International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 10 No.
57 (2015)
© Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm
COMPARING THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF CYANATE MODIFIED
EPOXY/ E GLASS
(UNIDIRECTIONAL/BIDIRECTIONAL/
RANDOM ORIENTED) LAMINATES
W.Andrew Nallayan1&2, Dr. K.R. Vijakumar3
Alok Kumar4, Sumit Kumar5
1&2
Research Scholar, St. Peters University &Associate
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute
E-mail: wa_nallayan@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT- High performance structural polymer laminates
for various mechanical applications must exhibit properties like
high stiffness, high glass transition temperature, low internal
stress and good adhesion. For the laminate matrix, blended
epoxy / cyanate ester is a promising material with a
reinforcement of Unidirectional E Glass fibers.But not much
work is done by comparing the properties of laminates made out
of different fibers in a cyanate modified epoxy matrix. In this
paper , the relation between the various mechanical properties of
laminates made with UD/ Bi directional and Random oriented
fibers with an aerial density of 410 ,400 and 300 GSM
respectively as reinforcement and cyanate modified epoxy resin
as matrix is compared. Properties like ,Tensile, Flexural
,compressive ,ILSS and Impact strength along with Tensile and
Flexural modulus, is experimentally investigated and taken for
comparison. The essence of exhibiting superior properties of one
type of laminate with a particular fiber over the other, essentially
depends the chemistry of polymer blending ,i.e., on the
trimerization of the cyanate group to form a high cross linking
density, which in combination with rigid aromatic rings, provides
excellent properties, apart from other interesting facts that could
be revealed at the end of experimentation. The aerial density of
the fibers in the laminates has been found to substantially play a
role in deciding various properties due to their relative higher
load carrying capacities besides the fabric style, orientation of
the fibers and adhesion capacity of them in the matrix. Based on
the property requirements with regard to the functionality and
other critical parameters, the final selection of a particular type
of laminate for a specific objective could be justified.
Key words-Cyanate ester, cross ply, Radome
232
3
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr.
M. G. R. Educational and Research Institute University
4&5
Final year student, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Dr. M. G. R. Educational and Research
Institute University
1. INTRODUCTION
Epoxy thermoset have been widely used as a matrix resin
for advanced structural composites like aerospace and electronics
industries, due to their outstanding mechanical, electrical and thermal
properties like high modulus, tensile strength, low dielectric loss,
high thermal stability and moisture resistance. Epoxy when cured
forms a highly cross linked 3Dimensional infinite network, whose
microstructure provides desirable engineering properties. However
the highly cross linked structure also makes its brittle. It also absorb
moisture that acts as a plasticizer during service and reduces the glass
transition temperature leading to the drop in dimensional stability.
This undesirable property restricts epoxy for applications requiring
high impact and fracture strength. Toughening can help in damage
tolerant structural component for high performance applications.
Various toughening mechanisms of epoxy resin have been carried out
in the past, since 1960s.The term “Cyanate ester resin” is used to
describe prepolymers and cured resin, the former containing the
reactive ring forming cyanate (-OCN) functional group. Of late, an
area which continuous to attract research interest is the field of
thermoset-thermoset polymer blends, in particular, the incorporation
of inherently tough polymers in to the brittle polymer system, in
order to impart improvements in fracture toughness in the resulting
blends. Hence among the different materials used for the
modification of epoxy resin, cyanate esters are expected to be the
best material to improve the thermo mechanical properties(1 -3).As
compared to epoxies, they are inherently tough, have significantly
better electrical properties and lower moisture intake. Here the focus
is on the modification of epoxy resin with cyanate ester .Apart from
their outstanding mechanical and electrical properties, their
transparency to microwave and radar energy makes them useful for
 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 10 No.57 (2015)
© Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm

Radom, which houses Radar antennas of military and weather The Charpy V-notch test, was done in another apparatus consisting of
reconnaissance place. a pendulum of known mass and length that is dropped from a known
Here, the interdependency of the different properties in height to impact a notched specimen of material.
dictating the strength characteristics of simple four cross plied
laminate composite is mainly focused. The role of the fibers aerial
density in influencing the decisive properties of the laminate is also
experimentally proven with respect to three different laminates made
of Unidirectional , Bi directional and random oriented fibres with
410 ,400 and 300 GSM respectively.

