Department of Chemistry: Courses of Study in Chemistry With Credit Hours

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
Courses of Study in Chemistry with Credit Hours

Course Code Course Title Credit Hr.
Semester – I
CHEM-1101 Biochemistry-I 2
CHEM-1101P Biochemistry-I (Practical) 1
Semester – II
CHEM-1201 Biochemistry-II 2
CHEM-1201P Biochemistry-II (Practical) 1
Semester – III
CHEM-2101 Organic Chemistry-I 2
CHEM-2101P Organic Chemistry-I (Practical) 1
Semester – IV
CHEM-2201 Organic Chemistry-II 2
CHEM-2201P Organic Chemistry-II (Practical) 1
CHEM-2202 Analytical Chemistry-I 3
CHEM-2202P Analytical Chemistry-I (Practical) 1
Semester – V
CHEM-3101 Physical Chemistry-I 3
CHEM-3101P Physical Chemistry-I (Practical) 1
CHEM-3102 Inorganic Chemistry-I 3
CHEM-3102P Inorganic Chemistry-I (Practical) 1
CHEM-3103 Organic Chemistry-III 2
CHEM-3103P Organic Chemistry-III (Practical) 1
CHEM-3104 Analytical Chemistry-II 2
CHEM-3104P Analytical Chemistry-II (Practical) 1
CHEM-3105 Environmental Chemistry 3
Semester – VI
CHEM-3201 Physical Chemistry-II 3
CHEM-3201P Physical Chemistry-II (Practical) 1
CHEM-3202 Inorganic Chemistry-II 3
CHEM-3202P Inorganic Chemistry-II (Practical) 1
CHEM-3203 Organic Chemistry-IV 2
CHEM-3203P Organic Chemistry-IV (Practical) 1
CHEM-3204 General Applied Chemistry 2
CHEM-3204P General Applied Chemistry (Practical) 1
CHEM-3205 Polymer Chemistry 3
Semester-VII Specialization
(Physical / Inorganic /Organic / Analytical/ Biochemistry /Applied)
CHEM-4101 Organic Spectroscopy (Compulsory) 3
CHEM-4101P Organic Spectroscopy (Practical) 1
Accordingly Paper-I 3
do Paper-II 3
do Paper-III 3
do Practical 1
1
CHEM-4211 Research Project / Internship 3
Semester-VIII Specialization
(Physical / Inorganic / Organic / Analytical/ Biochemistry /Applied)
CHEM-4201 Separation Techniques (Compulsory) 3
CHEM-4201P Separation Techniques (Practical) 1
Accordingly Paper-IV 3
do Paper-V 3
do Paper-VI 3
do Practical 1
CHEM-4211 Research Project / Internship 3
BS: 1st Year (Semester-I)

Course Title: Biochemistry-I Cr. Hr. 2
Course Code: CHEM-1101
1. Thermodynamics in Life
First Law of thermodynamics: Energy & Enthalpy Changes, Second law of
thermodynamics: the universe tends towards maximum disorder, Third law of
thermodynamics: Free energy the indicator of spontaneity, Chemical equilibria
and Equilibrium constants.
2. Aqueous solutions as medium of life.

Role of hybridization towards geometry and shape of water molecules, Water as
a solvent, Dissociation of water, pH and pH scale, Strengths of Acids and Bases,
pH Buffers, pH Indicators, Solubility and solubility Product.
3. Amino acids and Proteins

Amino acids, classification and properties. Optical activity and Isomerism in
amino acids. Proteins, classification and properties. Primary, secondary, tertiary
and quaternary structures of proteins. Amino acid sequence. Biological functions
of proteins and peptides.
4. Lipids
Classification. Fatty acids and their properties. Chemistry of glycerides,
phospholipids and steroids. Biological significance of lipids. Structure and
functions of biological membranes
5. Carbohydrates
Classification of carbohydrates, chemistry and properties of monosaccharide,
disaccharides and polysaccharides.
2
Practical: Biochemistry-I Cr. Hr. 1
Course Code: CHEM-1101P
1. Acid hydrolysis of starch

2. Qualitative tests for amino acids
3. Isolation and identification of amino acids from the given sample by
paper chromatography
4. Titration curve of amino acids.
5. Qualitative tests for carbohydrates (pentoses, hexsoses, reducing and
non reducing sugar).
6. Qualitative tests for fats, sterols and phospholipids.
7. Determination of iodine number of fat
8. Determination of acid value of fat
Recommended Books:
1. Lehninger, A. L., “Principles of Biochemistry” Worth Publisher, New York
(2001)
2. Murray, R. K., P. A. Mayes, D. K. Granner and V. W. Rodwell, “Harper’s .
Biochemistry”,
3. Appleton and Lange (2000).
4. Robert, “Harper’s Biochemistry”, 25th Edition (2000)
5. Stryer, L. “Biochemistry”, Freeman & Co.( 1994)
6. Voet, D. and Voet J.G. “Biochemistry” John Wiley & Sons, New York
(2000)
7. West, “Text Book of Biochemistry” 4th Edition. (2000)
8. Zubay, G. “Biochemistry”, 4th Edition Macmillan Publishing Co.(1999)
9. Passmore, R. and M. A. Eastwood, Human Nutrition & Dietetics, Churchill
Livingstone/ELBS.
BS: 1st Year (Semester-II)

Course Title: Biochemistry-II Cr. Hr. 2
1. Nucleic Acids
Purines and pyrimidines, nucleosides and nucleotides, Structures and functions
of RNA and DNA.
2. Enzymes
Chemical nature, nomenclature and classification, Catalysis and enzyme
kinetics, Enzyme activity, Effect of different factors on enzyme activity,
Coenzymes and immobilized enzymes.
3. Vitamins
Introduction, classification, chemistry and biological significances of vitamins.
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4. Bioenergetics and Biological oxidation
Introduction, high energy molecules, biological oxidations, oxidative
phosphorylation, glycolysis and citric acid cycle.
5. Evolution of Biomolecules
Different theories of evolution of biomolecules, evolution of complex living
systems.
Practical: Biochemistry-II Cr. Hr. 1

1. Assay of catalase isolated from potato
2. Extraction and estimation of amylase from germinating seeds
3. Determination of Km and Vmax of Amylase
4. Isolation of DNA
5. Estimation of Na+ ions in blood/urine
6. Estimation of K+ in blood/urine
7. Estimation of glucose in blood/urine sample using quantitative
Benedict’s reagent
8. Estimation of protein in egg by Lowry’s method
Recommended Books
Theory
1. Lehninger, A. L. Principles of Biochemistry, Worth Publisher, New York (2001).
2. Murray, R. K., P. A. Mayes, D. K. Granner and V. W. Rodwell, Harper’s
Biochemistry, Appleton and Lange (2000).
3. Watson, J. D., J. Tooze and D. T. Kurtz, Recombinant DNA, Scientific
American Books
4. Darnell Jr., J., H. Lodish and D. Baltimore, Molecular Cell Biology, Scientific
American Books.
Practicals
1. Dryer, R. L. and G. F. Lata, Experimental Biochemistry, Oxford University
Press.
2. Wilson, A. Practical Biochemistry: Principle and techniques (2000).
3. Swotzer, Experimental Biochemistry theory and exercises in fundamental
method (2000)
4. T. N. Pattabiraman. Laboratory Manual in biochemistry. All India
Publishers(1998)
5. Plummer, D. T., Introduction to Practical Biochemistry, McGraw Hill Book Co.,
New York (1986).
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BS: 2nd Year (Semester-III)
Course Title: Organic Chemistry-I Cr. Hr. 2
1. Basic Concepts in Chemical Bonding

Concept of hybridization leading to bond angles, bond energies and geometry of
some organic molecules; inductive effect; dipole moment; Localized and
delocalized bonding; resonance, resonance energy, rules of resonance,
resonance effect, steric inhibition of resonance; hyperconjugation; tautomerism;
hydrogen bonding and its significance in living system.
2. Chemistry of the Hydroxyl Group and Ethers

Physical properties of alcohols, preparation of alcohols by Hydration of alkenes,
Hydrolysis of alkyl halides, Grignard reagents and Reduction of carbonyl
compounds along with mechanism. Reactions of alcohols with detailed
mechanism
Physical properties of phenol, Preparation of phenol and reactions with a special
focus on mechanisms. Open chain and cyclic ethers, their preparation, properties
and reactions.
3. Chemistry of Carbonyl Compounds

Structure and reactivity of the carbonyl group; preparation and reactions of
aldehydes and ketones with a special emphasis on mechanisms.
4. Chemistry of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

Physical properties of carboxylic acids, effect of substitution and structure on the
strengths of acidity of carboxylic acids. Preparation and reactions of carboxylic
acids and their derivatives i.e. esters, amides, acid halides and acid anhydrides
along with mechanisms.
Practical: Organic Chemistry-I Cr. Hr. 1

1. Basic Experimental Techniques

Determination of melting, mixed melting and boiling point, Hand on practice on
distillation, solvent extraction, crystallization
2. Preparation of Organic Compounds
Preparation of following organic compounds.
a) Aspirin b) Benzoic acid c) Benzyl alcohol
d) Iodoform e) Ethylbenzoate f) Butyl chloride
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Recommended Books
Theory
1. Bansal.R.K, “A Text book of Organic Chemistry” Wiley Eastern Ltd; Second
Edition (1990).
2. Carrey.F.A, “Organic Chemistry” The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc; Fourth
Edition (2000).
3. Finar.I.L, “Fundamental Principles of Organic Chemistry”Longman, Third
Edition, Vol.1 (1959).
4. March.J, “Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms and
Structure” John Wiley & Sons (latest edition available).
5. McMurry.J, “Organic Chemistry” Thomson Asia Ltd; Singapore, Fifth Edition
(2000).
6. Morrison.R.T, Boyd.R.N; “Organic Chemistry”Prentice-Hall, Inc; Sixth Edition
(1992).
7. Pine.S.H, Hendrickson.J.B Hammond.G.S, “Organic Chemistry”McGraw-Hill,
Inc; Fourth Sons.Inc; Fourth Edition (1992).
Practicals
1. Furniss.B.S, Hannaford.A.J, Rogers.V, Smith.P.W.G, Tatchell.A.R, “Vogel’s
Text book of Practical Organic Chemistry Including Qualitative Organic
Analysis” Longman Group Ltd; Fourth Edition(1986).
2. I.Gosney.J.T.S, Rowley.A.G, “Practical Organic Chemistry” Chapman and Hall
(1990).
3. Mann.F.G, Saunders.B.C, “Practical Organic Chemistry” Lowe and Brydone
(Printers) Ltd; Thetford, Norfolk (1975).
4. Shriner.R.L, Fuson.R.C, Curtin.D.Y and Morrill.T.C, “The Systematic
Identification of Organic Compounds (a laboratory manual)”John Wiley &
Sons, Inc; Sixth Edition (1980).
5. Vogel, A., I., “Practical Organic Chemistry”, Longman Green & Co, (1995).
BS: 2nd Year (Semester-IV)

Course Title: Organic Chemistry-II Cr. Hr. 2
1. Chemistry of Amino Group

The structure of aliphatic and aromatic primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
Physical and chemical properties of amines, basicity and nucleophilicity of
amines. Synthesis and reactions of amines with detailed mechanisms.
Diazonium salts: Preparation and their synthetic applications.
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2. Structure and Reactivity
Concepts of acids and bases; scale of acidity and basicity; pK values; predicting
a
acid/base reactions from pK values; the effect of structure on the strengths of
a
acids and bases, field effects, resonance effects, steric effects, hydrogen
bonding effects and hybridization effects; the effect of the medium on the
strengths of acids and bases; the Hammett and Taft’s equations- applications
and limitations.
3. Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions:

Mechanisms and study of SN1, SN2 SNi, SN1’, SN2’ mechanisms; Neighbouring
group participation: Intramolecular displacement by neighbouring oxygen,
nitrogen, sulphur and halogen; The effects of the substrate structure, entering
group, leaving group and reaction medium on the mechanisms and rates of
substitution reactions.
4. Elimination Reactions:
Study of E1, E1cB and E2 mechanisms; Saytzeff and Hofmann Rules; The
effects of the substrate structure, attacking base, leaving group and the reaction
medium on the rates and mechanisms of elimination reactions; competition
between elimination and substitution reactions.
Books Recommended:
1. March,J; “Advanced Organic Chemistry”,John Wiley & Sons,New York.
2. Morrison,R.T. and R.N.Boyd, “Organic Chemistry”,Allyn & Bacon Inc.
3. Pine,S.H; “Organic Chemistry”, McGraw Hill,Inc;New York.
4. Silverstein,R.M,G.C. Bassler and T.C.Morrill, “Spectrometric Identification of
Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.New York.
5. Solomon, T.W.G; “Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons,New York.
Practical: Organic Chemistry-II Cr. Hr. 1

Qualitative Organic Analysis

Systematic identification of following organic compounds via preliminary tests,
detection of elements, allocation of functional group, test for functional group and
confirmation by solid derivative preparation/ melting point determination.
i-Cinnamic acid ii-Urea iii-Thiourea iv-Benzoic acid
v-Phenol vi-Catechol vii-Resorcinol viii-Phloroglucinol
ix-Naphthalene x-Anthracene xi-Phenanthrene xii--Naphthol
xiii--Naphthol xiv-Starch xv-Oxalic acid
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BS: 2nd Year (Semester-VI)
Course Title: Analytical Chemistry-I Cr. Hr. 3

1. Fundamentals of Chemometrics: Sampling, stoichiometric calculations,

experimental errors, correlation coefficient, arithmetic mean, median, mode,
standard deviation, relative standard deviation, confidence limit, Gaussian
distribution, least square method, statistical tests, quality assurance and
calibration methods.
2. Chemical Equilibrium: The equilibrium constant, equilibrium and

thermodynamics, solubility product, complex formation, protic acids and
bases, pH, strengths of acids and bases. Activity coefficients, monoprotic
acid-base equilibria, buffers, polyprotic acid-base equilibria.
3. Titrimetry and Gravimetry: Titration based on acid - base reactions,

titration based on complexation reactions, titration based on redox reactions,
precipitation reactions and Gravimetric analysis.
Practical: Analytical Chemistry-I Cr. Hr. 1

Course Code: CHEM-2202 P
Course Title: Analytical Chemistry-I (Practical) Cr. Hr. 1

1. Calibration of volumetric glassware, electronic and analytical
equipments.
2. A statistical evaluation of spectrometric absorption data including linear
regression analysis.
3. Graphing with MS Excel and constructing a calibration curve from a
given analytical data.
4. Finding of [OH] ion when [H+] is known
5. Determination of hardness of water using EDTA.
6. Determination of chloride in tap water Sample.
7. Estimation of copper, arsenic, hydrogen peroxide and vitamin C using
iodometry.
8. Percentage determination of barium in barium nitrate by gravimetric
method.
9. Gravimetric determination of nickel in a given steel sample.
10. Determination of bicarbonates in clinical sample using back-titration.
8
11. Determinations of cation in a mixture by complexometric titrations.
12. Study the effect of common ions on solubility of sparingly soluble salts
(AgCl / PbSO4).
Books Recommended:
1. Hill J. W. and Petrucci R. H. “General Chemistry” Prentice-Hall, Inc. (1996)
2. Blackburn, Thomas, R., “Equilibrium- A Chemistry of Solutions”, Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, Inc., 1969.
3. Christian, G.D., “Analytical Chemistry” 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York,
2003.
4. Marr G. and Rockett B. W. “Practical Inorganic Chemistry” Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company. (1972)
th
5. Harris D.C., “Quantitative Chemical Analysis” 4 Ed., Freeman (1995).
6. Miller J.C., and Miller J.N., “Statistics for Analytical Chemists”
7. Skoog D.A., West D.D., and Holler F.J., “Fundamentals of Analytical
th
Chemistry” 6 Ed., Saunders College Publishing, 1992.
BS: 3rd Year (Semester-V)

Course Title: Physical Chemistry-I Cr. Hr. 3
1. Physical States of Matter:

Ideal and real gases, equations of state, critical phenomenon, critical constants,
collision diameter, mean free path and collision number. Physical properties of
liquids: surface tension, viscosity, refractive index, dipole moment etc. and their
applications. Brief account of interactions among the molecules in liquids.
Packing of atoms. Unit cells and crystal systems. Methods of crystal structure
analysis (powder and single crystal XRD) and Bragg’s diffraction law.
2. Solution Chemistry:
Ideal and non-ideal solutions. Concentration units and their inter-conversion.
Raoult’s law and its applications. Molecular interactions in solutions and ionic
strength. Thermodynamic derivations of Colligative properties; lowering of vapour
pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point, osmotic
pressure. Abnormal colligative properties; degree of association and dissociation
of solutes. Osmotic pressure and its measurement. Fractional distillation and
concept of azeotropic mixture.
3. Chemical Kinetics:
Rate of reactions and Rate law. Derivations of zero, first, and second order
reactions with same and different initial concentration of reactants, equations of
half life periods. Integration, half life, initial rate, and graphical methods for the
determination of reaction order and its rate constant. Different techniques for the
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measurements of order of reactions. Derivation of Arrhenius equation and
measurements of its parameters.
4. Chemical Equilibrium:
Dynamic equilibrium, Free enthalpy and chemical affinity. Equilibrium constant in
different concentration units, Kc, Kp, Kn, and Kx and their relationships.
Pressure and temperature dependence of equilibrium constant and degree of
dissociation.
5. Chemical Thermodynamics:
Thermodynamic functions: internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, free energy and
feasibility of reactions. Heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp) and constant
volume (Cv) and their relationship. Effect of temperature over enthalpy change
and internal energy change. Relations between thermodynamic functions.
Isothermal, adiabatic, isobaric and isochoric processes. Second and third law of
thermodynamics.
Practical: Physical Chemistry-I Cr. Hr. 1

1. Determination of viscosity and paraochor values of liquids.
2. Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions
viscometrically.
3. Determination of refractive index and molar refractivity.
4. Determination of percent composition of liquid solutions by refractive
index measurements.
5. Determination of molecular weight of a compound by elevation of
boiling point (ebullioscopic method).
6. Determination of molecular weight of a compound by lowering of
freezing point (cryoscopic method).
7. Determination of heat of solution by solubility method.
8. Determination of heat of neutralization of an acid with a base.
9. Determination of partition coefficient of a substance in two immiscible
liquids.
Books Recommended
Theory:
1. Alberty, R. A., Robert J. S. and Moungi G. B. “Physical Chemistry”. 4th Edition,
John Wiley and Sons, 960 pp (2004).
2. Ball, D.W., “Physical Chemistry” 1st Ed., Brooks/Cole Co. Inc., pp. 880 (2003).
3. Engel, Thomas and .Reid P., “Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics,
and Kinetics” 1st Ed., Benjamin Cummings, 2006.
10
4. James K. and Wothers, P., “Why Chemical Reactions Happen”. Oxford
University Press, (2003).
th
5. Smith, E. Brian, “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” 5 Edition. Imperial
College Press,. (2004).
6. Stephen B. R., Rice S. A., and Ross J., “Physical Chemistry” 2nd Ed., Oxford
University Press, 1080 (2000).
7. Jurg, W., “Basic Chemical Thermodynamics” W. A. Benjamin (1969).
8. Chorkendorff, I. and Niemantsverdriet, J. W. “Concepts of Modern Catalysis
and Kinetics”1st Edition John Wiley and Sons (2003).
9. Espenson, J. H. “Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism” 2nd Edition
McGraw Hill (2002).
10. Berry, R. S., Stuart A. R., and John Ross “Physical and Chemical Kinetics”
2nd Ed., Oxford University Press (2000).
11. Warren, S. W., “The Physical Basis of Chemistry” 2nd Ed., Elsevier-
Academic Press (2000) 211 pp.
12. Griffiths, D. J., “Introduction to Quantum Mechanics” 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall
(2004).
13. Chandra, A.K., “Introductory Quantum Chemistry” Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi,
India (1969).
14. Mortimer, G. R., “Physical Chemistry” 2nd Ed., Academic Press (2000)
15. Rastogi R.P., Srivastava V. K., “An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics of
Chemical Systems”,, Mohan Primlani for Oxford and IBH Publishing Co, New
Dehli India (1986).
Practical:
1. Halpern, Arthur M., “Experimental Physical Chemistry: A Laboratory
Textbook” 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall. pp 610 (1997)
2. Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “‘Vogel’s Textbook of
Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis”
English Language Book Society. 4th Edition (1978)
3. Daniel, F., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” Mc Graw Hill (1962).
4. Shoemaker, D., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” Mc Graw Hill (1989).

Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry-I Cr. Hr. 3
1. The Periodic Law and Periodicity

Development of Periodic Table; Classification of elements based on s, p, d
and f orbitals, group trends and periodic properties in s, p, d and f block
elements, i.e., atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization potential, electron
affinities, electronagetivities and redox potential.
11
2. Principles of Chemical Bonding
Types of chemical bonding; ionic bonding; the localized bond approach:
VB theory, hybridization and resonance; the delocalized approach to
bonding: molecular orbital theory as applied to diatomic and polyatomic
molecules, three center bonds, bonding theory of metals and intermetallic
compounds; conductors, insulators and semiconductors; bonding in
electron deficient compounds; hydrogen bonding.
3. Acids and Bases

Concepts of acids and bases including SHAB concept, relative strength of
acids and bases, significance of pH, pKa, pKb and buffer solutions.
Theory of Indicators, solubility, solubility product, common ion effect and
their industrial applications.
4. Chemistry of p-block Elements

Chemistry and structure of p-block elements; main emphasis on the
chemistry and structure of noble gases and their compounds, chemistry
and structure of interhalogens, pseudohalogens and polyhalides.
Prediction of shapes of molecules using VSEPR model and hybridization.
Practical: Inorganic Chemistry-I Cr. Hr. 1

1. Preparation and Standardization of Molar solution of HCl, NaOH and
KMnO4.
2. Qualitative Analysis
a) Determination of strength of NaOH & Na2CO3 in the given solution.
b) Determination of strength of Na2CO3 & NaHCO3 in the given solution,
using HCl.
c) Determination of composition of H2SO4 & Oxalic acid in the given
solution.
d) Determination of purity of commercial Pot. Oxalate, using KMnO4.
e) Determination of strength of Mohr’s salt in the given solution, by
K2Cr2O7 (using internal indicator method).
f) Determination of % age purity of commercial FeSO4, by K2Cr2O7 (using
external indicator method).
g) Determination of strength of CuSO4 solution, Iodometrically, using
Na2S2O3.
h) Determination of strength of K2Cr2O7 solution, Iodometrically.
3. Preparations of following Inorganic Compounds

a) FeSO4.
b) Sod. Cobaltinitrite, Na3[Co(NO2)6].
c) Potash Alum, K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O.
d) Prussian Blue.
12
Recommended Books:
1. Huheey, J. E., Keiter, E. A. and Keiter, R. L., “Inorganic Chemistry:
Principles of Structure and Reactivity”, 4th Ed., Harper and Row, New
York, 2001
2. Cotton, F. A., Wilkinson, G. and Gaus, P. L., “Basic Inorganic Chemistry”,
3rd Ed., Wiley, New York, 1995.
3. Clyde Day, M. & Selbin, J., “Theoretical Inorganic Chemistry”, 2nd Ed., Van
Nustrand Reinhold, 1969.
4. Lee, J.D., “Concise Inorganic Chemistry”, Chapman and Hall, 5th
Edition,1996.
5. Shriver, D. F., Atkins, P. W. and Langford, C. H., “Inorganic Chemistry”,
Oxford University Press, 2nd Edition, 1994.
6. Bassette, J., Denney, G. H. and Mendham, J., “Vogel’s Textbook of
Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental
Analysis” English Language Book Society, 4th Edition, 1981.
7. Vogel, A. I., “A Textbook of Micro and Semi-micro Qualitative Inorganic
Analysis” Longman Green & Co. 1995.
Practicals
1. Baig M. M. “Inorganic Chemical Analysis” Kifayat Academy (1974)
3. Harris W. E., Kratochvil B. “An Introduction to Chemical Analysis” Saunders
College Publishing. Holt-Saunders International Edition (1981)
4. Vogel, A.I. “A Text Book of Micro and Semimicro Qualitative Inorganic
Analysis” Longman Green & Co. (1995).

Course Title: Organic Chemistry-III Cr. Hr. 2
1. Conformational isomerism:
Conformational analysis of monosubstituted cyclohexanes, disubstituted
cyclohexanes and decalin systems.
2. Optical isomerism:
Optical activity, chirality, symmetry elements and optical inactivity, relative and
absolute configuration, R, S notation, methods of determining configuration,
racemic mixtures and their resolution, asymmetric synthesis, optical activity in
biphenyls, allenes and spiro compounds, stereospecific and stereoselective
reactions.
3. Geometrical isomerism:
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cis- and trans- isomerism in cyclic systems, Z, E convention, Determination of
configuration of geometrical isomers.
Practical: Organic Chemistry-III Cr. Hr. 1

1. Synthesis of the following organic compounds.
i) Benzilic acid ii) p-Nitro aniline
iii) Phenacetin iv) p-Bromoaniline.
v) Benzil
2. Estimation of following groups.

a) amino
b) hydroxyl
c) amido
d) carbonyl
e) carboxyl group
3. Determination of Saponification value and acid value in oil.
Books Recommended
(Latest available editions of the following books are recommended)
1. Finar,I.L; “Organic Chemistry”, Vol-II,Longman Group Limited, London.

