionstist antheopology fits stad enieptatism in its eta oF ating images nf politcal ester poteyica! pts of Alvcan sovietes nt of rus By convent nhen ruler a fuled ate A'by tes of satay an interdeperiesce, while Waters soot rs try fan eps te Deoive asjsksere of the latter. These dieing imagen ean be ween felation tothe emergence ofthe to disciplines at different pats ‘he litt of the Ensopean encounter with the societies im Guestion ivereaien The spares for the sco sly were patna Phillegeal and Norio, Btaopean anthropology encountered Afticaz toviece sa subjpated tpetdeocine primary aeuted by Teens feidewores Phe wo tnapes are intrinsic ly telat to logical exicaratone in their eiering etext of contact. age between 1 foriner andl the ogy wd eat, i a neccuary to yo beyond the boundaries of the polite syatcne whic ee SRE ol emai Wiscomnmetrnledge har et Pal really geuniePology derives from Durkheimian tocolooy tie pales ete, adequate framework for undone ing tet eet onecune thee there Hinton Tea at Fe i € ot Aftican systems of politic orination (ar of she selon sytem of wiih they mer a fart) see a og Of ighs and duties between the chief mm ae subjects. tt Rue shuld be nore atthe oneal ee plea sr namic sie covers bil a eg Pe 20s fiom the middle ape ihe woe eens nea une UegAheslebeeth erty peridot econ ets of am) sie, notably Mamluke ant Octonan, The osienetie ee any nasa Be ephrem pee of yp ea ask ee Ing point ie thae fet Cement of force unmentinned. But the meee F fore is noe oaly enone eee ning “Two European images @ nonEurapenn rule m fenure ofthe total political piture, which is then sometimes contrast withthe allogelly very ditfrene character of pital rule ta medieval Chestendom: (Tine suggestion bcing that sine Lame society Taeked 2 true conception of polca! authority, Le, of politcal domination based tm general consent, it wa inevitable that Force should play s0ch a central role in the Islami politcal order" cal problem with which the functional anthropologist has not been mach frosted, For the anthropologist geared on arhitorieal Duvkhsimian sociology, society ae polity were wsvally coterminous. ‘Phe hoeicantt Tinks of “erital soc were comenienty definable fn terme of the sertical Finke (wheshor erachical o negrnontary) of "eibal pote! hardly ever such a coergence after the defacto breakup of the Abb tid. Eeapire. 0 in his desire to charictrie @ distinctive “Laaric sovicty on the basis of a considerable body of teatoal teaeril relating to many eventful centres. he fs fed to adope a Partly fhinetonais fapectives for the ephess on the intogenve role of Tolar. ae a integrative function of “tribal religious vatucs in many Alican politcal mic inwory thus colapees into an exsist vychrony, [African hiseney dove inthe hans of te ced with 4 theoretic systems. Isl for much the same reasons a functional anthropologist. Since the orientalist is concerned by definition with ‘a society’ of auch complexity, ho must streaa what may be called « form of horizontal integration: the fact that Muslims as Muslims seemed bound together, despite their subjection to different scoular rulers, by their common loyalty to Islam as a religious system —an Islam which was interpected by, and indeed embodied in, an ‘international’ community of learned ‘men—the ulana, the sufi shaikhs and 86 forth. This horizontal religious consensus is then opposed by the orieatalist to a vertical political dissensis, in which ‘everything else is mercly temporary and more or less forced accommodation to the whims of a changing constellation of political overlords’. “This contrast between an integrated Islamic society and a fragmented Islamic polity has encouraged arientalists to uppase the supposedly universal authority of the sharia (Islamic law), t0 the changing constellation of political regimes and practices, often accompanied by violence—an opposition with which the medieval ‘Muslim writers were themeelves much prenccupied. In fact it tnay be argued thit invofr as the madera orientalists can be said to have an eaplicit interpretive theory, this is Iargoly quarried from the historically conditioned writing of the great medieval Muslim theorists—ibr “The result is a remarkable blorr Khaldun, Mawardi, thn Tey between histories] object and interpreting subject My suggestion here is that ultimately the Functional anthropologist and the orientalist were concerned with the same theoretical question.m Tata Asad what hos sci sagt? Hom od far sewing ita sys ded are) pli, Pee consensual relations hetween African rule dru 1 ore etal is tea ich ee ng sorkccdned ackey ms Paptaes Ty a facaned onthe repress relations hota Ta ocala) aly : 1 base been ering to argu that both Fc seta by sling tera phenomena: yt olen ea peony sprouts scent characteristic images of the pull srsture of the mon-Eatopean sects they Nic Zam ow ping tes Hat the hiner ier fhe arcana fa nna say tat twat to eh hee th tt i conta them yeh At of Biryani ine aa ic atc, tac inthe Tit Wend War when the Pan Broce hod wade inten and long-term fickiwork"s practicable proposition, icine sean ten font ae them a conforming to "actions" poten norm (a hone had ume igh ersten ya un nt amma C iets, of Alea pita aka aner lols Pacem Sai ay be ag papel tsp he leona ora wl asraling with yurtcaar slo pats tan on ae. he was impressed by its obvious success in imeintaining ie ann securing an apparently beg fn of Taal one tas hs emis group he obareed to intney He wns concen oy topean alninstratos for thee sm rears were ejay eomoeraed, with protecting subordinate African cultures, and was therefs we pre. Foe sept the clon dan of Sean pelts antec lat definition in terms of consent, (Consider to what this age Ins bun fo hres dwn with decolmiauion he sea) ee “The point ie that unlike sictonthsentary anirepoliyy,_the objestsiaton of ctionl anthropology : Tentne colomatin, af a pera tetera powestleeady ean of power already vane ‘ yexaised tam one in procean of vigorous exponen fonge and contention ate only to obvious Ssh Pate realism Flongty it hil mets eit mod assumptions and pre-occupations are rpoted in th experience of Islam prior to the adi f Weste sain the Mode Ease ‘dvent of Westen conan inthe Mule ANnong the cual fonhon of the madeee eee eae ei “tao European Images of non-European ule eal Jesicins who sought to defend the valnes of i eo an (ito) Someern cos enertatats arly nae in vet propaga Ct) A ear and ducked trey hey have ol Beet sa have apse or une sovity an ition wh tit se ner hs bee eng, tn ote, they ana shin what ON psn the source of Ube progr” ad Cn rican ond im oral fo relate the “harman! i aheone te rigs exsence of Ila Thus tg th smn anniv ctl ae sh et he ue g accommodated by) the West, the i Sagitsbing the basic medieval Christian pol Christendom against the th (Baal therefore capable of bein Car hee es een far move occupied i TeStomauey of Iu history ‘ Se OTR in valuable study Islam, Burope and ee ee he Fcopean experience of flam-vand especially eae ee oon Empire of the sccenth ad seventeenth of the ele to fashion iy amage of the tyra Teli at tach ecmuy. He suggests thatthe thece| most Fo ne ints eapertcnce were fear of Turks power the eae an eee) the subonlinate peaton of Msi {2 Mus ee taste Furupe', Daniel wetes, SAPry re eateral theca, to 8 polly i eos ectet Ar tine passed, there was suvil ond ation ah esters chutes a gral a the tara poer oft wel ee ew ve wa) BAR Te nf a tyrannieal Ovtrman strveture, a8 Danie es {0.19} But the ag quonioned througout Ue nineteenth een oa ae erehmced oh the specie notion of Islan misrule aera intr puliient gorstament nd fea) oppression boty inthe double oeres ed, grave wn in the yea of a self-consciously Progress cape end ofthe ninetsenth century on the exe of rae Cee som iat the foundations of modern