2. EXPERIMENTAL WORK

LAMINATE FABRICATION:
A. Materials and Optimization of the curing agent
Epoxy resin, Curing agent and Unidirectional fibers of 410 GSM,
bidirectional fiber of 400 GSM and random oriented fiber of 300
GSM were procured from Shakhty fibers, Chennai, India and
Bisphenol A Cyanate ester was imported from Shangai Richton ,
Shanghai, China.
Curing agent (Tetraethyleneamine), was optimized with regard to
Cyanate ester(BACY) modified Epoxy resin(Diglycidyl ether of
bisphenol A/DGEBA). Optimization was done by varying the form,
state and quantity of the curing agent, through number of trials till the
defect free curing is evolved in the resin mixture. Good potting
period of around 15 to 30 minutes with zero defects was observed
when 25.33%of the curing agent was mixed by uniform stirring for
10 minutes and latter added to the blend of cyanate ester / Epoxy
resin mix and allowed to cure. Before the optimization was
achieved, defects like continuous foaming resulting sponginess in the
cured blend, presence of glassy pin holes of varying sizes inside and
open blow holes on the cured surface and presence of partially
trapped und dissolved cyanate were observed visually(6). On the
addition of the under optimized curing agent, due to the added
exothermic reaction, resulted in the accelerated gelatin of the blend
,thereby reducing the potable time of the resin mixture.
Fig (2) Few fabricated specimens
B. Fabrication of Composite Laminates and Testing
A steel mould plate coated with silicone release agent and then a
layer of resin was applied by a brush. The first layer of fiber
(300X300 mm2) was placed on the resin and consolidated using
roller. The process was repeated to construct four sets of 4 cross plied
laminate with 0%.5%, 10% and 15% of cyanate loadings. Laminates
were cured at room temperature and were then demolded after
10hours. Using ASTM standards and by water jet cutting, specimens
were prepared.UTM of associated scientific Engg. Works, New
Delhi, India, with a maximum testing load rate of 5 ton with a digital
encoder with built up software of FIE make was used for performing
the tests. The test specimens were positioned suitably in various grips
of testing machine. The speed of the testing was the relative to the
rate of motion of the grips on test fixtures during the test the test. The
grips were tightened evenly and firmly to prevent any slippage. The
speed of testing was set at the proper rate and the machine was
started.

Fig (3) Laminate fabrication before and after curing

Fig(1) Few cured sample

The laminate composites were initially fabricated from modified
Epoxy resin loaded with 0%,5%,10% and 15% of Cyanate ester for
Matrix and E–Glass unidirectional fibers of 410 GSM with four
plies kept at the same symmetrical cross ply orientation of( 0 /90 )2
reinforcement . Similarly, four more laminates of the same stacking
configurations of (0 /90 )2 were made by Open hand lay method
Fig (4) Few testing set ups
using 400 GSM bidirectional and 300GSM random oriented fibers.
All precautions as per the ASTM guidelines were observed while
fabricating the laminates.
Different types of loading were subjected on the specimen to find
out the tensile, flexural, compression and bonding strength of the
fibres respectively.

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Table -1(Cyanate loading Vs Properties of Laminates with

unidirectional fiber /410 GSM)

EFFECTS OF CYANATE LOADING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CYANATE MODIFIED EPOXY/EGLASS

BIDIRECTIONAL FIBER COMPOSITE LAMINATE (410 GSM)
Interlaminar
TENSILE Tensile Flextural Flextural Compressive Shear Strength Impact Strength
SL.No CODE NAME STRENGTH Mpa modulus Gpa Strength Mpa Modulus Gpa Strength Mpa Mpa Joules

1 0% 228 3 371 7.5 92 18 3.2

Fig(5)Impact Testing Machine 2 5% 254 3.2 369 9.1 85 21 2.7
3 10% 364 3.9 510 20 126 23 4.6
4 15% 444 6.6 590 15 97 19 3.2
Table-2(Cyanate loading Vs properties of Laminates with
bidirectional fiber/ 400GSM)