2. Fleming,I; “Frontier Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions”, John Wiley &
Sons,New York.
3. March,J; “Advanced Organic Chemistry”,John Wiley & Sons,New York.
4. Morrison,R.T. and R.N.Boyd, “Organic Chemistry”,Allyn & Bacon Inc.
5. Pine,S.H; “Organic Chemistry”, McGraw Hill,Inc;New York.
6. Silverstein,R.M,G.C.Bassler and T.C.Morrill, “Spectrometric Identification of
Organic Compounds”,John Wiley & Sons,Inc.New York.
7. Solomon, T.W.G; “Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons,New York.
8. Steitwieser, A.C. Heathcockand E.M. Kosower, “Introduction to Organic
Chemistry” ,Maxwell Macmillan International,New York.
9. Carey. F.A, Sundberg. R.J, “Advanced Organic Chemistry (Part B: Reactions
and Synthesis)”, Plenum Press, New York, Third Edition (1990).
10. Fieser.L.F, Williamson.K.L, “Organic Experiments”, D.C.Heath and Company
(1975).
11. Vogel.A.I, “Elementary Practical Organic Chemistry Part III: Quantitative
Organic Analysis”, Longman Group Ltd (1958).
12. Mohan J., “Organic Analytical Chemistry” Theory and Practice, Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi (2003).
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Course Title: Analytical Chemistry-II Cr. Hr. 3
1. Separation Methods: Principle of solvent extraction; The distribution

coefficient, distribution ratio, The percentage extracted, solvent extraction of
metals, analytical separations, multiple batch extraction, counter current
distribution, solid-phase extraction, solvent extraction by flow injection method.
Introduction to chromatographic Methods; principles of chromatography,
classification of chromatographic techniques, over view of paper, thin layer,
column, ion exchange chromatography and electrophoresis.
2. Spectrophotometry: Fundamentals; Properties of light and its interaction with

matter, relation between frequency, velocity and wave number, Lambert-
Beer’s law and its limitations. Single beam and double beam
spectrophotometers, lamps and lasers as sources of light, monochromators,
detectors; photomultiplier tube, photodiode array, charged coupled device. FT-
IR spectroscopy; fourier analysis, interferometry, noise and its control.

Course Title: Analytical Chemistry-II (Practical) Cr. Hr. 1
1. Separation of phenol from given organic mixture using solvent extraction.

2. Separation of given mixture of cations using Paper Chromatography.
3. Analysis of the composition of a mixture of nitro anilines by TLC.
4. Separation of sugars using paper chromatography.
5. Separation of amino acids using paper/thin layer chromatography.
6. Deionization and softening of water using ion exchange chromatography.
7. Determination of λmax of KMnO4 and K2Cr2O7 solutions and verification of
Beer-Lambert’s law.
8. Determination of stoichiometry of a metal complex by visible spectrometry.
9. Determination of aspirin and caffeine in a proprietary analgesic by double
beam UV-Vis. spectrometer.
10. Quantification of iron in a given sample by using single beam
spectrophotometer.
11. A study of characteristics infrared absorption frequencies.
Books Recommended:
1. Blackburn, Thomas, R., “Equilibrium- A Chemistry of Solutions”, Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, Inc., 1969.
15
2. Christian, G.D., “Analytical Chemistry” 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York,
2003.
th
3. Harris D.C., “Quantitative Chemical Analysis” 4 Ed., Freeman (1995).
5. Miller J.C., and Miller J.N., “Statistics for Analytical Chemists”
th

Course Title: Environmental Chemistry Cr. Hr. 3
Impact of modern life-style on environmental quality; resource depletion; poverty
and environment degradation; environmental education. Nature and composition
of atmosphere. Major sources of pollutants including industry and vehicular
emissions. Introduction to air-pollution and water-pollution. Basic of green house
effect and global warming and their impacts. Role of chemistry in abatement of
environmental pollution.
Recommended Books
1. A. Kumar, Environmental Chemistry, Wiley Eastern, New Delhi.
2. Baird, C. Environmental Chemistry, Freeman, New York.
3. J. W. Moore & E.M. Moore, Environmental Chemistry, Academic Press,
New York.
4. Neil, P.O. Environmental Chemistry, Chapmann, London.
5. Pakistan Environmental Pollution Act 1997.
6. S. K. Banerji, Environmental Chemistry, Prentice Hall, Delhi.
7. S. K. Banerji, Environmental Chemistry, Tata Publisher, Delhi.
8. Staneley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, Brooks, California.
BS: 3rd Year (Semester-VI)

Course Title: Physical Chemistry-II Cr. Hr. 3
1. Electrochemistry:
Spontaneous reactions and electrode potential, electrochemical cell, types of
concentration cells, electrolysis with different examples of electrolytes, liquid
junction potential electron transfer reactions, rate of charge transfer reaction and
Butler-Volmer equation. Latimer Diagram, Frost Diagram, cell Potential and
thermodynamics, and Nernst Equation. Voltammetry, fuel cells. Corrosion and its
prevention. Fuel cell and hydrogen economy.
16
2. Conductometry:
Ions in solution. Measurement of conductance and Kohlrausch’s law. Mobility of
ions and transport number. Conductometric titrations. Debye-Hückel theory and
activity coefficient. Determination of activities. Application of conductance
measurement.
3. Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy:

Schrodinger wave equation and its solution for particle in 1-dimensional and 3-
dimensional boxes. Quantum numbers. Normalization and orthogonality. Simple
harmonic oscillator. Rigid rotor, Solution of Hydrogen molecule and its ion.
Rotational, vibrational and rotational-vibrational spectra of diatomic and
polyatomic molecules. Tunnel effect.
4. Group Theory:
Symmetry operations. properties of groups, matrices, transformation of matrices,
character tables.
Practical: Physical Chemistry-II Cr. Hr. 1

1. Determination of molecular weight of a polymer by viscosity method
2. Determination of specific and molar conductivities of strong and weak
electrolytes
3. Precipitation value of electrolytes
4. Measurement of IR spectra of simple compound and their interpretation
5. Measurement of cyclic voltammogram of an organic compound and its
interpretation
6. Determination of dipole moment of an organic liquid
7. Determination of percentage composition of KMnO / K Cr O in a given
4 2 2 7
solution by spectrophotometry.
8. Stoichiometry of a complex in solution by Job’s method
9. Evaluation of pK value of an indicator by spectrometric method
a
Recommended Books
Theory
1. Cotton, F. Albert “Chemical Applications of Groups Theory”, Interscience
Publishers (1963).
2. G. W. King, “Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure”, Rinehart and Winston
(1964)
3. Ernest, H. and Lyons, Jr., “Introduction to Electrochemistry” D. C. Heath and
Company (1967).
4. J. Albery, “Electrode Kinetics”, Clarendon, Oxford, 1975
5. Bockris J. OM. and Reddy A.K.N.,,” Modern Electrochemistry” Vol. I and 2,
Plenum Press, New York, (1970).
17
6. Micheal, D. F., “Elements of Quantum Mechanics” Oxford University Press
(2005).
7. Lowell, Hall H., “Group Theory and Symmetry in Chemistry” McGraw Hill Book
Company (1969).
8. Whiffen, D. H. “Spectroscopy” Longmans Green and Co.: London, (1966).
9. Bockris,J., “ Modern Electrochemistry”, Rosseta Publishing Co., Vol: 1,2
(1970).
10. Barrow, G., “ Molcular Spectroscopy” McGraw Hill (1962)
Practical:
2. Hatch R. C. “Experimental Chemistry” Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
(1972) .
3. Halpern, Arthur M., “Experimental Physical Chemistry: A Laboratory
Textbook” 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall. pp 610 (1997)
4. Daniel, F., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” Mc Graw Hill (1962).
5. Shoemaker, D., “Experimental Physical Chemistry” Mc Graw Hill (1989).

Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry-II Cr. Hr. 3
1. Chemistry of Coordination Compounds

Historical back ground of coordination compounds, geometry of
complexes having coordination number 2 to 9, nomenclature, theories of
coordination compounds; Werner's theory, valence bond theory, crystal
field and; molecular orbital theory; Jahn-Teller theorem; magnetic
properties; spectrochemical series, isomerism and stereochemistry,
stability constants, techniques for studying complexes, applications of
coordination compounds.
2. Non Aqueous Solvents

Classification of solvents, types of reactions in solvents, effect of physical
and chemical properties of solvent, detailed study of liq. NH3, liq. H2SO4,
liq HF, and liq. SO2, BrF3 and reaction in molten salts system.
Practical: Inorganic Chemistry-II Cr. Hr. 1

18
1. Precipitation Titrations.
a) Determination of strength of NaCl given solution by AgNO3 using
Fluoresceine as indicator.
b) Determination of % age purity of KBr using Fluoresceine as indicator.
c) Determination of % composition of mixture of KI & KNO3 using
Eosceine as
indicator.
2. Complexometric Titrations
a) Determination of strength of MgSO4 solution using Eriochrome Black-T
as Indicator.
b) Determination of % age purity of ZnSO4 solution using Eriochrome
Black-T as Indicator.
c) Determination of Total Hardness of water sample.
3. Chromatographic Separations
a) Separation of Ni2+ & Co2+ ions in a mixture by paper chromatography.
b) Separation of Ni2+ & Cu2+ ions in a mixture by paper chromatography.
c) Separation of Cu2+ & Cd2+ ions in a mixture by paper chromatography.
4. Preparations of following Inorganic Complexes

a) Tetra ammine Cu (II) Sulphate.
b) Pot. Trioxalato Chromate (III).
c) Pot. Trioxalato Aluminate (III).
d) Cis- dioxalato diaqua Chromate (III).
Recommended Books
Theory:
1. Huheey, J. E., Keiter, E. A. and Keiter, R. L., “Inorganic Chemistry:
Principles of Structure and Reactivity”, 4th Ed., Harper and Row, New
York, 2001
2. Cotton, F. A., Wilkinson, G. and Gaus, P. L., “Basic Inorganic Chemistry”,
3rd Ed., Wiley, New York, 1995.
3. Atkins, P. and Jones, L., “Chemicals Principles” Freeman & Company,
2002.
4. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo and M. Bochmann, “Advanced
Inorganic Chemistry”, 6th Ed., Wiley-Intersceince, New York, 1999.
5. A. K. Holliday, and A. G. Massey, "Inorganic Chemistry in Non-Aqueous
Solvents", Pergamon Press, New York, 1990.
6. Larsen, E. M., “Transition Elements”, W. A. Benjamin Inc., 1995
Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental
Analysis” English Language Book Society, 4th Edition, 1981.
19
Practicals:
2. Fritz J. S., Schenk G. H. “Quantitative Analytical Chemistry” Allyn and Bacon,
Inc. 4th Edition (1979).
3. Marr G., Rockett B. W. “Practical Inorganic Chemistry”. Van Nostrand
Reinhold Company. (1972)
4. Pass G. and Sutcliffe H. “Practical Inorganic Chemistry: Preparations,
nd
Reactions and Instrumental Methods” Chapman and Hall. 2 Edition (1974).

Course Title: Organic Chemistry-IV Cr. Hr. 2
1. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution:
Aromaticity i.e. description of aromatic, anti-aromatic and non aromatic systems
on the basis of Hückel rules; mechanisms of electrophilic aromatic substitutions;
orientation and reactivity; electrophilic substitution reactions, i.e. nitration,
halogenation, sulfonation, Friedel-Crafts reactions, diazo-coupling, formylation
and carboxylation.
2. Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution:

Mechanisms: Study of SNAr mechanism, SN1 mechanism, Benzyne Mechanism,
SRN1 Mechanism, SN (ANRORC) Mechanism, Vicarious nucleophilic substitution.
The effects of substrate structure, leaving group and the attacking nucleophile on
the rates of substitution reactions.
3. Multistep Synthesis:
Designing of multistep synthesis of following molecules: benzyl mercaptan from
benzene, phenylacetic acid from benzene, p-chlorobenzyl alcohol from benzene,
p-chloro styrene from benzene, stilbene from toluene, m-bromoaniline from
benzene, p-toluidine from benzene, p-bromobenzoic acid from p-bromoaniline,
1,3,5-tribromobenzene from benzene, p-cresol from benzene, cinnamic acid from
benzene, benzamide from aniline, o-bromobenzoic acid from p-nitrotoluene,1,4-
naphthoquinone from naphthalene, anthranilic acid from naphthalene.
Practical: Organic Chemistry-IV Cr. Hr. 1
20
Mixture Analysis:
Separation and identification of the two component mixture by various
physical and chemical methods.
i) Benzoic acid + Naphthalene

ii) Cinnamic acid + Anthracene
iii) -Naphthol + Phenanthrene
iv) Succinic acid + Biphenyl
v) -Naphthol + Naphthalene
vi) Resorcinol + Acenaphthene
vii) Urea + Cinnamic acid
viii) Salicylic acid + Thiourea
Books Recommended
(Latest available editions of the following books are recommended)
1. March,J; “Advanced Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
2. Morrison,R.T. and R.N.Boyd, “Organic Chemistry”, Allyn & Bacon Inc.
3. Silverstein,R.M,G.C.Bassler and T.C.Morrill, “Spectrometric Identification of
Organic Compounds” ,John Wiley & Sons,Inc. New York.
4. Solomon, T.W.G; “Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
5. Fieser.L.F, Williamson.K.L, “Organic Experiments”, D.C.Heath and Company
(1975).
7. Mohan J., “Organic Analytical Chemistry” Theory and Practice, Narosa

Course Title: General Applied Chemistry Cr. Hr. 2
1. Unit operations 2. Water treatment
3. Oil, Soap and Detergents 4. Paper Industry
5. Sugar Industry 6. Fertilizers
21
Course Title: General Applied Chemistry Practical Cr. Hr. 1
1. Determination of iodine value of the given oil.
2. Determination of acid value of the given oil.
3. To find out the percentage purity of fatty acid.
4. Preparation of gum sample.
5. Preparation of liquid detergent or liquid soap.
Recommended Books
1. Roger’s Industrial Chemistry. Von Norstand Co. N. Y.
2. Reigel’s Handbook of industrial chemistry. Von Norstand Reeinhold Co. N. Y.
3. Chemical Process Industries by Shreve and Dum. McGraw Hill.
4. An introduction to industrial organic chemistry by Wiseman. App. Sci. Publ.

