Republic of the Philippines

SAMAR STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Nursing & Health Sciences

WRITTEN OUTPUT

Subject: BIOCHEMISTRY

Professor: NATIVITY IVY A. MUGAS, RPh

Submitted by:

Alyssa Borja Mavic Cabubas

Cherry Mae Gacelos Olive Manlambus

Darlene Daga Sheena Baterna

Kimberly Lamadrid Aiken Mhay Bao

Alyamn Gale Gabon Kristan Sabio

Giulia Allison Davantes

Jamaica Baylon

Topic: Enzymes and Vitamins

OUTLINE

ENZYMES

I. Enzyme (General Characteristics)

A. What is enzymes?
1. A compound, usually a protein, that acts as a catalyst for a biochemical reaction.

2. Comes from the Greek word en, which means “in” and zyme, which means yeast.

3. Enzymes were proteins

a. Gobular proteins
b. Simple proteins
c. Conjugated proteins
II. Enzyme Structure

A. Structural Classes

1. Simple Enzyme – composed only of protein

2. Conjugated Enzyme – has a nonprotein part in addition to a protein part

a. Apoenzyme – protein part

 b. Cofactor – nonprotein part
- two broad categories:
1. Simple Metal Ions
i. Zn2+
ii. Mg2+
iii. Fe
iv. Cu
2. Small Organic Compounds
i. Coenzyme – small organic molecule that serves as a cofactor in a conjugated
enzyme

B. Holoenzyme

- apoenzyme + cofactor

III. Nomenclature and Classification of Enzymes

A. Focal point for the Nomenclature
1. Type of reaction catalyzed
2. Substrate
B. Important aspects of enzyme-naming process
C. Major Classes and Subclases
1. oxidoreductase
2. transferase
3. hydrolases
4.lyases
5. isomerases
6. ligases
IV. Models of Enzyme Action
A. Enzyme Active Site
B. Enzyme-Substrate Complex
C. Lock-and-Key Model
D. Indeed-Fit Model
V. Enzyme Specificity
A. Absolute Specificity
B. Group Specificity
C. Linkage Specificity
D. Strereochemical Specificity
VI. Factors that Affect Enzyme Activity
A. Temperature
B. pH
C. Substrate Concentration
D. Enzyme Concentration
VII. Extremozymes
VIII. Enzyme Inhibition
A. Reversible Competitive Inhibition
B. Reversible Noncompetitive Inhibition
 C. Irreversible Inhibition
IX. Regulation of Enzyme Activity
A. Allosteric Enzymes
B. Feedback Control
C. Proteolytic Enzyme and Zymogens
D. Covalent Modication of Enzymes
X. Prescription Drugs that Inhibit Enzyme Activity
A. Prescription Drugs that involve Enzyme Inhibition
1. ACE Inhibitors
2. Sulfa Drugs
3. Penicillins
B. Food-Enzyme Interactions that Affect Prescription Medications
XI. Medical Uses of Enzymes

VITAMINS

I. Vitamins Introduction
A. What is vitamin?
- an organic compound, essential in small amount for the proper functioning of the human
body, that must be obtained from dietary sources because the body cannot synthesize it.
B. 13 Known Vitamins
1. Thiamin
2. Vitamin A
3. Vitamin C
4. Vitamin D
5. Riboflavin
6. Vitamin E
7. Vitamin B12
8. Vitamin K
9. Pantothenic Acid
10. Biotin
11. Vitamin B6
12. Niacin
13. Folate
II. Two Major Classes
A. Water Soluble
1. Vitamin C
2. Vitamin B
a. Thiamin (Vitamin B1)
b. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
c. Niacin (Nicothic Acid, Nicotinamide, Vitamin B3)
d. Pantiothenic (Vitamin B5)
e. Vitamin B6)
f. Biotin (Vitamin B7)
 g. Folate (Folic Acid, Vitamin B9)
h. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

B. Fat-Soluble Vitamins

1. Vitamin A

2. Vitamin D

3. Vitamin E

4. Vitamin K

References

Stoker, S. (2017) General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 7th Edition. Quezon City,
Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc.