FRACTURE MECHANICS DE ZG514

Lecture 2
BITS Pilani Dr. Sharad Shrivastava
Mechanical Engineering Department
Pilani Campus
 What is ART and what is SCIENCE?

LEORNORDO DONICS

11/12/2019 MOST SCIENCE STARTED FROM ART

• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN THE 19TH CENTURY RESULTED
IN AN ENORMOUS INCREASE IN THE USE OF METALS FOR
STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS

SEVERAL CATASTROPHIC ACCIDENTS OF BOILERS AND RAILWAY

EQUIPMENT TOOK PLACE RESULTING IN LOSS OF LIFE AND
PROPERTY

SOME OF THE ACCIDENTS WERE DUE TO POOR DESIGN, WHICH

WAS LATER IMPROVED BY BETTER CHOICE OF MATERIALS AND
IMPROVED PRODUCTION METHODS
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• SOME OF THE SPECTACULAR FAILURES WHICH OCCURRED IN
THE EARLY PART OF THE 20TH CENTURY OPENED UP THE
LACUNA IN UNDERSTANDING MATERIAL BEHAVIOUR UNDER
ACTUAL SERVICE LOADS
THIS LED TO DEVELOPMENT OF

FRACTURE MECHANICS

FRACTURE MECHANICS RECOGNISES THE ROLE

OF INHERENT FLAWS IN STRUCTURES THAT
AFFECT THEIR PERFORMANCE AND LIFE
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 FRACTURE A BANE OR A BOON?

THAT CAUSES HARM THAT IS HELPFUL

MANY ASPECTS OFF
FAILURE OF STRUCTURES HUMAN BEINGS DEPEND
ON FRACTURE E.G
GRINDING OF FOOD
GRAINS, MEDICINE
GROUND TO FINE
PARTICLES IS MORE
EFFECTIVE

SOMETIMES FRACTURE IS NEEDED SOMETIMES NOT

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 FRACTURE MECHANICS – A HOLISTIC
METHODOLOGY

DRAWS PARALLEL FROM PRACTICE OF HOMEOPATHY

HOMEOPATHY DOES NOT TREAT SYMPTOMS BUT ADDRESSES THE ROOT

CAUSE OF A DISEASE THROUGH THE SYMPTOMS

LIKEWISE FRACTURE MECHANICS STARTS WITH THE PREMISE THAT ANY

STRUCTURE CAN HAVE INTERNAL FLAWS AND IT ATTEMPTS TO ACCOUNTS
FOR THEM IN DESIGN

HOMEOPATHY IS A HOLISTIC AND FOR SIMILIAR SYMPTOMS IT HAS

DIFFERENT MEDICINES FOR MEN/WOMEN, TALL /SHORT PERSONS ETC

IN FRACTURE MECHANICS ONE FINDS DIFFERENT RECOMMENDATION FOR

HANDLING THIN STRUCTURES (PLANE STRESS) AND THICK STRUCTURES
(PLANE STRAIN)
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 FRACTURE MECHANICS SHOULD
ANSWER FOLL. QUESTIONS
• WHAT IS THE CRITICAL LENGTH OF THE
CRACK
• WHAT IS THE TIME THAT WOULD TAKE FOR A
CRACK TO GROW
• HOW IS THE NDT SCHEDULE DECIDED
• WHAT CAUSES THE CRACK TO BRANCH
• WHAT ARE THE ENERGY DISSIPITATED
MECHANISMS
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 COURSE HANDOUT
CONTACT HOUR 1-2

Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 1 Basic knowledge of mechanics of TB, Lecture notes

materials, stress,strain, yielding
criterion, fatigue, creep e.t.c

During CH TB- Chapter 1 Background TB, Internet resources

Post CH TB- Chapter 1 Case studies of failure of components TB, Internet resources

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 CONTACT HOUR 3-4

Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 2 Read about Stress at a point, stress TB, Lecture notes
concentration at the vicinity of the
crack tip

During CH TB- Chapter 2 Energy release rate TB, Internet resources

Post CH TB- Chapter 2 Revise Dilemma of Griffith, Surface TB, Internet resources
energy, Griffith’s realization