Fig(6) Specimens with 0%,5%,10% & 15% EPCY after inter EFFECTS OF CYANATE LOADING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CYANATE MODIFIED EPOXY/EGLASS
delamination testing RANDOM ORIENTATION FIBER COMPOSITE LAMINATE (410 GSM)
After fabricating the second set of four more laminates using 400
SL.No CODE NAME TENSILE Tensile Flextural Flextural Compressive Interlaminar Impact Strength
GSM bidirectional fibers, and 300 random oriented fibers, with
stacking orientation (0 /90 )2 as stated above, the specimens were STRENGTH Mpa modulus Gpa Strength Mpa Modulus Gpa Strength Mpa Shear Strength Joules
subjected again to the same mechanical tests. Mpa

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1 0% 113 0.9 195 2.5 54 6 2.2

Prediction of strength of composite is always a difficult task since it
depends on factors like properties of its constitutional elements, 2 5% 85 0.3 120 3 47 7 2.7
effective stress transfer between the reinforcement and matrix (4-5).
Generally, the matrix is a tough but relatively weak plastic that is 3 10% 115 1.1 161 6.6 49 4.4 4.6
reinforced by stronger, stiffer reinforcing filament or fibers. The
extent that strength and elasticity are enhanced in a fibers reinforced 4 15% 113 1 190 2.12 64 11 3.1
plastic depends on the mechanical properties of fibers, their volume Table-3 (Cyanate loading Vs Properties of Laminates with Random
relative to one another, the fibers length, orientation within the oriented fiber /300GSM)
matrix. When it comes to laminate, the stacking sequence and When it comes to the ultimate strength of the laminates, it also
various possible architectures while building them do play a depends on weakest fracture path throughout the material.
significant role in the final properties of the laminate. Reinforcement and fillers affect this strength in two ways. One is
As per the micromechanical mechanisms predicting the strength, the the weakening effect due to the stress concentration they cause and
difficulty arises since the strength of the composite is also another is the reinforcing effect since they may serve as a barrier to
determined by the fracture behavior which are in turn associated with the crack growth. To be able to design composite parts, which has
the extreme values of parameters such as interfacial adhesion, stress laminated composite, understanding the intralaminar, interlaminar
concentration, defect size and their spatial distribution. Evidently, and translaminar failure in the micro-mechanism of the damage is
these points shifts the focus on the simple features that could well be essential. But greater focus has to be given to the actual test results.
functionalized., like stacking configurations, ply orientations, More importantly when relating the influence of the of the laminates
position of the laminate mid plane , its symmetricity with respect to made out of thicker fibers with higher aerial density over dictating
the boundaries of the laminate, fibers and its volume fraction in the the properties of the composite, the role of volume fraction of the
laminate, and also from the different thermoset-thermoset resin fiber need to be reinstated .Often the trend in most of the property
blending which again could be functionalized. characteristics has been found to be influenced by the mechanisms of
EFFECTS OF CYANATE LOADING ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CYANATE polymer chemistry of the blends, the nature of cyan ate ester loading
MODIFIED EPOXY/EGLASS UNIDIRECTIONAL FIBER COMPOSITE LAMINATE (410 GSM) to the resin and obviously the aerial density of the fiber . It is also
indicated by many scholars that the stress distribution and stress
SL. No CODE NAME TENSILE Tensile Flextural Flextural Compressive Interlaminar Impact Strength transfer in balanced laminate is bound to behave better when
STRENGTH Mpa modulus Gpa Strength Mpa Modulus Gpa Strength Mpa Shear Strength Joules compared to their other counterparts under similar conditions. The
Mpa complexity involved in the interference of different failure
mechanisms here again cannot be ignored. The anisotropic behavior
1 0% 120 1.4 200 4.2 82 9 2.8 of the composite could be further manipulated by controlling the
2 5% 167 2.1 239 4.9 97 11 2.8 factors that contribute to the behavior of the glass fiber with regard to
the matrix, fiber geometries, curing behavior of the resin blend. To
3 10% 233 3.1 334 19 138 15 5 conclude this paper attempts to bring out the structural relations that
4 15% 273 3.6 380 8.5 176 23 8 could be established between different properties of three similar

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© Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm

types of laminates made out of same resin mixture blend with fibers
of different aerial density and fabric types. A minimum of few plies
are taken, since the foresighted focus of this investigation is with
regard to electronics structures like Radome whose Electromagnetic
properties could stand out better with thin composite laminates.

4. RESULTS
The experimental values of tensile strength, tensile
modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, compressive strength,
Interlaminar shear strength , and Impact strength of laminates with
410 GSM unidirectional / 4 cross plied laminate against different
cyanide loadings., viz., 0%,5%,10% and 15% have been shown in the
table ( 01).Hereafter this testing results could be identified as Type
1 test. The experimental values of tensile strength, tensile modulus,
flexural strength, flexural modulus, compressive strength ,
Interlaminar shear strength , and Impact strength of laminates with
400 GSM bidirectional/ 4 plied laminate against different cyanate
loadings., viz., 0%,5%,10% and 15% of cyanate loading have been
shown in the table ( 02). Hereafter this testing and results could be
identified as Type 2 test. The experimental value of tensile strength, Fig(7) Cyanate loading Vs tensile & flexural strength 410 GSM
tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, compressive based laminate
strength , Interlaminar shear strength , and Impact strength of
laminates with 300 GSM random oriented/ 4 plied laminate against
different cyanate loadings., viz., 0%,5%,10% and 15% of cyanate
loading have been shown in the table ( 03). Hereafter this testing and
results could be identified as Type 3 test.
1.A comparative plot of the tensile and flexural strength of the
composite specimens with 410 GSM (unidirectional) having 4 plies
with 0%,5%,10% and 15% cyanate loading have been plotted and
shown in Figure (06).

Fig (8) Cyanate loading Vs tensile & flexural strength 410 GSM
based laminate
Fig(6) Cyanate loading Vs tensile & flexural strength of 410 GSM
laminate From the results it is seen that the tensile strength of
specimens with 410 GSM(Unidirectional)/ epoxy composite is
120MPa and for the cyanate modified epoxy composite the values
are 167MPa, 233MPa and 273MPa respectively for 0%, 5%,10%
and 15% cyanate loading respectively. The tensile strength values are
found to increase by 39%, 94%, and 128% compared to that of EP
resin.

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© Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm
Fig (9) cyanate loading Vs tensile s & flexural modulus 410 GSM
based laminate
Fig (10) cyanate loading Vs tensile modulus & flexural 400 GSM
laminate
Fig (11) cyanate loading Vs tensile modulus & flexural 300 GSM
laminate
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respectively.
A comparative plot of the tensile strength of the composite
specimens with 300 GSM(Random oriented) Laminate having of
cyanate loading of 0%, 5%,10% and 15% have been plotted and
shown in Figure (08). From the results it is seen that the tensile
strength value of the epoxy composite are 113MPa, 85MPa, 115MPa
and 113MPa respectively.
The better tensile strength of the cyanate modified epoxy is due to
the rigid aromatic structure and rigid triazine ring formed as a result
of trimerization reaction.Tensile strength of Bi directional is found to
be superior when compared to other two ,wherein there is no
particular trend in the tensile values of the random oriented fibers
with respect to the cyanate loadings. Presence of fibers in both the
directions as in Bi directional has increased the adhesion density and
hence the reinforcement effectively. But as predicted, in random
orientation no such trend could be observed.
A comparative plot of the flexural strength of 4plied plied laminate
using 410 GSM(uni directional) with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% cyanate
loading have been plotted and shown in Figure (06).
Fig (12) Cyanate loading Vs flexural strength of 410,400 &300GSM
based
laminates
From the results it is seen that the flexural strength of
410 GSM(unidirectional ) epoxy composite is 200MPa and for the
cyanate modified epoxy composite they are 239MPa, 334MPa and
380MPa respectively for 0%,5%,10% and 15% cyanate loading. The
flexural strength values are found to increase by 20%, 67%, and 90%
when compared to that of EP resin. The flexural strength of 400
GSM(Bi directional) epoxy composite is 371MPa and for the cyanate
modified epoxy composite the values are 369MPa, 510MPa and
590MPa respectively for 0%,5%,10% and 15% cyanate loading. The
flexural strength is found to decrease by 1% and then increase by
137%, and 159% when compared to that of EP resin. The flexural
strength of 300 GSM(Random oriented ) epoxy composite is
195MPa and for the cyanate modified epoxy composite the values
are 120MPa, 161MPa and 190MPa respectively for 0%,5%,10% and
15% cyanate loading. The flexural strength here has no particular
trend.
The better flexural strength of the cyanate modified epoxy
are due to the formation of a network structure between the cyanate
ester and the epoxy matrix. The formation of aliphatic oxazoline
exhibits more thermoplastic character, which imparts resistance to
the bending stress (Wu et., 2000; Barton et al., 1999).Ability of Bi
directional based laminates to exhibit best behavior under flexural
loading should be also due to a relatively better and even distribution
 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 10 No.57 (2015)
© Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm

of stiffness due to its typical woven nature .Random oriented based

laminate has shown a combination of downward and then increasing
trend with respect to 5% of cyanate loading. This pattern ,though
looks as an interesting behavior could not be taken for a prediction
,since in the other properties discussed here with regard to this fiber
based laminates, the behavior with respect to the variables could not
lead to a defining pattern.
3. The comparative plots of the tensile and the flexural modulus of
Type 1 tested specimens, Type 2 tested specimens and Type 3 tested
specimens, are plotted in fig (09), fig (10) and fig(11)respectively.
The tensile modulus of type 1 specimens are 1.4GPa, 2.1GPa,
3.1GPa and 3.6GPa and for type 2 specimens, the values are 3GPa,
3.2GPa, 3.9GPa and 6.6GPa and for type 3specimens, the value are
.9Gpa, .3Gpa 1.1Gpa and 1Gpa respectively. And in case of the
flexural modulus of type 1 specimens it has been found to have
values of 4.2GPa, 4.9GPa, 6.8GPa and 8.5GPa and for type 2
specimens ,the values are 7.5GPa, 9.1GPa, 20GPa and 15GPa and for
type 3specimens, the value are 2.5Gpa, 3Gpa 6.6Gpa and 2.12Gpa
respectively. Fig(14) cyanate loading Vs interlaminar shear strength of 410,400
A gradual increase in both tensile and flexural modulus &300GSM based laminates
values have been found in the 4 plied laminates with uni directional
and bi directional fibers loaded with 0%,5% 10% and 15% cyanate
.Bi directional based laminate exhibits better modulus than that of
unidirectional based laminates, with respect to the increased cyanate
loading. But since the strength characteristics of the random fiber is
unpredictable due to its highly anisotrophic nature ,again both the
tensile and flexural modulus were found to be highly unpredictable.
The comparative plots of the Compressive, Interlaminar shear
strength, and the impact strength of Type 1 tested specimens , Type 2
tested specimens and Type 3 tested specimens are plotted in fig (13),
fig (14), fig (15) and fig(16) respectively.

Fig(15) cyanate loading Vs tensile strength 410,400 &300GSM

based laminates
The Compressive strength of type 1 specimens are 82MPa, 97MPa,
138MPa and 176MPa and for type 2 specimens, the values are
92MPa, 85MPa, 126MPa and 97MPa and for type 3 specimens
values are 54Mpa,47Mpa,49Mpa,and 64Mpa respectively.
Compressive strength of unidirectional based laminate has shown an
increasing trend with respect to the cyante loading but both Bi
directional and random oriented has found to exhibit no such
particular trend .

Fig (13) cyanate loading Vs compressive strength 410,400

&300GSM based
laminates

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 International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol. 10 No.57 (2015)
© Research India Publications; httpwww.ripublication.comijaer.htm

Fig (16) cyanate loading Vs impact strength 410,400 &300GSM [3] L.S.Jeayakumari, V. Thulasiraman, M.Sarojadevi
based laminates .,”Synthesis and Characterisation of Bis(4-cyanato 3,5-
dimethylphenyl) Naphthyl Methane/Epoxy /Glass fiber
Composites “ Polymer composite-2007

[4] Nurfaizey Abdul Hamid,Nik Haider Nik Abdullah,

Muhd Ridzuan Mansor , Mohd Afzanizam Mohd Rosli
, Mohd Zaid Akop., "An experimental study of the
influence of fibre architecture on the strength of
poymer composite material"Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology" - ISSN: 2180-1053 Vol.
2 No. 2 July-December 2010
[5] Akay M.,cracknell J.G.(1993)”reaction mechanisms,
microstructure and fracture properties thermoplastic
polysulphone, modified epoxy resin”
,JAppl.Polym.sci.,Vol.50,pp.1065-1073
[6] Dona Mathew, Reghunadhan nair C.P. and Ninan
K.N.(2001),"Bisphenol a dicyanate-novlac epoxy
blend: cure characteristics, physical and mechanical
properties, and application in composites”, J. Appl.
Polym. Sci., Vol74,pp. 1675-1685
Fig(17) Cyanate loading Vs compressive strength, interlaminar shear [7] Tim J. Wooster , Simmi Abrol, Jeffrey m. Heyb,
strength & impact strength of 410 GSM based laminas Douglas and Macfar lane (2004),” Thermal
Mechanicaland conductivity properties of cyanate
In case of the Interlaminar shear strength of type 1 specimens it has ester”’ Comp.:Part A”, vol. 35 pp.75-82
been found to have values of 9MPa, 11MPa, 15MPa and 23MPa , for [8] Sabyasachi gaunguli, DerrikDean, Kelvin Jordan, Gary
type 2 specimens ,the values are 18MPa, 21MPa, 23MPa and 19MPa price and Richard Vaia (2003),” Mechanical Properties
and for type 3 specimen the value are 06Mpa, 07Mpa 4.4Mpa and of intercalated cyanate ester-layered silicate
11Mpa respectively. nanocomposites”, polymer Vol. 44, pp. 529-537
As pointed above, the ILSS of unidirectional based laminate has
shown an increasing trend with respect to the cyante loading but both
Bi directional and random oriented has found to exhibit again no
such particular trend .
When it comes to the Impact strength of the specimens under
category 1, it has been found to have 2.8J, 2.8 J, 5J and 8 J and for
type 2 specimens, the values are 3.2, 2.7kJ, 4.6J and 3.2J and for
type 3 specimens, the values are 2.2J, 2.7J,4.6J and 3.1J
respectively.
In type 1test results, the trend in increase of the impact resistance
with respect to 0%,5% 10%5 and 15% cyanate loading is observed
due the formation of higher three dimensional network densities,
which has resulted in the increased toughness and hence higher
impact strength out of the laminate matrix. In type 2 & type 3 test
results, not such a trend could be observed. The lack of toughness at
this point should have been due to the delamination between the
plies. Also in case of random oriented fiber based laminate , it is
Mr.W.Andrew Nallayan
known that the drop and variations in toughness and hence the
Research Scholar /St.Peters University &
impact strength are mostly influenced by factors like lack of
Prof/Dr.MGR educational and research institue
optimized adhesion between the randomly distributed fibers and
matrix and in case of bi directional based one though it should have
exhibited better properties ,the reason for the failure could be due to
the presence of more voids likely get locked and resin scarcity that
could have developed during the curing and fabrication processes .

REFERENCES
[1] Ian Harmerton and john N. Hay(1998),”Recent
developments in the chemistry of cyanate
ester”,polym.int.,vol.4746-4753
[2] Kern W., Cifrain M., Schroder R., Hummel K., Mayer
C.and Hofstotter M.(1998), ”polymers with pendant
cyanate ester group synthesis,thermal curing and
photocross linking”, Eur.polym.j.,vol.34,No.7, pp987-
995

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