2019072930+MVR+12+ME209 - 2019+introduction To Thermodynamics PDF

ME 209 THERMODYNAMICS
• Venue LH302 Section 2 Roll Numbers As Listed by Timetable Coordinator
• Class Timing Slot 1 Mon 8:30-9:25 Tue 9:30-10:25 Thu 10:35-11:30
• Instructor Prof M V Rane 2nd Floor HPL_IITB Phone 7514, Lab 4527, 4593
• TAs Mallah Santosh Ramagya PhD 154100018 Ashish Kumar MTech 183100031 Sagar Mehta PhD 144100006
Course Content
• Introduction and Relevance of the Course 1&2
• Introduction to Thermodynamics 3
 System, surroundings, boundaries, classification of systems
 Units and dimensions
 Conversion factors
• Properties of Systems 4
 Equilibrium, processes, interactions
ME209 Thermodynamics Lecture Presented by Prof M V Rane at IIT Bombay © Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 1 of 33
Saved as D:\Lectures\ME209\Lectures+2019\20190729&30+MVR+1&2+ME209_2019+Introduction to Thermodynamics.pptx last updated on 30-07-2019 08:09 AM
• Work Interaction 4&5

 Thermodynamic de nition of work
 Characteristics of the work interaction
 Evaluation of work
 Adiabatic boundary
 Adiabatic systems and processes
 Adiabatic work Quiz 1
• The First Law 7

 Basic form
 Energy of a system
• Heat Interaction 8&9

 Sign convention
 Diathermic boundary
• Zeroth Law 10 & 11

 Isothermal states
 Empirical temperature
 Principles of thermometry
 Scales of temperature
 Gas thermometer
 Ideal gas and ideal gas temperature scale Quiz 2
• State Principle 13 to 17
 Equations of state
 Properties of gases
 Properties of steam
 Introduction to steam tables
 Other equations of state
 Van-der-Waals gas
 Critical state
 Reduced equation of state Quiz 3
• First Law for Open Systems 18 to 23

 Derivation of the general form
 Special cases
 Steady ow energy equation Quiz 4
• Second Law 25 to 29
 Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements
 Equivalence of statements
 Carnot theorem
 Thermodynamic temperature
 Kelvin scale
 Carnot engine
 Equivalence of thermodynamic Kelvin scale and ideal gas Kelvin scale
 Clausius inequality Quiz 5
• De nition of Entropy 31 to 34
 Evaluation of entropy
 Principle of increase of entropy
 Formulation of second law for closed and open systems
 Combined rst and second laws
• Availability and Exergy 35 to 36

 Lost work Quiz 6
• References
 Moran M J and Shapiro H N, “Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics”, 5th Ed, John Wiley & Sons (ASIA) Pte Ltd, 2006
 Achuthan M, Engineering Thermodynamics, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi, 2002
 Sears F W and Salinger G L, Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Statistical Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley/Narosa, New Delhi, 1975
 Sonntag R E, Borgnakke C and Van Wylen G L, Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 5th Ed, John Wiley, Singapore, 2002
 Zemansky M W, Heat and Thermodynamics, 4th Ed, McGraw-Hill Kogakusha, New York/Tokyo, 1957.
• Evaluation
 Quizzes 6 +1 extra (marks from best six will be considered) 60% + End Semester 40%
 Attendance of 80% is mandatory as per IITB rules else DX Grade may be awarded
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
• Thermodynamic Systems
 System is the subject of analysis
 It is whatever we want to study
 It may be as simple as the free body or as complex as an entire chemical factory
 Composition of matter inside the system may be fixed or may be changing through chemical or nuclear
reactions
 Shape or volume of the system may not necessarily be constant
• Surrounding
 Every thing external to the system is considered to be part of the system’s Surrounding
• Boundary
 System is distinguished from the its surrounding by a specified Boundary, which may be at rest or in
motion, real or imaginary
EXAMPLES --THERDOMYNAMIC SYSTEMS
• Quantity of Matter Contained in a Closed, Rigid-Walled Tank