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 CONTACT HOUR 5-6
Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 2 Revise differentiation, integration, TB, Lecture notes

deflection of beams etc

During CH TB- Chapter 2 Griffith’s analysis, Mathematical TB, Internet resources

formulation, Critical energy release
rate

Post CH TB- Chapter 2 Try mathematical formulation to find TB, Internet resources
the energy release rate of different
type of specimens . to understand
the concept of critical crack

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 CONTACT HOUR 7-8

Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 3 Basic understanding of stress-strain- TB, Internet resources

displacement relation. plane stress
and plane strain problems, Mohr's
circle

During CH TB- Chapter 3 Stress Intensity Factor TB, Internet resources

Post CH TB- Chapter 3 Calculation of stress-strain fields at TB, Internet resources

crack tip

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 CONTACT HOUR 9-10

Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 3 Revise complex variables TB, Internet resources

During CH TB- Chapter 3 Linear elastic fracture mechanics TB, Internet resources
(LEFM), Mode I

Post CH TB- Chapter 3 Understand the Mode I Failure TB, Internet resources
Problems

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 CONTACT HOUR 11-12

Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 3 Study about ModeI, ModeII, TB, Internet resources, reference books
ModeIII Failure

During CH TB- Chapter 3 ModeII, ModeIII Problems TB, Internet resources, , reference books

Post CH TB- Chapter 3 Revise the difference between TB, Internet resources, , reference books
ModeI, ModeII, ModeIII failures

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 CONTACT HOUR 13-14
Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 4 Background of mathematical TB, Internet resources, , reference books
analysis

During CH TB- Chapter 4 SIF of complex cases, Application of TB, Internet resources, , reference books
the principle of superposition, Crack
in a plate of finite dimensions, Edge
cracks, Embedded cracks e.t.c,
Relationship between GI and KI
Critical Stress Intensity Factor

Post CH TB- Chapter 4 Application of westergaard approach TB, Internet resources, , reference books
to different problems

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 CONTACT HOUR 15-16
Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 5 Review about concept of plastic TB, Internet resources, , reference
deformation, plane stress, plane books
strain, ductile materials

During CH TB- Chapter 5 Anelastic Deformation at the crack TB, Internet resources, , reference
tip, Approximate shape and size of books
the plastic Zone, different
approaches to calculate the
Effective crack length

Post CH TB- Chapter 5 Learn to calculate plastic zone TB, Internet resources, , reference
shape and size around the crack tip books
and also to predict the effective
crack length

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 CONTACT HOUR 17-18

Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 6 Stress-strain curve for elastic-plastic TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
deformation

During CH TB- Chapter 6 Definition, Path Independence, TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
stress-strain relation

Post CH TB- Chapter 6 Compare the stress-strain relation TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
of LEFM and EPFM

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 CONTACT HOUR 19-20

Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 6 Recall Ramberg-Osgood relation to TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
model non-linear elastic material

During CH TB- Chapter 6 Designer's point of view on J- TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
integral, Experiments to determine
critical J-integral

Post CH TB- Chapter 6 Numericals to predict the maximum TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
stress to be applied without causing
the crack growth

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 CONTACT HOUR 21-22

Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 7 Revise Concept of energy release TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
rate, stress intensity factor, J
integral

During CH TB- Chapter 7 Crack tip opening Displacement TB, Lecture Notes/reference books

Relation between CTOD, GI and

KI, Relation between CTOD and J

Post CH TB- Chapter 7 Application of CTOD approach to TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
compare toughness of materials

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 CONTACT HOUR 23-24

Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 8 Recall toughness of material, TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
methods to measure toughness

During CH TB- Chapter 8 Test Methods to calculate KIC, JIC, TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
Critical CTOD

Post CH TB- Chapter 8 To identify which test method is TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
appropriate for the given material

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 CONTACT HOUR 25-26

Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 9 Recall concept of fatigue TB, Lecture Notes/reference books

During CH TB- Chapter 9 S-N Curve,. Crack initiation TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
and Propagation, Effect of an
overload, Crack Closure,
Variable Amplitude Fatigue Load

Post CH TB- Chapter 9 Practice Problems to Calculate TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
propagation life up t failure of
component

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 CONTACT HOUR 27-28

Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 9 Concept of corrosion, corrosion TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
mechanisms