Course Title: Polymer Chemistry Cr. Hr. 3
1. Introduction
Introduction and classification of polymers. Polymer additives. Conducting
Polymers.
2. Synthesis
Synthesis of step growth polymerization, chain growth polymerization; free
radical & co-polymerization, ionic-polymerization & co-polymerization, co-
ordination polymerization.
3. Polymerization Techniques
Bulk, solution, suspension and emulsion polymerization.
4. Manufacturing & Applications
Manufacturing of polyester, polyamides or Nylon, formation of phenol
formaldehyde, polyethylene and polyvinyl resins, rubber, Teflon & PVC.
5. Characterization
Thermodynamics of solutions, measurement of molecular weight, analysis
techniques of polymers. Spectroscopic and thermal.
6. Degradation
Stability and Environmental issues.
22
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Billmeyer Jr. F. W., “Text Book of Polymer Science” 2nd edition.
2. Cowie, “Physics and Chemistry of Polymers”.
3. Buttler & Cowie, “A Manual of Applied Chemistry for Engineers”.
4. Reachar and Mouson, “Advanced Organic Chemistry” Academic Press New
York.
5. Allinger, Johnson, “Organic Chemistry” Worth Publisher, New York.
6. Horne, P.A., “The Chemistry of our Environment”.
BS 4th Year
In the fourth year the student would take two compulsory courses “Organic
spectroscopy” in semester VII and “Separation Techniques” in semester VIII
along with two specialized courses in each semester in one of the following
fields: Physical / Organic/ Inorganic/ Analytical/ Biochemistry/ Applied Chemistry.
BS: 4th Year (Semester-VII)

Course Title: Organic Spectroscopy (Compulsory) Cr. Hr. 3
1. Introduction
Electromagnetic radiations. Wavelength, Frequency, Wave number and energy
of electromagnetic radiations and their interconversion. Electromagnetic
spectrum. Interaction transitions and spectral regions. Relaxation of the excited
molecules.
2. Ultraviolet/Visible Spectroscopy
Introduction. Electronic transitions and absorption of electromagnetic radiations.
Intensities of absorption. Beer-Lambert Law and its applications. Instrumentation
and sample handling. The chromophore. Absorption by conjugated systems.
Woodward Fieser rules for conjugated dienes and AB unsaturated Carbonyl
systems. Absorption by aromatic compounds. Application of UV/Vis
spectroscopy.
3. Infrared Spectroscopy
Introduction. Vibrational modes and absorption frequencies. Hookes Law.
Instrumentation and sample handling. Interpretation of Infrared spectra.
Characteristic absorptions Frequencies of some common functional groups.
Applications of Infrared spectroscopy.
23
4. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Basic theory. Spin flipping. Nuclear Precession and absorption of
electromagnetic radiation. Spin relaxation. Instrumentation and Sample handling.
The Chemical shift and integration curve. Molecular structure and chemical
shifts. Spin-Spin splitting and coupling constants. Interpretation of NMR spectra.
5. Mass Spectrometry
Introduction. Basic Principle. Instrumentation (Theory and operation). The mass
spectrum, Modes of Fragmentation of various organic molecules. Applications of
mass spectrometry determination of molecular weight, molecular formula and
molecular structure. Interpretation of mass spectra.
NOTE: Emphasis should be on identification of organic Compounds using

these techniques.
Practical: Organic Spectroscopy (Compulsory) Cr. Hr. 1

1. Spectrophotometeric Analysis
Assay of following commercial drugs using spectrophotometer:
Drug: Possible source:

i). Ofloxacin (Oflobid tablets, 200 mg, 400 mg)
ii). Pantoprazole sodium (Zopent tablets, 20 mg, 40 mg)
iii). Cetirizine dihydrochloride (Ronex tablets, 10 mg)
iv). Levocetirizine dihydrochloride (Leozin tablets, 5 mg)
v). Ciprofloxacin.HCl (Hiflox tablets, 750 mg)
vi). Esomeprazole magnesium (Esorid capsules, 20 mg)
vii). Enrofloxacin (Avifloxacin OS liquid)
2. Interpretation of spectra
Sample handling and interpretation of UV, IR, 1H-NMR and GC-MS spectra for
the structure elucidation of organic molecules.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS:
1. Pavia.D.L, Lampman.G.M, Kriz.G.S, “Introduction to Spectroscopy: A Guide
for Students of Organic Chemistry”, Saunders College Publishing, Second
edition (1996).
2. Atta-ur-Rehman, “Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Basic principles”, Springer-
Verlag New York Inc. (1986).
3. Atta-ur-Rehman and Choudhary.M.I., “Solving Problems with NMR
Spectroscopy”, Academic Press. Inc. (1996).
4. Bender.G.T, “Principles of Chemical Instrumentation”, W.B.Saunders
Company (1987).
24
5. Akitt.J.W, “NMR and Chemistry an Introduction to the Fourier transform
multinuclear era”, J.W.Arrowsmith Ltd, Bristol, Second Edition (1983).
6. Macomber.R.S, “NMR Spectroscopy Basic Principles and Applications”, Books
for Professionals, Inc (1988).
7. Kemp.W, “NMR in Chemistry A multinuclear Introduction”, The Macmillan
Press Ltd. (1986).
8. Silverstein.R.M, Bassler.G.C, Morrill.T.C, “Spectrometric Identification of
Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons; Inc; Fourth Edition (1981).
9. Kemp.W, “Organic Spectroscopy”, Macmillan Education Ltd; Third Edition
(1991).
10. Budzikiewicz.H, Djerass.C, Williams.D.H, “Mass Spectrometry of Organic
Compounds”, Holden-Day, Inc (1967).
11. Whittaker.D, “Interpreting Organic Spectra”, The Royal Society of Chemistry
(2000).
12. Creswell.C.J/Runquist.O.A,Campbell.M.M, “Spectral Analysis of Organic
Compounds”, Burgess Publishing Company, Second Edition (1972).
13. Stowell.J.C, “Intermediate Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc;
Second Edition (1994).
14. Mohan.J., “Organic Analytical Chemistry” Theory and Practice, Narosa
15. Younas M., “Organic Spectroscopy and Chromatography” Second Edition,
Ilmi Kitab Khana, Kabir Street, Urdu Bazar, Lahore (2007).
BS: 4th Year (Semester-VIII)

Course Title: Separation Techniques (Compulsory) Cr. Hr. 3
General principles and classifications of chromatographic techniques, the

chromatographic processes, rate theory of chromatography, van-Deemter equation and its
significance in evaluating column efficiency.
Gas Chromatography:
General principle, separation process, sample preparation, sample injection, detectors and
method development.
HPLC:
General principle, separation process, sample preparation, sample injection, detectors and
method development for normal phase and reverse phase separation, isocratic and
gradient elution.
Capillary electrophoresis:
Theory and principle of CE, Mobility, electro-osmotic floe separation by CE,
instrumentation. Sample injection and detection, modes of operation, applications.
25
Course Title: Separation Techniques (Practical) Cr. Hr. 1

1. Quantitative analysis of Amoxicillin trihydrate in Augmentin tablets by

HPLC.
2. Quantitative analysis of Cephradine in Velocef tablets by HPLC.
3. The gas chromatographic separations of alkanes.
4. The characterization of peppermint oils by gas chromatography and the
identification of oils used in consumer products.
5. GC analysis of alcohol content in beverages.
6. HPLC analysis of sugar content in foods and beverages.
7. Determination of caffeine and coffee in cola drinks by internal standard
addition by HPLC.
Recommended Books:
1. Harold Gomes Cassidy ““Fundamentals of Chromatography” New York,
Interscience Publishers, 1957.
2. B.B. Kebbekus, S. Mitra “Environmental Chemical Analysis”, Blackie
Academic & Professional, New York, NY, 1998.
3. R.P.W. Scott, Techniques and Practices of Chromatography, Marcel Dekker,
1995.
4. Schomburg, Gerhard “Gas Chromatography-A Practical Course” VCH(1990).
5. Snyder and J. J. Kirkland,” Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography”,
Wiley, New York, 2nd ed., 1979.
6. Stock and Rice, Chromatographic methods, Chapman and Hall, 1967
SPECIALIZATION IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Course Title: Paper-I (Electro-analytical Techniques) Cr. Hr. 3
1. Potentiometry; Electrode potential, Nernst equation and its use for measuring half cell
potential. Different kinds of electrodes including glass and calomel electrodes. Working
of potentiometer and its applications including pH measurements. Ion selective electrode
systems. Ion exchange membrane electrode, solid state membrane electrodes, and bio-
membrane electrodes. Potentiometric titrations.
2. Coulometry and Electrogravimetry; Basic electrochemistry, principle,
instrumentation of coulometry. Principle, instrumentation electrogravimetry.
26
Consequences of electrogravimetry, Ohmic drop, activation over potential, concentration
and gas polarization, basic difference and merits/demerits of coulometry and
electrogravimetry.
3. Voltammetry and Polarography; Basic principle, voltammogram, polarizable and
non-polarizable electrodes, solid electrodes, their scope and limitations, cyclic
voltammetry, anodic stripping voltammetry. voltammetric equation. Basic concept of
polarography and interpretation of various polarographic curves, measurement of
decomposition potential, diffusion and limiting currents, derivation of Ilkovic equation,
logarithmic analysis of polarographic wave, advantages and limitation of dropping
mercury electrode.

Course Title: Paper-II (Atomic Spectrometry) Cr. Hr. 3
1. Flame Photometry: Origin and classification of atomic spectroscopic methods; origin
of atomic spectrum, position of the signal, intensity of the signal, spectral line width,
principle of flame photometry; fate of the sample in the flame, flame and its
characteristics; instrumentation for flame photometry. Merits and limitations.
2. Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry: Origin of atomic fluorescence; atomic
fluorescence spectrum, types of atomic fluorescence, transitions. Principle of atomic
fluorescence spectrometry; fluorescence intensity and analyte concentration.
Instrumentation for atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Applications of atomic
fluorescence spectrometry; interferences, merits and limitations.
3. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: Principle of atomic absorption
spectrophotometry; concentration dependence of absorption, quantitative methodology,
instrumentation for atomic absorption spectrophotometry; radiation sources, atomizers;
flames, graphite furnaces and electrochemical atomisers, monochromators, detectors,
handling background absorption. Interferences in atomic absorption spectrophotometry,
sample handling in atomic absorption spectrophotometry, preparation of the sample, use
of organic solvents, microwave, digestion, sample introduction methods, applications of
atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
4. Atomic Emission Spectrophotometry: Introduction, principle of atomic emission
spectrometry; atomic emission spectrometry using plasma sources, plasma and its
characteristics; inductively coupled plasma, direct current plasma, microwave induced
plasma, choice of argon as plasma gas, instrumentation for ICP-MS.
27
Course Title: Analytical Chemistry Paper-III (Thermal Methods of

Analysis Cr. Hr. 3
1. Thermogravimetric Methods of Analysis (TGA): Introduction, instrumentation,

sources of error in TGA, interpretation of TG curve, Factors affecting TG curve,
applications of thermogravimetric analysis.
2. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA): Principle, characteristics of DTA curves,
instrumentation, factors affecting DTA curves, sources of errors, interpretation of
DTA curve, applications.
3. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC): Principle, instrumentation, factors

affecting DSC curves, sources of errors, interpretation of DSC curve, applications,
advantages of DSC, thermometric titrations; principle, instrumentation and
applications.
Course Title: Analytical Chemistry Practical-I

Course Code: CHEM-4105P Cr. Hr. 1
1. Estimation of Na K and Ca using flame photometery.

2. Quantification of iron in soil by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
3. Percentage determination of Ni in steel sample using atomic absorption
spectrophotometer.
4. Separation of hydrocarbons using GC/HPLC.
5. To determine pKa Values for the given samples of weak acids by potentiometric
method.
6. Quantitative determination of sodium hydroxide by Potentiometric titration.
7. Preparation of buffer solutions of definite pH.
9. Electrogravimetric determination of copper in given samples.
10. Study of thermal decomposition of copper sulfate pentahydrate and calcium oxalate
monohydrate
Course Title: Paper-IV (Luminescence, ESR and LASER Spectroscopic

Techniques) Cr. Hr. 3
28
1. Luminescence Spectrophotometry: Introduction, origin of fluorescence and
phosphorescence spectra; Jablonski diagram, activation, deactivation,
fluorescence spectrum, fluorescent and phosphorescent species;
photoluminescence and structure, factors affecting fluorescence and
phosphorescence, fluorescence quenching; quantum yield, instrumentation
for fluorescence measurement; sources, wavelength selectors, sampling,
detectors, read out devices, instrumentation for phosphorescence
measurement; sampling, recording procedure, applications of fluorescence
and phosphorescence.
2. ESR and Mössbauer spectroscopy: Angular momentum, spin properties

and magnetic resonance, EPR spectra of the hydrogen atoms, EPR spectra
of paramagnetic organic species (free radicals, biradicals and triplet states),
principles and applications of Mössbauer spectroscopy.
3. Laser spectroscopy: Laser- induced breakdown spectroscopy, LIBS system

for modern science, material characterization and their analysis.

Course Title: Paper-V (Radio analytical Techniques) Cr.
Hr. 3
Fundamentals of radioactivity, radiotracer techniques; choice of radiotracers,

factors affecting choice of radiotracers, isotope dilution analysis (IDA); principle
and equation, instrumentation, applications, advantages and limitations, sub
stoichiometric isotope dilution analysis (SIDA), activation analysis (AA); principle
of NAA, neutron sources, interferences, sensitivity and detection limits,
classification, instrumentation, applications, advantages and limitations,
comparison of NAA and IDA with other methods, radiometric titrations (RT);
procedure, advantages and limitations, radio chromatography and
radioimmunoassay.
Course Title: Paper-VI (Applied Analytical Chemistry) Cr. Hr. 3

1. Analysis of food products
29
Introduction to food analysis, sampling of food, general methods of analysis.
Analysis of milk, butter, wheat flour, meat, beverages, tea, coca, honey and
soft drinks.
2. Pharmaceutical Analysis
Classification of drugs, clinical tests for analysis of different pharmaceuticals,
introduction to US and British pharmacopeia.
3. Forensic Analysis:
Classification and analysis of narcotics & dangerous drugs, examination of
crime scene evidences, fingerprint, skeletal material to provide scientific
opinion for legal.
Course Title: Analytical Chemistry Practical-II

1. Determination of fat content in milk
2. Quantification of Proteins
3. Determination of cholesterol in food
4. Quantification of reducing sugars and total sugars
5. Water analysis for drinking purpose
6. Determination of caffeine
7. Determination of heavy metals in food items
8. Determination of citric acid in juices
9. Determination of ascorbic acid in fruit juices
10. Evaluation of Rancidity of edible oil [Acid value]
11. Evaluation of Iodine value of edible oils
12. Evaluation of Ester value of edible oils
13. Determination of Aflatoxin in grains.
14. Extraction of DNA from Saliva, Cheek cells and blood.
15. Detection of Saliva by α-amylase activity.
16. Finger print analysis by AgNO3, iodine vapour method.
17. Spot test/TLC of arsons and explosive (i.e. picric acid, nitrobenzenes and nitro-
toluene)
18. Calibration and validation of HPLC system as per requirements of British or US
pharmacopoeia.
19. Analysis of the binary mixture of pharmaceutical dosage by HPLC and statistical
evaluation of data (RSD, CV, precision, accuracy, LOD, LOQ, resolution, Tailing
factor).
30
Recommended Books:
1. A. Pople, W. G. Schneider and H. J. Berstein, "High Resolution Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance," McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1959.
(AD/591/P6)
2. A.J. Bard and L.R. Faulkner,” Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and
Applications”, 2nd. Ed., Wiley, N.Y., 2001.
3. Alkemade, C.Th.J., Herrmann, R., Fundamentals of Analytical Flame
Spectroscopy, Hilger, Bristol, UK.
4. Ault and G. Dudek, "An Introduction to Proton NMR Spectroscopy," Holden
Day, San Francisco, 1976.
5. B.B. Kebbekus, S. Mitra “Environmental Chemical Analysis”, Blackie Academic
& Professional, New York, NY, 1998.
6. Banwell, C. N. “Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy” 2nd ed.; McGraw-
Hill Book Company (U.K.): Maidenhead, U.K., 1972
nd
7. Bernhard Welz “Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy” 2 Ed (1985).
8. Bertin, EP. “Principles and Pracyti of X-ray Spectrometric Analysis”, Plenum
Press (1975).
9. BH Vassos and GW Ewing, “Electroanalytical Chemistry”, Wiley, New York
1983
10. D. H. Williams and I. Fleming, "Spectroscopic Methods in Organic
Chemistry," 4th ed., 1988.
11. D. L. Pavia, G. M. Lampman, G. S. Kriz, Jr., "Introduction to Spectroscopy,"
W. B. Saunders, 1979.
12. D. W. Mathieson, "Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for Organic Chemistry,"
Academic Press, London, 1967. L. M. Jackman and S. Sternhell,
"Applications of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Organic
Chemistry," Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1969.
13. D.T. Sawyer, J. L. Roberts, Jr., “Experimental Electrochemistry for Chemists”
J. Wiley, New York, 1974.
14. Dahmen EAMF “Electroanalysis” Elsevier, Amsterdam 1986
15. Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Timothy A. Nieman “Principles of
Instrumental Analysis”, 5th Edition, , Saunders College Publishing, New York,
1997.
16. E. A. V. Ebsworth, D. W. H. Rankin, S. Cradock, "Structural Methods in
Inorganic Chemistry," Blackwell, 1987.
17. Ebdon, E.H. Evans (ed.), A. Fisher and S.J. Hill "An Introduction to Analytical
Atomic Spectrometry" Wiley, Chichester, 1998.
18. Edmond De Hoffmann, Vincent Stroobant (Editors) “Mass Spectrometry:
Principles and Applications” John Wiley & Sons; 2nd edition 2001.
19. G.D. Christian and J.E. O'Reilley, Allyn and Bacon, “Instrumental Analysis,”
2nd edition, Boston 1986.
20. G.W. Ewing “Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, 5th edition,
McGraw-Hill, New York 1985.
21. G.W.C. Milner, G. Phillip, “ Coulometry in Analytical Chemistry” Pergamon
Press, 1967.
31
22. R.P.W. Scott, Techniques and Practices of Chromatography, Marcel Dekker,
1995.
23. H. A. Liebhafsky, H. G. Pfeiffer, E. H. Winslow, and P. D. Zemany, "X-Rays,
Electrons, and Analytical Chemistry -- Spectrochemical Analysis with X-
Rays", Wiley-Interscience, N. Y., (1972)
24. H. Budzikiewitz, C. Djerassi, and D. H. Williams, "Mass Spectrometry of
Organic Compounds," Holden-Day. J. R. Chapman, "Practical Organic
Mass Spectrometry," Wiley, 1985
25. H. Gunther, "NMR Spectroscopy - An Introduction," John Wiley, 1980.
26. H. H. Jaffé and M. Orchin, "Theory and Applications of Ultraviolet
Spectroscopy," Wiley, 1962
27. H. Strobel and W. Heineman, “Chemical Instrumentation: A Systematic
Approach”, 3rd edition, Wiley, New York 1989.
28. H. Willard, L. Merritt, J. Dean, and F. Settle, “Instrumental Methods of
Analysis”, 7th edition van Nostrand Co., New York 1992.
29. Harold Gomes Cassidy ““Fundamentals of Chromatography” New York,
Interscience Publishers, 1957.
30. J. Akitt, "NMR and Chemistry; An Introduction to Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance Spectroscopy," Chapman and Hall, London, 1973.
31. J. Heyrovsky and J. Kuta, “Principles of Polarography”, Academic Press,
1966.
32. J. R. Dyer, "Applications of Absorption Spectroscopy to Organic
Compounds," Prentice-Hall, 1965.
33. J.D. Ingle and S.R. Crouch “Spectrochemical Methods of Analysis” Prentice-
Hall, New Jersey 1988
34. J.P.Glusker and K.N.Trueblood , “Crystal Structure Analysis: a primer” , 2nd
Ed, Oxford University Press, New York, 1985.
35. L. Ebdon, E.H. Evans (ed.), A. Fisher and S.J. Hill "An Introduction to
Analytical Atomic Spectrometry" Wiley, Chichester, 1998.
36. L.H.J. Lajunen "Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption and
Emission" Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1992.
37. Lingane,J.J “Electroanalytical Chemistry”, 2 Ed., Interscience, 1970.
38. McLafferty, F. W. "Interpretation of Mass Spectra," 1980.
39. Melvin and Kelvin “Electrophoresis” Analytical Chemistry by Open Learning,
Published by John Wiley and Sons.
40. N. Levine, “Molecular Spectroscopy”, Wiley (1975).
41. R.M. Silverstein, G.C. Bassler and T.C. Morrill "Spectrometric Identification of
Organic Compounds,", John Wiley & Sons, New York, 5th Ed. 1991.
42. Reiger, P.H. “Electrochemistry”, Prentice Hall N.J, 1987
43. Schomburg, Gerhard “Gas Chromatography-A Practical Course” VCH(1990).
44. Snyder and J. J. Kirkland,” Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography”,
Wiley, New York, 2nd ed., 1979.
45. Stock and Rice, Chromatographic methods, Chapman and Hall, 1967
46. Thomspon K.C. Reynold R.J. “Atomic Absorption, Fluorescence and Flame
nd
Emission Spectroscopy” 2 Ed. John Wiley and Sons (1978).
47. Wendlandt, Wesley Wm, “Thermal Analysis” Third Edition, Wiley (1986).
32
SPECIALIZATION IN APPLIED CHEMISTRY

Course Title: Applied Chemistry paper-A, (paper-I)
Course Code: CHEM-4106 Cr. Hr. 3
1. Common Industrial Unit Operations

Elementary treatment of general unit operations commonly used in industries
such as size reduction, screening, enrichment, filteration, distillation and
crystallization Chemical unit processes like nitration , halogenation, sulfonation,
oxidation and hydrolysis with appropriate technical examples.
2. Basic Chemical Industries

Raw materials, chemical processes involved: flow sheet diagrams with all the
important parameters concerning the manufacture of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric
acid, caustic soda, washing soda, phthalic anhydride.

Course Title: Applied Chemistry paper-B, (paper-II)
1. Cement Industry
Raw materials used for cement manufacturing used, dry process, wet process,
chemistry involved in hydration of cement, setting of cement, setting time.
2. Glass Industry
Raw materials used for glass, methods of manufacturing, method of
manufacturing glass. Special types of glass and their properties.

Course Title: Applied Chemistry paper-C, (paper-III)
1. Soap Industry
Processes involved in soap manufacturing, methods used for manufacturing
laundry detergents. Recovery of glycerin. Detergent or surface active agents,
cationic anionic and non-ionic agents.
2. Water Softening and Scale Removing

Water hardness, its measurement and removal, methods used for water
softening including ion-exchange, distillation and precipitation.
33
3. Paper and Pulp
Raw materials. Preparation of paper by acid sulfide and krafts process. Different
types of papers and uses.
Course Title: Applied Chemistry Practical-I

1. Water hardness by complexometry.
2. Determination of magnesium and aluminum by EDTA titration.
3. Analysis of caustic soda and soda ash in mixtures.
4. Analysis of Lithium in industrial effluents, barium in ores, potassium by in soil
samples.
5. Spectrophotometry: Iron in pharmaceuticals, chromium in steel, phosphate in
fertilizers.
6. Preparations: Calcium gluconate, detergents, cosmetics and vanishing
creams.
7. Preparation and Testing of: Varnish and Enamel Paints. Adhesives. Emulsion
Paints.
8. Analysis of Steel and Industrial Alloys.
9. Purification and analysis of waste lubricating oils.

Course Title: Applied Chemistry paper-D, (paper-IV)
1. Synthetic Fibers
Introduction and classification. Preparation properties and application of Nylon,
Dacron, Polyesters, Rayon and Cuprammonium Rayon.
2. Dyes and Pigments

Introduction and application methods of Acid Dyes, Basic dyes, Vat Dyes,
Ractive Dyes, Azodyes, Pigment Dyes.
3. Adhesives
Introduction, Preparation and applications of Amino plasts. Polyesters, cellulosic,
sillicones, Polyurethanes.

Course Title: Applied Chemistry paper-E, (paper-V)
34
1. Quality Control in Industries
Different methods for quality control in industries. Milk composition and different
types of milk, butter, cheese etc.
2. Explosives
Classification. Various types and their composition. Preparation of TNT,
Trinitroglycerine, cellulose trinitrate, Smokeless powder and Black powder.

Course Title: Applied Chemistry paper-F, (paper-VI)
1. Plant Protection and Modeling Chemicals / Insecticides

Preparation and properties of insecticides. Applications for plant protection. Their
side-effects and poisoning effects.
2. Petroleum and Petrochemicals

Composition, Refining. Testing, Extraction from rocks, Types of minerals
associated with petroleum. Climates indicating zones, Various Petrochemicals.
Course Title: Applied Chemistry Practical-II

1. Evaluation of edible and industrial oils. Determination of acid value.
Saponification value and Iodine value.
2. Extraction and characterization of essential oils from fragment plants.
3. Preparation and characterization of Nylon.
4. Analysis of effluent form industrial wastes.
5. Analysis of effluents from tanneries.
6. Recovery of chromium from tannery effluents.
7. Analysis of dolomite.
8. Loss on Ignition. Insoluble. Assay of calcium by EDTA and Gravimetrically.
9. Assay of Aspirin and vitamin C.
Books Recommended
1. Arovan Singh “Industrial Chemistry” Vol. I & II, Anmd. Publishers. New Dehli
2. Buchel, Moretto & Wodith , Industrial Inorganic Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons.
3. Crogsins “ Unit Operation in Oganic Synthesis” McGraw Hill.
4. Pandey Vikas, “Text Book of Chemical Technology, Vol. 1 & II” Publishing Co.
New Dehli
5. Streven & Brink “Chemical Process Industries, McGraw Hill
35
6. Weissermel & Ape “Industrial Organic Chemistry” Verlag Chemie.
7. R. Norris Shreve, “The chemical process Industries” Second edition, McGraw-
Hill Book company, Inc.
SPECIALIZATION IN BIOCHEMISTRY

Course Title: Biochemistry paper-A, (paper-I)
1. Carbohydrate metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism, pentose phosphate pathway, uronic acid pathway,
gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. Regulation of carbohydrate
metabolism. Photosynthesis.
2. Lipid metabolism
Lipid metabolism, biosynthesis of fatty acids, glycerides, phospholipids and
ketone bodies. Degradation and biosynthesis of sterols and bile acids.
Regulations of lipid metabolism.

Course Title: Biochemistry paper-B, (paper-II)
1. Protein metabolism
Protein metabolism and biosynthesis of amino acids. deamination and
transamination, urea cycle, metabolic disorders, creatine & creatinine synthesis.
2. Metabolism of Nucleic acids

Metabolism of nucleic acids biosynthesis and degredation of purines,
pyrimidines, nucleosides and nucleotides.

Course Title: Biochemistry paper-C, (paper-III)
36
1. Physical techniques in biochemistry
Physical techniques in biochemistry, gel filtration, ion-exchange and affinity
chromatography, isoelectric focussing, centrifugation, ultrafiltration Isotopic
labelling, Immunoblotting, ELISA and spectrometry.
2. Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy antimalarials, sulfonamides and some commonly used antibiotics.
Mechanism of drug resistance
Course Title: Biochemistry Practical-I

1. Analysis of normal and abnormal constituents in urine.
2. Analysis of organic and inorganic constituents of blood.
3. Estimation of different vitamins.
4. Separation of sub-cellular fractions in cells.
5. Gel filtration, ion-exchange, paper and thin layer chromatography of proteins.
6. Gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and HPLC.
7. Enzymes: Purification and kinetic studies of invertase, lactic dehydrogenase
and peroxidase.
8. Electrophoresis of plasma proteins, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
9. Agarose electrophoresis of DNA.

Course Title: Biochemistry paper-D, (paper-IV)
1. Immunology
Immunology, chemistry of immunoglobulins, myeloma and hybridoma
immunoglobulins. Immune system and its abnormalities, allergy and
inflammation, complement system, peripheral leucocytes and macrophages.
2. Microbiology
Microbiology microbial cultivation, metabolism and genetics. Bacteria, fungi,
protozoa and algae. Medical and industrial microbiology.
3. Molecular biology
Molecular biology Replication, transcription and translation. Regulation of gene
expression. DNA synthesis and sequencing. Genetic code. plasmids,
bacteriophages and cosmids. Mutagenesis, Methods and applications of
recombinant DNA.
37
Course Title: Biochemistry paper-E, (paper-V)
1. Composition of blood
Composition of blood blood plasma, serum proteins, red blood cells, white blood
cells, plateletes, structure and function of haemoglobin. Coagulation and its
mechanism.
2. Body Fluids
Biochemistry of urine and lymphatic fluids.
3. Physiological Chemistry
Structure and functions of liver lungs, muscle, connective tissue, kidney, heart,
nerve conduction and sensory systems.
4. Hormones
Chemistry, functions and metabolism of thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, steroid and
growth hormones, hormonal regulation of metabolism.

Course Title: Biochemistry paper-F, (paper-VI)
1. Enzymes Kinetics
Kinetic of single substrate reactions, substrate specify enzyme inhibition, multi-
substrate reactions, multi-enzyme systems.
2. Vitamins:
structure, physiological functions, deficiency diseases and recommended dietary
allowances of vitamin A, D, E, K, B complex and C.
3. Nutrition
Nutritional importance of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Balance diet. micro-
nutrients and their functions. Role of nutrition in growth, development and
disease.
Course Title: Biochemistry Practical -II

38
1. Dialysis, ultra filtration and lyophilization.
2. Cultivation of microorganisms in laboratory using solid and liquid culture
media, test tube, petri plate and shake flask cultures, isoletia of pure culture,
study of physical characteristics of microorganism, bacterial growth curve,
preservation of microbial strains
3. Enzymes, including preparation and kinetic studies of Invertase, Lactic
dehydrogenase and peroxidases.
4. Estimation of different Vitamins, isolation and characterization of proteins in
food materials.
Recommended Books
Theory
1. Lehninger, A. L. Principles of Biochemistry, Worth Publisher, New York (2001).
2. Voet, D. and J. G. Voet,. Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York. (2000)
3. Murray, R. K., P. A. Mayes, D. K. Granner and V. W. Rodwell, Harper’s .
Biochemistry, Appleton and Lange(2000).
4. Robert, Harper’s Biochemistry, 25th Edition. (2000)
5. West, Text Book of Biochemistry 4th Edition. (2000)
6. Zubay, G. Biochemistry, 4th Edition Macmillan Publishing Co.(1999)
7. Stryer, L. Biochemistry, Freeman & Co.( 1994)
8. Alberts, B., D. Bray, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts and J. D.
Watson, Molecular Biology of Cell, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
9. Watson, J. D., N. H. Hopkins, J. W. Roberts, J. A. Steitz and A. M. Weiner,
Molecular Biology of the Gene, Benjamin/Cummins.
10. Darnell Jr., J., H. Lodish and D. Baltimore, Molecular Cell Biology, Scientific
American Books.
11. Dawis, B. D., R. Dulbecco, H. N. Eisen and H. S. Ginsbery, Microbiology,
Harper & Row.
12. Bryce, C. F. A., Microcomputers in Biochemistry: A practical approach,
Oxford University Press.
13. Passmore, R. and M. A. Eastwood, Human Nutrition & Dietetics, Churchill
Livingstone/ELBS
14. Watson, J. D., J. Tooze and D. T. Kurtz, Recombinant DNA, Scientific
American Books
Practicals
1. Wilson, A. Practical Biochemistry: Principle and techniques (2000).
2. Swotzer, Experimental Biochemistry theory and exercises in fundamental
method (2000)
3. Dryer, R. L. and G. F. Lata, Experimental Biochemistry, Oxford University
Press.
4. Plummer, D. T.,Introduction to Practical Biochemisry, McGraw Hill Book Co.,
New York (1986).
39
5. Alexander, R. R., J. M. Griggiths and M. L. Wilkinson, Basic Biochemical
Methods, John Wiley & Sons
6. Wooton, I. D. P., Microanalysis in Medical Biochemistry, J&A Churchill
7. Gowenlock, A.H., Varley’s Practical Clinical Biochemistry, 6th ed., Heinemann
Professional Publishing, Oxford (1988).
8. T. N. Pattabiraman. Laboratory Manual in biochemistry. All India
Publishers(1998)
9. Gosling, J. P. Immunoassay: Laboratory Analysis and Clinical application
(1994).
10. Sauhney, Introductory Practical Biochemistry (1998)
SPECIALIZATION IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry paper-A, (paper-I)
1. Chemistry of f-Block Elements

(i) Lanthanides: Electronic structure and position in the periodic table,
Lanthanide’s contraction, oxidation states, spectral and magnetic
properties, general characteristics, occurrence, extraction and
general principles of separation, complexes and uses.
(ii) Actinides: Electronic structure and position in the periodic table,
oxidation states, general characteristics, half life and decay law.
2.  -Acceptor Complexes
Mononuclear and polynuclear metal carbonyls: the eighteen electron rule
as applied to metal carbonyls; rationalization of molecular structure;
evaluation of structures based on spectroscopic evidences; chemistry of
metal carbonyls and their derivatives (nitosyls, halides and hydrides
Recommended Books
Theory
40
1. Huheey, J. E, Keiter, E. A. and Keiter, R. L., “Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of
Structure and Reactivity”, 4th Ed., Harper & Row, New York, 2001.
2. Cotton, F. A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo, C. A. and Bochmann. M., “Advanced
3. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., “Chemistry of the Elements”, 2nd Ed.,
Pergamon Press, New York, 1992.
4. Willium W. Porterfield. Inorganic chemistry, Unified approach, Elsevier
company, Delhi, (2005)
5. Mackay, K. M., Mackay, R. A. and Henderson, W., “Introduction to Modern
Inorganic Chemistry”, 5th Edition, Stanley Thomas Publisher Ltd. 1996
English Language Book Society, 4th Edition, 1981.

Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry paper-B, (paper-II)
1. Periodic Anomalies and Bonding in Electron deficient Compounds

First- and second- row anomalies; the use of d- orbitals by non-metals; reactivity
and d- orbital participation; p-d bonds; the use of p- orbitals in - bonding;
periodic anomalies of non-metals and post-transition metals. Multicenter bonding
in electron deficient molecules, three centre two electron bond (3c-2e) and three-
center, four-electron (3c-4e) bond model.
2. Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism of Inorganic Reactions

Classification of reaction mechanisms; rate laws; steady state approximation;
inert and labile complexes; substitution reactions; octahedral complexes: acid
hydrolysis, acid catalyzed aquation, anation reactions, base hydrolysis, attack on
ligands, steric effects of inert ligands; square planar complexes: nucleophilic
reactivity, trans-effect, cis-effect, effect of leaving group, mechanism of
substitution, racemization reactions.
3. Electron Transfer Reactions

Electron transfer reactions in co-ordination compounds, mechanism of electron
transfer reactions, outer sphere or tunneling mechanism, inner sphere or ligand
bridge mechanism, factors effecting the rate of electron transfer reactions, two
electrons transfer reactions, complementary or non complementary electron
transfer reactions, oxidation reduction reactions of metal ions.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
41
1. Basolo, F., and Pearson, R. G., “Mechanism of Inorganic Reactions”, Wiley, New
York, 1982.
3. Benson, D., Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions in solution: McGraw Hill. 1968.
4. Purcell, K.F. and Kotz, J.C., “Inorganic Chemistry” W.B. Saunders Company
Holt-Saunders Internal editions 1977.
5. Shirve D.F. Atkins P.W. and Langford C.H. “Inorganic Chemistry”, Oxford
University Press 1990.
6. Wilkins R.G. “Kinetics and Mechanism of Reactions of Transition Metal
Complex” VCH Publishers, Inc., 1991.
7. William. J., Modern inorganic chemistry second edition McGraw Hill Company 1991.
8. Porter Field. W.W., Inorganic Chemistry a Unified Approach 2nd ed. Elsevier
Publishers, 2005
9. Douglas, McDaniel & John Alexander. “Concepts and Models of Inorganic
Chemistry” by John Willey and Sons, 1994.
10. R.B. Jordan, Reaction Mechanisms of Inorganic and Organomettalics Systems.
Oxford University Press, New York, 1991. An excellent introduction.
11. R.G. Wilkins, The study of kinetics and Mechanisms of Reactions of
transition metal complexes 2nd ed., VCH Publishers, New York, 1991.
Excellent discussions of rate laws, their interpretation and experimental
establishment.

Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry paper-C, (paper-III)
1. Organic Reagents Used in Inorganic Analysis

Types of reagents, specificity and sensitivity of the reagents, methods of
application with specific examples, complexometric and gravimetric methods
involving various reagents, chelates and chelate-effect.
2. Corrosion
Corrosion, different types of corrosion. Different theories of corrosion, safety
measures for corrosion (corrosion Control) prospects in Pakistan to control the
corrosion.
Recommanded Books:
1. Emeleus and Sharpe., “Modern Aspects of Inorganic Chemistry”.
42
4. P. Powell. “Non Metal Chemistry”, Chopman & Hall., 1974
5. Miessler G.L. and Tar Donald, A. “Inorganic Chemistry” Prentice Hall Int. edition,
1991.
6. Douglas, McDaniel & John Alexander. “Concepts and Models of Inorganic
Chemistry” by John Willey and Sons, 1994.
Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry Practical-I

1. Use of some Organic Reagents for Gravimetric Estimation.

(a) 8-Hydroxyquinoline Al (III) and Fe (III)
(b) Nitron
2. Use of Some Organic Reagents for The Estimation of Various Elements

(a) Salicylaldoxime: Ni (II) in the presence of Cu (II)
(b) Anthranilic acid: Co(II) and Zn(II)
3. Inorganic Synthesis:
Preparation of at least six inorganic compounds / complexes in a pure state and
determination of their state of purity.
4. Conductometry
(i) Titration of strong acid and weak acid with a strong base.
(ii) Precipitation titration involving AgNO and KCl.
3
(iii) Determination of dissociation constant Ka for acetic acid
5. Potentiometry
(i) Determination of K K and K for H PO
l 2 3 3 4
(ii) Determination of chloride in the presence of iodide and evaluation of K of
sp
AgI and AgCl
Books Recommended
Practical
Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “‘Vogel’s Textbook of
Fritz J. S., Schenk G. H. “Quantitative Analytical Chemistry” Allyn and Bacon,
th
Inc. 4 Edition (1979)
Harris W. E., Kratochvil B. “An Introduction to Chemical Analysis” Saunders
Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry paper-D, (paper-IV)
43
1. Nuclear Chemistry
Introduction, Structure of nucleus, radioactivity and radioactive series, artificial
radioactivity, Determination of half life, nuclear fission and fusion reaction,
energetic nuclear reactions, Application of radioisotopes.
2. Spectroscopic Methods of Analysis