 Closed system with closed and fixed boundary
• Quantity of Matter Contained in a Piston Cylinder Assembly without any Inlet and Outlet
 Closed system with moving boundary
• A Gas Pipeline through which Matter Flows
 Open system with some imaginary boundaries along with a fixed boundary
• An Evacuated Cylinder in to which a Gas is Introduced
 Open system with fixed real boundary
• A Gas Balloon Being Inflated
 Open system with a real but moving boundary (the membrane of the balloon) and an imaginary boundary
at the entry of the balloon from where the air is being introduced
Note: Interactions between the system and its surroundings, which takes place across the
boundary, plays an important role in Engineering Thermodynamics
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Moran & Shapiro (2006) Table 1.1
Some Applications
ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Moran & Shapiro (2006) Table 1.1, Figures 1.2, 1.3
Some Applications
REFRIGERATION AND HEAT PUMPS
Moran & Shapiro (2006) Table 1.1 & Figure 10.3
Components of Vapour Compression Cycle and a Refrigerator
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NwxMyqUyJw
Moran & Shapiro (2006) Figure 10.11
Air Source Heat Pump for Space Heating
Moran & Shapiro (2006) Figure 10.12
Reversing Heat Pump for Space Heating and Cooling
SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER
Schematic of Refrigeration Cycle & Photo of Indoor and Outdoor Units
www.indiancustomers.in
MULTI SPLIT AIR CONDITIONER
www.todaypriceworld.in,
Indoor and Outdoor Units
SUPER HEAT RECOVERY WATER HEATER
Generate Cold and Hot Utilities Simultaneously using SHR_WH
Condenser Desuperheater
Hot Water upto 84o C
for R717 Systems
Rejected to
Cooling Electric
Expansion Water Supply
Device
Cold
Utility
Evaporator Subcooler Isolation Valves
MULTI_UTILITY HEAT PUMPS & SHR_WHS
MU_HP deployed as 3.52 kW Residential to 55 kW Industrial Heating
SHR_WH deployed on 1 TR to 270 TR Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems
Applications: Heating Air / Water / Process Fluid, Cooling Air / Water / Potable Water / Process Streams
Vented Double Wall Tube-Tube Heat Exchanger, TT_HE Reliability Proven: SHR_WH operating over 8 years without service call
Installations at McDonalds, Mahindra & Mahindra , Worli Dairy, Hotel Faryaz, Club Mahindra, ENT Clinic, Homes, Hostel, etc
Part of tube, TB M T ube
act as fin
wg
Presented by Prof M V Rane on 23/11/2011 at the Energy Management CEP at DESE IITB  Heat Pump Laboratory, IITB 16
ME209 Thermodynamics Lecture Presented by Prof M V Rane at IIT Bombay
Saved as G:\CEP\EC+DESE+2011\ECuHP+2011.ppt file last updated on 18/11/2011 at 15:00 hrs
© Heat Pump Laboratory IITB 16 of 33
MULTI-UTILITY AMMONIA HEAT PUMP
Multi-Utility Heat Pump with Overall COP of 6.9 to 7.5
Tube-Tube Heat Exchanger for 5 TR HP with < 0.1 kg/TR Ammonia Charge
• 5 TR Heat Pump Built

 Modular heat exchanges are
built
• Cooling COP between 3 to 3.3

 Chilling water from 12 to 7oC
•
• Simultaneous Heating COP of

3.9 to 4.2
 Heating tap water from 25 to
55oC in a once through mode
• Very Low Ammonia Inventory

 Oil separator and ammonia
reservoir eliminated
 AHP has less than 100 g/TR
ammonia inventory
 Some of the good systems in
the world have 500 g/TR
• Major Breakthrough in Charge

Reduction
MULTI_UTILITY HEAT PUMP
Commissioned in May 2017
Retrofitted as 12 TR 6-in-1 Heat Pump for Canteen Application at NETRA NTPC
Hot Utilities: Water 2,000 L @ 60oC for Cleaning + RO Water 200 L @ 95oC for Cooking / Heated Fresh Air 10 to 12 TR @ 41oC
for Space Heating in Winter
Cold Utilities: Dehumidified Fresh Air to Maintain Indoor @ 27oC & 60% RH in Summer and Monsoon + Potable Water 150 L @
15 to 18oC for Drinking + 1000 L Refrigerated Cabinet Maintained at 10 to 15oC for Preserving Fresh Fruits, Vegetables, Milk, etc.
Operating Cost Saving INR 2.85 Lac/year 300 day operation