During CH TB- Chapter 9 Environment assisted fracture TB, Lecture Notes/reference books

Post CH TB- Chapter 9 Try to Find out case studies where TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
both fatigue load and
environmental factors contribute
to crack growth

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 CONTACT HOUR 29-30

Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 10 Study about advantages of NDT TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
techniques

During CH TB- Chapter 10 Crack detection through NDT TB, Lecture Notes/reference books

Post CH TB- Chapter 10 Case studies of measuring crack TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
through ultrasonic technique

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 CONTACT HOUR 31-32
Type Content Ref. Topic Title Study/HW Resource Reference

Pre CH TB- Chapter 10 Basic principles of radiographic TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
testing technique and MPI
technique

During CH TB- Chapter 10 Crack detection through NDT TB, Lecture Notes/reference books

Post CH TB- Chapter 10 Case studies of measuring crack TB, Lecture Notes/reference books
through radiographic testing
technique and MPI technique

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 Evaluation scheme
Evaluation Name Type Weight Duration Schedule
Component

EC - 1 Assignments/qu online 10% 2 Weeks August 23 – September

iz 01, 2019

Lab -1 Online 10% 1 Week Refer lab calendar below

Lab -2 Online 10% 1 Week Refer lab calendar below

EC - 2 Mid-Semester Closed Book 30% 2 Hrs Friday, 20/09/2019 (FN)

Examination 10 AM – 12 Noon

EC - 3 End-Semester Open Book 40% 3 Hrs Friday, 15/11/2019 (FN)

Examination 9 AM – 12 Noon

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 Text Book

T1 Prashant Kumar, Elements of Fracture Mechanics, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Ltd.,
New Delhi, 2009.

Reference Books
R1 T. L. Anderson, Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications, 3rd Edition, CRC Press

R2 E. E. Gdouto, Fracture Mechanics: An Introduction, 2nd Edition, Springer.

R3 D. Broek, Elementary Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 4th Edition, Springer

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Early structural concepts

❑ Some of the structures in earlier have endured

for ages.
❑ Materials used were brittle type like bricks, stones,
mortar: poor to carry tensile loads.
❑ Avoided fracture possibilities by selecting
appropriate geometric shapes like arches, domes
❑ The structure were designed to carry load by
compression

New structural concepts

❑ Availability of metals lead to change in structural

concepts: allowed tension in structure. (this invited
additional problems like fracture) * When ever there is new
❑ Designs based on strength allowed a factor of material or new design
safety concepts produces
ranging from 2 to 10, but still structures failed by unexpected results leading
sudden brittle fracture to catastrophic failure
Eg. 1919 rupture of Molasses tank in Boston
spilling 2 million gallons of molasses
 SPECTACULAR FAILURES
• BOSTON MOLASSES TANK FAILURE(1919)
• LIBERTY SHIP FAILURE (1942-1946)
• COMET DISASTER (1954)
• ALOHA AIRLINES BOEING FUSELAGE
FAILURE(1988)

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 Boston Molasses Disaster

January 15, 1919

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 (Low factor of safety)

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 LIBERTY SHIP FAILURE (a cargo ship)

What happened ?

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 LIBERTY SHIP FAILURE (a cargo ship)
Prior to II world war liberty ships were riveted (very slow process) having
no fracture problems
➢ During war, to accelerate ship building, England sought help from USA.
USA companies offered to build ship faster, by welding joints.
➢ They maintained same geometric shape, ship hull turned out to be a single
envelope of steel.
➢ Ships were sailing across Atlantic and Artic ocean. (cold temperatures).
During which two ships fractured suddenly in to two halves ( brittle
fracture). Out of 2700 ships built, 400 ships suffered fractures of various
degree.

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• Analysis

❑ Unequal distribution of cargo and ballast was Hogging Bending Moment

causing hogging bending moment

❑ Wave motion also caused hogging BM, resulting in tensile stress on the
deck.
❑ Welds were produced by semi skilled work force, which contained crack
like flaws

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Analysis (contd.)
3

❑ cracks were found to initiate at square hatch
which induced stress concentration due tensile
stress
❑ The high strength steel used for the ship had
Riveted joints
poor toughness (Charpy impact test). act as crack
❑ Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) will have low arrester
ductility, behaving like a hardened material.
❑ Due to rapid cooling, tensile residual stress
are induced. This is equivalent to crack like
defect.

welded joints
produce
continuous
crack

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 COMET DISASTER
• WORLD’S FIRST COMMERCIAL JET AIRLINER
• IN CONTRAST TO PROPELLER BASED PLANES, COMET FLEW ABOVE THE WEATHER, 8
MILES UP IN THE STRTOSPHERE AND PROVIDED A QUIET AND SMOOTH RIDE WITH FULLY
PRESSURISED CABIN.
• COMMET CARRIED 28000 PASSENGERS

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 WHY DID IT FAIL?
• COMMET HAS SQUARE WINDOWS
• AFTER ONLY 18 MONTHS OF SERVICE 2
AIRCRAFTS DISSAPEARED IN A SPAN OF 3
MONTHS
• ON 10TH JAN 1954 COMMET DEPARTING
FROM ROME PLUNGED IN TO SEA FROM AN
ALTITUDE OF 26,000FT.
• IT WAS FOUND THAT CABIN ITSELF HAD
FAILED (FUSELAGE HAS FAILED)
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 WHY DID IT FAIL?
• THE CONCLUSION WAS THAT THE FAILURE
WAS DUE TO EXPLOSIVE DECOMPRESSION OF
THE CABIN

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 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MECH OF SOLIDS
AND FRACTURE MECHANICS
IN MECHSOL WE ASSUME THAT IT IS HOMOGENEOUS AND ELASTIC CONTINUUM

IN REALITY THERE ARE ALWAYS INTERNAL FLAWS IN THE STRCUTURE, WHICH

GROWS DURING THE SERVICE PERIOD

TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATION OF FRACTURE MECHANICS IS THE DEVELOPMENT

OF DAMAGE TOLERANCE DESIGN APPROACH

DAMAGE TOLERANCE DESIGN REQUIRES AN UNDERSTANDING OF HOW AN

INHERENT FLAW GROWS IN SERVICE AND WHEN IT BECOMES CRITICAL. THIS
REQUIRES AN UNDERSATNDING OF CRACK GROWTH MECHANISMS AND MATERIAL
BEHAVIOUR.

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Conventional Design Method
F

•Conventional method ensures safety of f

structure based on strength characteristics Structure or
a structural component
• often structure may have a FS varying Applied Stress
from 2 to 10
•Design does not safeguard against
possible failure by fracture (brittle, ductile,

Re
fatigue, dynamic)

de
< Yield > Yield

sig
Strength Strength

n
Safe Design Unsafe Design
Accept

Design based on Strength of Material Approach

Fracture Mechanics Design approach

•Fracture mechanics approaches Structure or

require that an initial crack size be a structural component F
known or assumed. For components
f
with imperfections or defects (such as Applied Stress
welding porosities, inclusions and Flaw
casting defects, etc.) an initial crack size
Fracture parameter
size may be known.
•Fracture Mechanics ensures safety
against fracture failure

Re
de
> Fracture
• Evaluation of fracture parameter < Fracture

sig
Toughness Toughness

n
may be required
•In presence of visible crack for
Safe Design Unsafe Design
ductile or fatigue loading condition, Accept
FM can predict safety and life of the
Design based on Fracture Mechanics Approach
structure
 Review of Mechanics of Solids

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 Tensile test
 One of the simplest tests for determining mechanical properties of
a material is the tensile test. In this test, a load is applied along the
longitudinal axis of a circular test specimen. The applied load and
the resulting elongation of the member are measured.

The tensile test is an extremely important experimental technique, used to

determine Young’s Modulus, and other material properties.

Required tensile
force is
measured, along
with the
Sample changing
dimensions of
the sample.

A sample is stretched at a
constant rate. Extensiometer
Stress-Strain Test
 A0

P P

L0
u

Engineering stress and engineering strain are calculated as:

Internal Normal Force P Change in Length 

= = (Pa) = =
Original C.S. Area A0 Original Length L0
(Dimensionless)
These are the measures most commonly used in practice. However,
the true stress and true strain are found by considering the current
sample cross-sectional area and length.
P u
= =
A L
 Thank you

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