Flame Spectrometry (AAS & FES), Basic principles, instrumentation and
applications.
Recommended Books:
1. Choppin G. R. and Rydberg J. “Nuclear Chemistry, Theory and Applications”
Pergamon. (1980)
2. Elton L. R. B. “Introductory Nuclear Theory” The English Language Book
Society and Sir ISAAC Pitman & Sons, Ltd. (1959)
3. Friedlander G., Kennedy J. W. and Macias E. S. “Nuclear and Radiochemistry”
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 3rd Edition (1964)
4. Friedlander G., Kennedy J. W. and Miller J. M. “Nuclear and Radiochemistry”
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2nd Edition (1964)
5. . Harvey B. G. “Nuclear Physics and Chemistry” Prentice-Hall, Inc. (19690
6. . Naqvi I. I. “Radiochemistry” University Grants Commission. (1990)
7 Christian G,D “Analytical Chemistry”

Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry paper-E, (paper-V)
1. Symmetry and Group Theory

Symmetry and symmetry operations. Point groups. Properties of group, Non-
degenerate representation, matrices, transformation of matrices, Degenerate
representation , character tables and their applications in chemical bonding and
molecular vibration.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS (THEORY)

1. Cotton F.A. “Chemical Applications of Groups Theory” Interscience
Publishers (1963).
2. Lowell Hall H. “Group Theory and Symmetry in Chemistry” McGraw Hill
Book Company (1969).
3. Albert R.A., Robert J.S. and Moungi G.B. “Physical Chemistry”. 4th ed., John
Wiley and Sons (2004).
4. Ball D.W. “Physical Chemistry” 1st ed., Brooks/Cole Co. Inc. (2003).
5. Alan Vincent “Molecular symmetry and Group theory” John Wiley and Sons
44
Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry paper-F, (paper-VI)
1. Chemistry of Organometallics
History and introduction to organometallic compounds, types of bonding.
Transition metals; single, double and triple bonds to carbon (compound types,
acyls, alkylidene complexes and alkylidyne complexes), delocalized hydrocarbon
systems (alkenes, olefins, allyl and butadienes), alkyne complexes, cyclic -
complexes (five- and six- member rings).
2. Organometallic Compounds in Homogenous Catalytic Reactions

Homogenous catalytic hydrogenation, dimerization, oligomerization,
polymerization, oxidation, hydrosilation, hydroformylation of olefins. Catalytic
polymerization of acetylenes, insertion reactions, use of organometallic
compounds in organic synthesis.
RECOMMENDED BOOKS
1. Powell, P., “Principles of Organometalics Chemistry”, 2nd edition London,
1995.
2. Akio Yamamoto “Organotransition Metal Chemistry”, Printice Hall, 1992.
3. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, C. A. Murillo and M. Bochmann, “Advanced
4. Miessler G.L. and Tar Donald, A. “Inorganic Chemistry” Prentice Hall
Int. edition, 1991.
5. Douglas, McDaniel & John Alexander. “Concepts and Models of
Inorganic Chemistry” by John Willey and Sons, 1994.
6. Zuckerman, H., “Basic Organometallic Chemistry”, 2nd Ed, 1985.
8. William. J., Modern inorganic chemistry second edition McGraw Hill
Company, 1991.
9. Porter Field. W.W., Inorganic Chemistry a Unified Approach 2nd ed.
Elsevier Publishers, 2005.
Course Title: Inorganic Chemistry Practical-II

1. Gravimetric Estimation.
a) Estimation of Ba2+ as BaSO4.
45
b) Estimation of Ni2+ as in the given solution by DMG.
c) Estimation of Pb2+ as PbSO4.
2. Complexometric Titrations
a) Determination of Mg2+ and Zn2+ ions by EDTA (Direct titration).
b) Determination of Ni2+ ions by EDTA (Back titration).
c) Determination of Ca2+ and Zn2+ ions by EDTA (Masking Method).
3. Conductometry
a) Titration of strong Acid with strong Base.
b) Titration of weak Acid with strong Base.
c) Titration of strong Acid with weak Base.
4. Use of some organic reagents for estimation of various metal ions.

a) Anthranilic acid ( Cd2+, Zn2+, Co2+).
b) 8-Hydroxyquinoline ( Al3+, Fe3+).
c) Nitron ( NO3-).
5. Inorganic preparations of metal complexes

a) Sod. Trioxalato Ferrate (III).
b) [Cr(en)3]Cl3
c) Trans isomer K[Cr(C2O4)2(H2O)2]2H2O.
6. Potentiometry
a) Titration of strong Acid with strong Base.
b) Titration of strong Acid with weak Base.
Books Recommended
Practical
Bassette J., Denney C., Jeffery G. H. and Mendham J. “‘Vogel’s Textbook of
Fritz J. S., Schenk G. H. “Quantitative Analytical Chemistry” Allyn and Bacon,
th
Inc. 4 Edition (1979)
Harris W. E., Kratochvil B. “An Introduction to Chemical Analysis” Saunders
SPECIALIZATION IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Course Title: Organic Chemistry A, (paper-I)
46
1. Reactive Intermediates
Introduction, Structure, Generation, Detection, Reactions, Mechanisms, and
Synthetic applications of:
a. Carbenes
b. Nitrenes
c. Benzynes
d. Free radicals
2. Methods of Determining Reaction Mechanisms

Types of Mechanisms, thermodynamic and kinetic requirements for reaction, The
Baldwin Rule for Ring closure. Kinetic and Theormodynamic Control.
Identification of products and intermediates. Isotopic labelling and Isotopic
effects. Stereochemical evidence, Kinetic evidence, Steady state approximation.
3. Protective Groups
Introduction, role of protective groups in organic synthesis. Protection of
hydroxyl, amino, carboxylic and aldehyde group and their applications.
Compatibility of different protective groups.

Course Title: Organic Chemistry B, (paper-II)
1. Heterocyclic Compounds
Introduction, Nomenclature: Structure, Synthesis and Reactions of Aziridines,
Oxiranes, Pyrrole, Furan, Thiophene, Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline and
Fused ring systems, Azepines, Oxepines. Heterocyclic compounds in Nature,
Medicines and their Biosynthesis.
2. Molecular Rearrangements
Reaction mechanism involving molecular rearrangements, classification of
molecular rearrangements, migratory aptitude and stereochemical implications
Mechanism of molecular rearrangements involving:
(a). Carbon to Carbon migration.

(b). Carbon to Nitrogen migration.
(c). Carbon to Oxygen migration.
(d). Electrocyclic and Sigmatropic Rearrangements.
Course Title: Organic Chemistry C, (paper-III)
1. Polymers
47
Introduction: classification stereochemistry of Polymers. Methods of
polymerization, step reactions, Radical chains, Ionic and co-ordination,
copolymerization. Biosynthesis of polymers. Synthesis and applications of
commercial polymers like Polyethylene, Polvinylethers, Polyesters, Cellulosic
polymers, Phenolic and Amino resins, Rubber.
2. Photochemistry
Basic Laws of Photochemistry. Electronic excitation, Electronic Transitions,
Fluoresence, Phosphersence, Energy transfer. Photosensitization,
characteristics of photoreactions, Typical Photoreactions, Photochemistry of
olefines. Photochemical cycloadditions, Photorearragements, Photo-oxidation
and reduction.
Course Title: Organic Chemistry Practical-I

1. Organic Preparations
Preparations of:
a). Methyl Orange b). Sulphanilic acid c). meta-Dinitrobenzene
d). Pricric acid e). Benzyl Alcohol f). p-Bromoacetanilide
2. Qualitative and Preparative Chromatography

a) Thin layer chromatography
b) Paper chromatography
c) High performance liquid chromatography
3. Analysis of Three Component Mixtures

Separation and identification of the components by Solvent extraction methods
and chemical methods, using IR, UV and NMR techniques.

Course Title: Organic Chemistry D, (paper-IV)
1. Introduction to natural products

Introduction of primary and secondary metabolites and their varied sources,
General classification of natural products, Historical and recent use of natural
products in medicines.
2. Alkaloids
Introduction, classification, isolation and general methods of structure
determination. Chemistry of Conine, Nicotine and Morphine.
3. Terpenoids
48
Introduction, classification, isolation and general methods of structure
determination. Chemistry of Citral, -Pinene, Camphor and their biosynthesis.
4. Steroids
Introduction, sterochemistry of Steroids, Chemistry of Cholesterol and Bile Acids.
Biosynthesis of cholesterol.
5. Flavonoids
Structure and synthesis of Flavones, Flavonol, Quercetin. Biosynthesis of
Falvonoids.
Course Title: Organic Chemistry E, (paper-V)
1. Modern Organic Synthesis
Introduction to organic synthesis. Target selection, Retrosythesis, strategies,
Reconnection approach- the synthon method and disconnection technique.
Strategic bond approach, strategic bonds in rings. Biomimetic approach to
retrosynthesis. The Chiron approach. Computer generated strategies. Formation
of carbon-carbon single and double bonds.
2. Oxidation
Introduction. Oxidation of saturated hydrocabons, olefinic double bonds, aromatic
rings, systems containing oxygen. such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and
dicarbonyl compounds oxidative decarboxylation of acids. Oxidation of systems
containing nitrogen such as amine, hydrazines and hydrazons.
3. Reduction
Introduction. Reduction of cycloalkanes, alkenes, conjugated olefine, alkynes and
aromatic rings. Hydrogenolysis. Reduction of benzylic and allylic systems,
aldehydes and ketones, Reduction of systems. Containing nitrogen such as
imines, oximes and nitro compounds.

Course Title: Organic Chemistry F, (paper-VI)
Named Organic Reactions

1. Cannizzaro reaction
2. Perkin reaction
3. Michael reaction
4. Claisen-Schmidt reaction
5. Darzens Glycidic Ester reaction
6. Stobbe reaction
7. Mannich reaction
49
8. Wittig reaction
9. Ene reaction
10. Reformatsky reaction
11. Diels-Alder reaction.
Course Title: Organic Chemistry Practical-II

1. Isolation of Natural Products

Isolation of Natural Products from the following;
1. Red Pepper
2. Turmeric
3. Piperine from Black Pepper
4. Caffeine from tea
5. Separation of plant pigments by TLC
6. Separation of plant pigments by paper chromatography
7. Cholesterol from gall stone, brain and egg
8. Lactose from milk
9. Oil from orange peels
2. Analysis of Commercial Drugs
Analysis of the following commercial drugs using HPLC and Titration methods:
i). Penicillin ii). Tetracycline iii). Chloroquine

iv). Brufen v). Valium vi). Paracetamol
vii). Neomycin viii). Chloropromazine
Books Recommended:
1. McMurry.J, “Organic Chemistry” Thomson Asia Pte Ltd, Singapore, Fifth
Edition (2000).
2. Morrison.R.T, Boyd.R.N, “Organic Chemistry” Prentice-Hall, Inc; Sixth Edition
(1992).
3. Solomons.T.W.G, Fryhle.C.B, Johnson.R.G, “Study Guide and Solutions
Manual to Accompany Organic Chemistry” John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Seventh
Edition (2000).
4. March.J, “Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms and
Structure” John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Fourth Edition (1992)
5. Hornback.J.M, “Organic Chemistry” Brooks/Cole Publishing Company (1998).
6. Pine.S.H, Hendrickson.J.B, Cram.D.J, Hammond.G.S, “Organic Chemistry”
McGraw-Hill, Inc; Fourth Edition (1980).
7. Finar.I.L, “Fundamental Principles of Organic Chemistry”Longman, Third
Edition, Vol.I (1959).
8. Finar.I.L, “Stereochemistry and the Chemistry of Natural Products, “English
Language book Society and Longman Group Ltd; Fifth Edition, Vol.II (1975).
9. Sykes.P, “A Guide Book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry” Longman Group
Ltd. (1986).
50
10. Warren.S, “Designing Organic Syntheses A Programmed Introduction to the
Synthon Approach” John Wiley & Sons,Inc(1980).
11. Norman.R.O.C, “Principles of Organic Synthesis” Chapman and Hall Ltd,
12. Corey.E.J, Cheng.X.M, “The Logical of Chemical Synthesis” Wiley
Interscience(1989).
13. Greene.T.W, Nuts.P.G, “Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis” John Wiley
& Sons, Second Edition (1991).
14. Cleyden.J, Greeves.N, Warren.S and Wothers.P, “Organic Chemistry” Oxford
University Press (2001).
15. Nizami.S.S, “Reterosynthetic Approach to Organic Synthesis”, Higher
Education Commission (2003).
16. Burger. A, “Medicinal Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc; Third Edition,
Part.I (1970).
17. Warren.S, “Organic Synthesis: The Disconnection Approach”, John Wiley &
Sons Ltd (1982).
18. Cordell.G.A, “Introduction to Alkaloids”, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.(1981).
19. Pavia.D.L, Lampman.G.M, Kriz.G.S, “Introduction to Spectroscopy: A Guide
for Students of Organic Chemistry” Saunders College
Publishing/Holt.Rinehart and Winston (1979).
20. Bender.G.T, “Principles of Chemical Instrumentation”, W.B.Saunders
Company (1987).
21. Akitt.J.W, “NMR and Chemistry an Introduction to the Fourier transform
multinuclear era”, J.W.Arrowsmith Ltd, Bristol, Second Edition (1983).
22. Macomber.R.S, “NMR Spectroscopy Basic Principles and Applications”,
Books for Professionals, Inc (1988).
23. Kemp.W, “NMR in Chemistry A multinuclear Introduction”, The Macmillan
Press Ltd. (1986).
24. Silverstein.R.M, Bassler.G.C, Morrill.T.C, “Spectrometric Identification of
Organic Compounds”, John Wiley & Sons; Inc; Fourth Edition (1981).
25. Kemp.W, “Organic Spectroscopy”, Macmillan Education Ltd; Third Edition
(1991).
26. Budzikiewicz.H, Djerass.C, Williams.D.H, “Mass Spectrometry of Organic
Compounds”, Holden-Day, Inc (1967).
27. Whittaker.D, “Interpreting Organic Spectra”, The Royal Society of Chemistry
(2000).
28. Creswell.C.J/Runquist.O.A,Campbell.M.M, “Spectral Analysis of Organic
Compounds”, Burgess Publishing Company, Second Edition (1972).
29. Stowell.J.C, “Intermediate Organic Chemistry”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc;
31. Mohan.J., “Organic Analytical Chemistry” Theory and Practice, Narosa
32. Craig.C.R., Stitzel.R.E., “Modern Pharmacology with Clinical Application”, 5th
Edition, Morgantown (2005).
51
33. Mann.J., “Secondary Metabolism”, 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, New
Yark. (1987),
34. Bhat.S.V., Nagasampagi B. A., Sivakumar M., “Chemistry of Natural
Products”, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi (2005).
SPECIALIZATION IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

Course Title: Physical Chemistry-A (paper-I) Cr. Hr. 3
1. Symmetry Operations
Symmetry operations, Symmetry Elements, Properties of group. Multiplication
tables, Matrix representation of Symmetry operations. Nomenclature of I.R.
representations. Transformation matrix for rotation through an angle.
Representation of a group, basis for representation. Character Table of some
point group.
2. Molecular Spectroscopy
Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. Microwave, Infrared and
Raman spectroscopy. Symmetry properties of molecules. Electronic spectra of
simple molecules. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Course Title: Physical Chemistry-B (paper-II) Cr. Hr. 3
1. Photochemical reactions
Photochemical reactions in gas phase and in solutions. Quantum yield, flash
photolysis. Advanced approach to kinetics of photochemical reactions.
1. Quantum Chemistry
Operators and their properties. Angular momentum. Central field problem.
Hydrogen-like atoms. Approximate methods. Perturbation methods and
variations principle. Valence bond and molecular orbital theories. pi-electron
calculations.
Course Title: Physical Chemistry-C (paper-III) Cr. Hr. 3
1. Solid State Chemistry
52
Intermolecular forces. Symmetry of condensed systems. Properties of solids
(electrical, mechanical and optical). Lattice defects, dopping for defects. Electron-
gas model, heat capacity paradox, electrical conductivity. Band theory of metallic
state. Conductors semiconductors and insulators. Controlled valency and
hopping phenomena, p & n-type conductivity, p,n-junctions. Solid state reactions.
Developments in superconductivity.
Course Title: Physical Chemistry practical-I Cr. Hr. 1

1. Determination of percentage composition of KMnO / K Cr O in a given

4 2 2 7
solution by spectrophotometry.
2. Evaluation of pKa value of an indicator by spectrometric method.
3. Measurement of IR spectra of simple compound and their interpretation
4. Measurement of cyclic voltammogram of an organic compound and its
interpretation
5. Study of multistep reactions.
6. Evaluation of energy of activation.
7. Sugar analysis and inversion studies by polarimetry.
8. Determination of partial molar quantities.

Course Title: Physical Chemistry-D (paper-IV)
1. Surface and Catalytic Chemistry

Solids surfaces. Gas solid interface. Thermodynamics of adsorption.
Heterogeneous catalysis. Kinetics and mechanisms of catalyzed reactions.
Adsorption at liquid surfaces. Enzymatic catalysis. Organized molecular
assemblies. Colloidal solutions. Catalyst preparation methods. Industrial
catalysts.
2. Polymer Chemistry
Definition and classification of polymers. Polymerization and co-polymerization.
Polymer solution. Polymer characterization: structure property relationship.
Elastomers, plastics, fibers, blends and alloys.

Course Title: Physical Chemistry-E (paper-V)
1. Chemical Kinetics
53
Advanced theories of unimolecular reactions. Chain and non-chain complex
reactions. Fast reactions, experimental techniques for measurement of fast
reaction kinetics. Kinetics of catalyized reaction. Potential energy surfaces. Solar
reactions.
2. Statistical Thermodynamics
Description of various systems. Concepts of states, accessible states and
distribution. Probability concepts. Maxwell-Boltzmann’s statistics for the systems
of independent particles. Partition functions. Statistical thermodynamics.
Applications to equilibrium and chemical kinetics. Bose-Einstein’s and Fermi-
Dirac’s statistics.

Course Title: Physical Chemistry-F (paper-VI)
1. Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear systematic. Sources of nuclear instability. Nuclear energetics. Nuclear
models: shell model, liquid drop model. Nuclear reactions. Fission and fusion.
2. Theories of Electrolytes
Interfacial phenomena. Electrode kinetics. Mechanisms of electrode reactions.
Cyclic voltammetry and its applications. Electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy.
Course Title: Physical Chemistry Practical-II

1. Determination of free energy changes, standard free energies.

2. Verification of Kohlrausch law.
3. Study of temperature dependence of electrode potentials
4. Determination of heat of solution and heat of neutralization.
5. Determination of molecular weight of a polymer by viscosity method.
6. Determination of Precipitation value of electrolytes.
7. Determination of dipole moment of an organic liquid.
8. Stoichiometry of a complex in solution by Job’s method.
Recommended Books
1. Albery J., Electrode Kinetics, Clarendon, Oxford, 1975.
2. Asperger S., “Chemical Kinetics and Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms” 2nd
Ed., Springer Verlag (2003).
54
3. Aston J.G. and Fritz J.J, “Thermodynamics and Statistical Thermodynamics”
New York, John-Wiley (1959).
4. Aziz F. and Rodgers M. A.J., “Radiation Chemistry Principles and
Application” Ed., VCH Publishers, Inc, (1987).
rd
5. Banwell C.N., Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy” 3 Ed., , New
Delhi,
6. Bard A. and Faukner L. R, “Electrochemical Methods, Fundamentals and
Application” John Wiley, New York. (latest available edition).
7. Barrow G.M., “Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy,” New York, McGraw-
Hill (1962).
8. Becker E.D., “High Resolution NMR; Theory & Chemical Application”, New
York, Academic Press (1980).
9. Bible R. H., Jr., "Interpretation of NMR Spectra: An Empirical Approach,"
Plenum Press, New York, (1965).
10. Bond G.C “Heterogeneous Catalysis” 2nd Ed., , Clarendon Press. Oxford
(1987).
11. Cassidy H.G., “Fundamentals of Chromatography”. Interscience Publishers
New York, 1957.
12. Engel, Thomas and Philip Reid, “Thermodynamics, Statistical
Thermodynamics”, and Kinetics 1st Ed., Benjamin Cummings, (2006).
13. Espenson, J. H. Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism “2nd Ed.,
McGraw Hill London (2002)
14. Flory, “Principle of Polymer Chemistry” Cornell (1953).
15. Fried J.R. “Polymer Science and Technology”. Prenitce Hall 1995.
rd
16. Friedlander G. and Kennedy J.W “Nuclear and Radiochemistry”, 3 Ed.
John Wiley & Sons, New York (1981).
17. Graybal J.D., “Molecular Spectroscopy,”, New York, McGraw-Hill(1988)
18. Gregory R. Choppin and Jan Rayberg “Nuclear Chemistry Theory and
st
Applications”, 1 Ed., Pergaman Press, Oxford. New York (1998).
19. Griffiths, David J., “ Introduction to Quantum Mechanics” 2nd Ed., Prentice
Hall (2004)
20. Hayward, David O., “Quantum Mechanics for Chemists” 1st Ed., John
Wiley (2003).
21. Hiemenzt P.C., and Rajagopalan, “Principles of Colloid & Surface
rd
Chemistry,” 3 Ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, (1997).
22. Hill T.L., “Statistical Mechanics, , New York, McGraw-Hill (1956).
23. House, James E., “Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics” 2nd Ed.,
Elsevier-Academic Press (2003)
24. I.I Naqvi “Electrochemistry” Higher Education Commission (In Press)
nd
25. J.H Espenson “Chemical Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms”, 2 Ed.
McGraw Hill, New York (1995)
26. Kemp, W., “NMR Chemistry: A Multinuclear Introduction’, London,
Macmillan Education (1986).
55
27. Lajunen L.H.J., "Spectrochemical Analysis by Atomic Absorption and
Emission" Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 1992.
28. Malcolm, P. S., “Polymer Chemistry” Oxford University Press (2005).
nd
29. Mandelkern “ An Introduction to Macromolecules”, 2 , Springer (1983).
30. Mathews F.L. and Rawlings R.D, “Composite Materials: Engineering and
Science” Chapman and Hall, 1994.
31. Micheal, J. P., “Reaction Kinetics” Oxford University Press (2005).
32. Mohammad and Amjad. ‘Principles of Electrode Kinetics” Roohi Printers,
Lahore.
33. N. Davidson “Statistical Mechanics, New York, McGraw-Hill (1962).
34. Pople C.P., “Electron Spin Resonance”, John Wiley New York (1967).
nd
35. Ravue, “Principles of Polymer Chemistry”. 2 Ed. Plenum Publishers.
(2000)
th
nd
37. Spinks J.W.T., and Woods R.J., “An Introduction to Radio Chemistry” by 2
Ed., John Wiley, New York (1976).
38. Stock and Rice, “Chromatographic Methods”, Chapman and Hall, (1967).
39. F.W Billmeyer, Jr “Textbook of Polymer Science “, John Wiley & Sons 1994.
40. Wallace S. and Brey JR., “Physical Method For Determining Molecular
Geometry”
41. Wayne R. P. “Principles and Applications of Photochemistry”, University
Press Oxford London (1988).
42. West A.R., “Solid State Chemistry”, J. Wiley, New York (1989).
56

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Department of Chemistry: Courses of Study in Chemistry With Credit Hours

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DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

Courses of Study in Chemistry with Credit Hours

BS: 1st Year (Semester-I)

2. Aqueous solutions as medium of life.

3. Amino acids and Proteins

1. Acid hydrolysis of starch

BS: 1st Year (Semester-II)

Practical: Biochemistry-II Cr. Hr. 1

1. Basic Concepts in Chemical Bonding

2. Chemistry of the Hydroxyl Group and Ethers

3. Chemistry of Carbonyl Compounds

4. Chemistry of Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives

Practical: Organic Chemistry-I Cr. Hr. 1

1. Basic Experimental Techniques

BS: 2nd Year (Semester-IV)

1. Chemistry of Amino Group

3. Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions:

Practical: Organic Chemistry-II Cr. Hr. 1

Qualitative Organic Analysis

Course Title: Analytical Chemistry-I Cr. Hr. 3

1. Fundamentals of Chemometrics: Sampling, stoichiometric calculations,

2. Chemical Equilibrium: The equilibrium constant, equilibrium and

3. Titrimetry and Gravimetry: Titration based on acid - base reactions,

Practical: Analytical Chemistry-I Cr. Hr. 1

Course Title: Analytical Chemistry-I (Practical) Cr. Hr. 1

BS: 3rd Year (Semester-V)

1. Physical States of Matter:

Practical: Physical Chemistry-I Cr. Hr. 1

BS: 3rd Year (Semester-V)

1. The Periodic Law and Periodicity

3. Acids and Bases

4. Chemistry of p-block Elements

Practical: Inorganic Chemistry-I Cr. Hr. 1

3. Preparations of following Inorganic Compounds

BS: 3rd Year (Semester-V)

Practical: Organic Chemistry-III Cr. Hr. 1

2. Estimation of following groups.

3. Determination of Saponification value and acid value in oil.

1. Finar,I.L; “Organic Chemistry”, Vol-II,Longman Group Limited, London.

1. Separation Methods: Principle of solvent extraction; The distribution

2. Spectrophotometry: Fundamentals; Properties of light and its interaction with

BS: 3rd Year (Semester-V)

1. Separation of phenol from given organic mixture using solvent extraction.

BS: 3rd Year (Semester-V)

BS: 3rd Year (Semester-VI)

3. Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy:

Practical: Physical Chemistry-II Cr. Hr. 1

BS: 3rd Year (Semester-VI)

1. Chemistry of Coordination Compounds

2. Non Aqueous Solvents

Practical: Inorganic Chemistry-II Cr. Hr. 1

4. Preparations of following Inorganic Complexes

BS: 3rd Year (Semester-VI)

2. Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution:

Practical: Organic Chemistry-IV Cr. Hr. 1

i) Benzoic acid + Naphthalene

BS: 3rd Year (Semester-VI)

BS: 3rd Year (Semester-VI)

BS: 4th Year (Semester-VII)

NOTE: Emphasis should be on identification of organic Compounds using

Practical: Organic Spectroscopy (Compulsory) Cr. Hr. 1

Drug: Possible source:

BS: 4th Year (Semester-VIII)