oriental Se reat itctany, phological method of fis study (bxeed on See Te doe soguted from labs counties and deposited rene and ie) ance. that the oreotaliat od te need for i pea ee poople howe historical culture he objectid, Sis coma ered Tn ts eontinity. In a0 far ak he arsed Fa ee arena condton of Talmie peoples, he st init Bimal 0 fr sion of Islamic history--represion,eorrups fiom and poles! deen ‘ Pe eee yeaa of the European mide classes before the First World Faeaereeee perist ambitions oF their governments as natural War slew the oP eapang. with aheee atitedee the opinions that aoa then regarding prompective or resent victims of absence Yas common to all thre jevile ond w an enslaver oternallya Tall Asad bighly unflatteri this petiod, infliential weiters tech te Ot ere significantly united in their EK 1962) Uo thie tenpect tie peer EHD OF Ta sierent from that of the founders of mceeee sen and Néldeke Becker and Sauce Hurge erat, was exceptional among seer whe oe Man's urd, Snouch Hurgronie ee ent pire The orientatis rulersand sausage of repressive velnine heir subjects i thus rece ons betwee experience of aggressive Iolo ae to Africa), but more ‘ evaluation of “nny 2 Progress Airectly controlled for reasone of ex 6 feeent rules of vast Muchin ee could at tempt to legitimise their ow supplied by the orients gre ‘gs This was as true of we nineteenth century” In ke and Buskhard omning European ot only inthe historic Chetng expecence the Wet never hed octal inthe bourgeos Ean Hse and ‘tanaicl!falaty that megane eae val tradition re ay (Colonia rules aa ently tere disorder of pre-colonilruleh tg oa 18 typically external to the fr by focustn y on 3 pe and the anthiopalogiv's, bf Afican tradition, both helped lar moments in the poe World. No doubt, this id and ped to ucts colonial desi 1 efeounter between the Wet sgl role was peter ft i, ed opel largely unwittingly Buea ie way in which be 7 Power and its ewn ti : just its own conception of the just einen ae JLtDME Peoples, both disciplines were bes a lane pe iplines ; eop iline cally reassur- nage of the tion at particu. on African and ing to the col Notes tro fr et ME Peefoe the scene othe hat tue sepia Sain Caan Weer npr tory ne PRIN ae subject, see Parr O78: D. xi), For fares eee fon on this ‘two Eeropean images of non-furopan rsle oe a CLK. M. Panikitar, dia and Wester Dominance, London. 1950) $ GET. D. Bernat, Sconce im History, London, tos, expectally Pare 4 2 Fora summary of these develipmvents with specaal reference to East Kisca (including the souilern Sudan) see chapter 11 of Mair, (2962). Mair, pct p31 E Pontes und Beare-Pritchard (194s) op. eit, po 3, For eeumple Faller (s936) in his well-known of the Bocca Eigands, focuses or the way in which "en-exintence in a society of conporste al istieutiy of the stats type (introduces by Ehe folonea) government) takes for ernin and iaatabiity” p. 17}—an exsentaly Parsonian problem, He 1 not concerned sith the culonial systom ae such, bar with role confiets inherent in the position of Africas headman and ehilvervant chief, and Enropean Datrict affcers Rv An examples 1 Lapidus exellent snonographh Must Cites én Later Mfidite Ages, Caambridge, Mass, 1957 9. crab historiograptts frorn Fabarl © Jabart is fl} of information om thes Fevolin, Useful sumiaarice of revults in the eatly peried of Islam are Braille in W. Moncromvery Wart (r961), Por a work on workingeclass ‘Sreanizatéon and rebel fy medieval turin Islamic society, wee Cahen (habe). Hut in both works there is hisle discussion of the diaieetca! lationship Between poltival-ccanomte experience and idenlosieal reuse ‘ttemupe in thar dieection, point In iterestingly male by M. G. 8. Hodgson (i9hq) Fr, See Abrahamiaa (16) for an atterapt at describing the active Intionalty of ptien) crows tm the mesiorn Telamic worl (1 any eodebed to Peter Worsley for this reference ) "While European journalists have invacihly portrayed oriental cele ax “xenophobic mabe" hush saute find bricks at Western emiuasen” observes Abrahamian, "ica canter rently demoineed theen se "s0sia! seem” in the pa¥ oF the foreign hand, and radicals have often stereotyped them as "the people” action. For all the crowd has beer an abstraction, whether worthy of nase, fear, praia, or ever of humour, but nat a subject of stay" (p. 184) Te seerns that sumtimes tere i bitle #9 distinguish the attiades of European joucoalists from that of exicatalists. 