Cost of 6-in-1 HPCA INR 12 to 15 Lac installed
Payback @ Power Cost of INR7.5 /kWhe < 2 year for Solar Option
Payback @ Power Cost of INR7.5 /kWhe < 1 year for Non-Solar Option
GAS POWER SYSTEM
Moran & Shapiro (2006) Table 1.1
Turbojet Engine and Automobile Engine
STEAM POWER PLANT
Moran and Shapiro (2006) Table 1.1 A Video on Thermal Power Plants @ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdPTuwKEfmA
Schematic Diagram
EXHAUST HEAT RECOVERY UNITS
Deployed on 50 kW to 7.5 MW Gas Turbines, 135 kW to 6 MW DG Sets
Applications: Heating Air / Water / Thermic Fluid, Generating Steam / NH3/H2O Solution / Liquid Desiccants
Heat Sources: Exhaust of Engines & Gensets Diesel / Gas / FO / Biogas, Turbines Gas / Biogas , Furnaces, Stenters
SORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
Hybrid Air Conditioners Energy Efficient AC using Liquid Desiccant
Shipboard Chilling System Engine Exhaust used to Chill Water
Liquid Desiccant based Solar Multi-Utility Heat Pump AC + Potable Water + Hot Water
Diabatic Contacting Devices Enable Effective Heat and Mast Transfer with High Surface Density at Low Gas Phase Pressure Drop
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS
Plastic Wind Mill 0.125 kW @ 6 m/s Plastic Solar Air Heaters Air In/Out 29 / 60 to 90oC
Solar Steam Generator 1 bar @ 100oC Solar Refrigerator Cum Water Heater
Solar Air Heaters Air In/Out 29 / 150 to 300oC
Light Weight - Low Cost - Roof Mountable Systems of All Sectors Residential, Commercial and Industrial Use
Solar Flat Plate Air Heaters Ambient Air Heating form 25 to 75oC
Solar Flat Plate Steam Generators Tap Water to Steam at 100oC
Seasonally Tracked Collector
Once in 15 days
Light Weight
7.5 to 12 kg/m2
Efficiency Air Heaters

50 to 80% based on Global Radiation
Efficiency Steam Generators

40 to 60% based on Global Radiation
Low Cost
INR 5,000 to 6,000/m2 for air heaters
INR 6,000 to 7,500/m2 for steam generator
Applications
Cooking & Process Heating in
Residences, Commercial
and Industrial Establishments
Solar Steam Generator with Storage Currently Generates Steam @ 1 bar @ 100oC
Solar Rice Cooker Coupled with Solar Steam Generator with Storage
Seasonally Tracked
Once in 15 day if desired
Storage Temperature
Up to 245oC achieved
Efficiency
40 to 60% based on Global
Radiation
Low Cost
INR 7,500 to 10,000/m2
for steam generator with
storage
Applications
Cooking & Process
Heating in
Residences, Commercial
Industrial Establishments
SOLAR SPACE AIR HEATER
Solar Air Heaters with Low Air Side Pressure Drop Deployed with PV Powered Fans and Hot Water Storage for Off-Grid Applications
Low Ambient: Cost INR 6,000/m2, Weight ~10 to 12 kg/m2, Air In/Out -20 / 40oC
Heat Duty 0.41 to 0.48 kW/m2, Air Flow 24 to 29 kg/h.m2 Efficiency 50 to 60%, Isolation 0.81 kW/m2
SOLAR STEAM GENERATOR for RICE COOKER
Undergoing Trials at HPL_IITB since Jan 2016 for Padmavati Enterprises, Mumbai
SSG with AI Heat Storage 8 x 1.72 m2 for Cooking Rice 75 kg Twice a Day with LPG Backup Firing
Cooking Time
~60 min for cooking 75 kg rice
(25 kg raw rice along with 50 kg water)
suitable for ~300 persons
Indoor Cooking Possible
Simple LPG Fired Backup Integrated
for enabling seamless cooking during non-
solar days or at night
SOLAR STEAM GENERATOR with COOKER
Unit Installed at Malpani Trust Bawada MP since Oct 2016 on behalf of Padmavati Enterprises, Mumbai
SSG with Absorber Integrated Heat Storage 2 x 1.72 m2 for Cooking Rice & Dal 7.5 kg Twice a Day
Storage Temperature Up to 245oC achieved Cooking Time

Seasonally Tracked Once in 15 day if desired ~45 to 60 min for cooking 7.5 kg rice
or dal (2.5 kg raw rice along with 5
Low Cost INR 10,000/m2 with heat storage
kg water suitable for ~30 persons)
Efficiency 40 to 60% based on Global Radiation
Indoor Cooking Possible
Simple SSG Integrated Storage
Enables cooking in two vessels
simultaneously
Cooking possible up to 2 hours post
sunset
SOLAR DRYER with BIOMASS BACKUP
DST NO: DST/TDD2K12/195(G)
Value Addition of Agro Produce in Nagaland
Two Sets of SAHs

with 9 SAH each
are Installed as the
Roof of the
Building, each of
the Two Sets of
SAHs are
Connected via
Insulation Ducts
to the Biomass
Fired Dryer
Duct from SAH extended to join Solar Three PV Panels Installed besides SAH to Provide
Dryer with Biomass Fired Backup Power to DC Fans and LED Lights
EVACUATED GLASS TUBE SOLAR AIR HEATER
Fixed Parabolic Reflector: Cost INR 6,000/m2, Weight 5 to 7 kg/m2
Air In/Out 29/150 to 300oC, Heat Duty 0.3 to 0.375 kW/m2, Air Flow 100 lpm/m2, Efficiency 40 to 60%
Isolation 0.75 to 1.2 kW/m2
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Air In/Out 42.9 / 25.8oC Heat Duty 420 W Air Flow 45 cfm
Effectiveness 82.6% Pressure Drop 56.8 Pa
• Blower Power single blower is used to draw air from both sides 27 W
• LMTD 4.5°C (40.1°F)
• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, Uo 18.0 W/m2K
• Effectiveness of Humidifier, εh 78.6%
• Wet Bulb Effectiveness for Indirect Evaporative Cooling, εwb 101.5%
MU_HP: DX Radiant Panel in the Hall
MU_HP operating for over 15 year, since Jun 2003, at Prof Rane’s Residence in IITB Radiant Panels Integrated in Aug 2014
Handle Both Sensible and Latent Loads: ~1.8 m2/TR Wall Area
• High Performance: DX coil can operate at 12oC in place of 7.2oC

 Results in increased cooling capacity and COP of the refrigeration system
• Attractive Initial Cost: Comparable with cassette type indoor units
ROTATING CONTACTING DEVICE
Salt can be Crystalized from Sea Water, Salt Crystallizes in the Basin and is Easy to Harvest
Waste Water Vaporisers: 2,850 L/d RO Reject Vaporised using 33.1 kWhe
• Compact System 2.4 m x 2.4 m x 2.4 m

 Basin size 2.4 m x 2.4 m
 High surface density 1,100 m2
 120 times higher than that with open ponds
• Energy Efficient Vaporiser 1,650 to 3,200 L/d

 High COP of vaporisation 33.3 to 64.6
 Fan power 1.1 kWe
 Pump power 0.28 kWe
• Affordable Operation
 33.1 kWhe power consumed in place of 2,140 kWhh heat
for vaporisation of 3,200 L waste water
• Lower Noise 58 to 68 dB
 Measured at 1 m from the WWV_RCD
• Maintenance Friendly
 Plastic rotating disk are less susceptible to fouling and
are corrosion proof
 Rotor assemblies are easy to clean by using water jet

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ME 209 THERMODYNAMICS

• Venue LH302 Section 2 Roll Numbers As Listed by Timetable Coordinator

• Class Timing Slot 1 Mon 8:30-9:25 Tue 9:30-10:25 Thu 10:35-11:30

• Work Interaction 4&5

• The First Law 7

• Heat Interaction 8&9

• Zeroth Law 10 & 11

• First Law for Open Systems 18 to 23

• Availability and Exergy 35 to 36

• Quantity of Matter Contained in a Closed, Rigid-Walled Tank

Components of Vapour Compression Cycle and a Refrigerator

Indoor and Outdoor Units

Evaporator Subcooler Isolation Valves

• 5 TR Heat Pump Built

• Cooling COP between 3 to 3.3

• Simultaneous Heating COP of

• Very Low Ammonia Inventory

• Major Breakthrough in Charge

Operating Cost Saving INR 2.85 Lac/year 300 day operation

Efficiency Air Heaters

Efficiency Steam Generators

Storage Temperature Up to 245oC achieved Cooking Time

Two Sets of SAHs

• High Performance: DX coil can operate at 12oC in place of 7.2oC

• Compact System 2.4 m x 2.4 m x 2.4 m

• Energy Efficient Vaporiser 1,650 to 3,200 L/d

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