2. Social and ccunumic history af the Talamic world is ia its infancy (eco M.A. Cook (1975), an indlertion of the extent to which idealet explanations in teers of the religious easence of Tslara” have been in sogue tong oricntabsts. This iv oot unrelated to Uke fact that oraenttits have neages with pols tives have fr Ccticalfeview of The Combridge Hlatory of Islam in The Journal of Tnter= Geciplinars Pistors Gn pes 13. This je aha true af Chackmas, wha is usually cited as being one of the inst anthropologists ta have dealt Girvetly with problems of force ane feonfic in traditional Afeican eocstisy. Gluckman’ sew of eonilet has {pica been a jurist, kya one, whence his partictar interest in ‘diserepant and conficting rules of puccestion’ which he sees as the primacy focur of traditional Afsican "eebeliiom, Bee Intendustion te Gluckman (1953). For thir reaton he fails t» make an analytic distinction: between “popular armed uprisings and dynastic rivalries. Tho question a3 to wheter 4s particulor internal military challenge aginet the state's autherity 3 uct in (actual or potential) clans conciousness ie more basic thatthe task of labeling it "ehelion’ of ‘revolution’, His fishuve to appreciate this Bele 9 explain why Gluckman paid no atention to the question of Affioan popular rebellions egainct Enpopean colonial rile 4. Soe Ci (1065). TE. Thas the ftiuentiat orientaiet won Grunebaurn (e962: 40). Tis6 Tats Asse ecwwatial to realize that Muslim eiviliatiom in a culrura entity that does not Site our prnvary aspisationn. Tess not tally interested sn analytecal st Gndeistarviing, and i io even lee intereted an dhe steusturat tc of other Eaeures either os an end in ise op ara means toward claseer understaning Gita ome chasacier and Beatory. If this hsorvation were to be valid nesely for contereporary fiaen, one might be inclined ta cobect it the profoundly davearbest erate of Tela which does not pemit 1 Took fievoned ice tess forces! to eo) Hing aa i a wale for the pant as veel one wa portape seek to comnect i with the basic antiumanisn of This cision, thet, the determined refusal t0 Recep torus ae the arbiter othe menwite of things, ahd the tendenice t be CGaisted sith teurh an the description of mental iractares, pe, 18 other ‘Sons, with peychological truth, For jn eatrerely teterecting sespse by WMustio intellect see Mohammed ArkaUe 2954), 16 Cf Adaais (ore: pa). Ty, ELL Gollwitive (1065), Hor a study of Beth public epinion in Fulsten th evente prccaaing She Baitinh eecupratin of Bayes in 1882, ee HS, Deiginon's excell artite (968) 18. Ch 6G. Kicman (1969), ard the documentary collection edited by bby, Gustin (ioe) to. $WW. Pack yee) 39. CE Ji}. Weanfentrane (2962) 2h J Wo fuck, up ait. Por farther deuils oa Price Caetani, see A. Pasorati (1937 = Su With revpect to Holland's colonial ein Indonesia, Sanuck Tairgeonje sore: Tt susie que 6'evealer une psi de comacience ( fovaiderant que Findeperdenee de la ve spiritelte et fa hreration, de sa développnent de taute prevsion mtercte et Pune eles plus grandes ‘Denedetions de renre civliation. Nowe gous sentons poussés pay un 28le tmusionaire de fa meeuse ste ufie de faire purtiiper le monde rnswolinae 4 eete eatefation.” "Dhis was what ulti italy juss! Colonials, “Notre dinsination dait se justisce par Uavevssinn don Gadiggnes bane eivilation plus deve, He doivent scquczie param les Quoted ia J}. Waarderbuiyes op- eit pe. tor and 302. Sen ahaa WP Wertheim: (co7a}. {Tam gestefol ¢9 Ligdonilt Brunt for this ast referenoe 2 235. For a discasion abut the varions elements that went into the maine Oi European views about Africa atthe end of the elghtcenth century and the feat half uf the nineteenth, see P. D, Curtin (1463). According te Curtin this earlier erage wax an the while fur nore favourable than the one prevalent in the later port f the nincternch eeatory Ea. The ovienraset's imaye is sul very 2sh alive ape ott rooted in a structure of sentimentr remarkably akin 1 het displayed by the founders CAtdynush there are exception" observer Adams (vo7e) io is curces Srticte in the caves of individwaly or partioalar Fedde of sadly (Susie, f Sharuple, wr foie An ane Architect, co be sre, 09 ke whale ene 2 Seach with the negative tone-—or rasiva be os sizong w words with the tine of pererad dschrkantment that fmm though the enainnty of rental) sting about Afucian Sah op. cP pe 2) Lattette this Pesan the at chat depth prof cha te oe te tie nineteenth century, the power encounter tetoreen the West hes Che Ruin empties constiaues bs express sacl Pepicallp im eke Fores uf hostile confrontations (foe peasns to ivsolved tm dienes here} anil the methends and echniques of ocientaliom se a dhecipine, sith is basic sekance on philotozienl anutysis, remain unaffected, These facts wud not mere ‘excellence? ‘Tao European images of non Europea rule ur account forthe cuntinuity neted by Adame (1079) ‘In fat, baye ninecenthe mera felamuc achotaeship was #0 ciropetent anit exhaustive that if has conte tad onany Laer sebolor Grom attempting secexaminations of Fane fanuce Much of what the pioneers of Telamology wrote bas eareddy been in wove upon, mot to aay superseted it hus overely bee seared sad and wontowuer to be the most authoritative scholarship posweat in many fields Sere dinaplanes can such a seatenient be mad References Abrabamiag, & (oti “The Coed ig tines tuoyeraests Bt an Figur Sa Rane Cf Gcaqoy tame Rein’ RAaM bee Seals suction Bin, Col ay 0.3 Octobet 1g ‘Arkon, 3 (s6a} EeTatim Moderve AUSET: protegeue GE con Gibreomn detieg Bist, \. (oes) ete Stes Intatyih git SI -Sc0, Bast wedadin van VL Bernal) Brees Same nts, an Elune Cea dant Bien Sr cae Eo. ot apr Stati te Seis fas US Bs iene ESTEE Bcc) Phe Fae of es Merial ot (ore Imperato, or Botel gg) aman th ihe : Breit on Ber ant Bulan, (£6) *The tay ee Nisan in He FM BPR aol sata oes Siam tsps, Poston Botton 75 tgs Bone falters a out Pepi ion) Sis 0 Sear Tee laser an Rie Sierantaen SA baton, Roe Et Waa ihr, Nee Mot ince Po (Gres hea BRAY AW tcp) taen a an Peek apes toate verry sce vaao" in Laws, P Wee Mt tad Hortons Teicaat Coen RL and Rota, (0950) Si et al he We, Wolo fav bonke SEH RH coh Reon and B feet). OF haw many ether his real or eocial olen im Christianity and gm Procers) AE Cee lep aed Fleodimal Rotations, Lesion, Giacionde, BN rch Groat Resetion Trad jrea, London, Gatti Got Hareb fibadgoame M1 G.'S. (eur) ‘stam and Teese ES Hains of Wei I Kicrnan, UG. (coty) The Lords of Thawcce Bend, Ci Tespidm, fe ye9) Slain Cie ett Sie ag Ca Ebipd, F.C. (4964) The Poltia Lean oP Altes: feeders i Unto, M. Ga), Pobicel Sestem, “FS Distoation of Per, Loon. Shain ea Brine Goverment, Montgomery Wath, W- (1960, SIRE edocs of Sore, andar Baoiag, eM. (oqo tsa Pacey} Moog) The Sponish Theos EPERiibe onthe Secon Cent. Coie SAO Hiursronie, ©. 959 Sem an OE Sie Parone Beebe Ca tines wa Ee Gale Bowtie. (3) fever Fey Titam We Se ee Chace Sie Goa Srtmataa, G.¥ Gow Sftascat ere Cheap Yee etamab om, EF soos som PoC De Nitti Geaea! Sli es an sn Gtancbauen’ GE tea Madera fslam, Berkeley and Low Sete 1c te one be Reine (cctentTe Hague Wortheloer ert deoye) Coeer rete cotonat he tea Sovran ene arco art TRE SLES Wart Soemleptrke Gide Sint EipiePbecerbe