1) outline tall building (Ishwarya)

Tall Buildings
There is no absolute definition of what constitutes a “tall building;” the
definition is subjective, considered against one or more of the following
categories:
Height Relative to Context
A 14-story building may not be considered a tall building in a high-rise
city such as Chicago or Hong Kong, but in a provincial European city or
a suburb this may be distinctly taller than the urban norm.
Proportion
There are numerous buildings that are not particularly high, but are
slender enough to give the appearance of a tall building. Conversely,
there are numerous big/large-footprint buildings that are quite high, but
their size/floor area rules them out of being classed as a tall building.
Embracing Technologies Relevant to Tall Buildings
A building containing technologies which may be attributed as being a
product of “tall”. (e.g., specific vertical transport technologies, structural
wind bracing as a product of height, etc.).
If a building can be considered as subjectively relevant to one or more of
the above categories, then it can be considered a tall building. Although
number of floors is a poor indicator of defining a tall building due to the
changing floor to floor height between differing buildings and functions
(e.g., office versus residential usage), a building of 14 or more stories –
or more than 50 meters (165 feet) in height – could typically be used as a
threshold for a “tall building.”

Supertall and Megatall Buildings

Tall buildings that achieve significant heights are classed in two
additional sub-groups: A “supertall” is a tall building 300 meters (984
feet) or taller, and a “megatall” is a tall building 600 meters (1,968 feet)
or taller. As of today, there are 146 supertalls and only 3 megatalls
completed globally.

2. Illustrate modal analysis (narmadha)

Modal analysis is the study of the dynamic properties of
system in the frequency domain. Modal analysis is a process of
extracting modal parameters from measured vibration data. The inputs
for simulated on the structure have usually been achieved with a hammer
and shaker.
A technique used to determine a structure vibration.
Characteristics,
Natural frequency
Mode shapes
Mode participation factor

3) List the advantages of light weight concrete. (laxmi priya)

Advantages of light weight concrete:
 Reduction in dead loads making savings in foundations and
reinforcement.
 Improved thermal properties.
 Improved fire resistance.
  Savings in transporting and handling precast units on site.
 Reduction in formwork and propping.

4)Effects of temperature on concrete (Hashini)

The early buildings were well insulated by heavy cladding with
low areas of fenestration and any possible thermal movements were
controlled by expansion joints.
In recent years however many buildings both steel and concrete have
been constructed with exterior columns either partially or fully exposed
to the weather.When subjected to diurnal or seasonal temperature
variations exposed columns change their length relative to the interior
columns which remain essentially at a constant temperature in a
controlled environment.
At heights above 20 stories the effects may be significant and it
becomes desirable to investigate the influence of thermal deformation on
both the structural actions and on non load bearing elements such as
internal partitions
Vertical movements and horizontal deformations should be
considered for buildings greater than about 60m in breadth
5) Draw near sketch of composite frame system (preethi)

6)Narrate sequential loading (Bharath kumar)

7)Outline strong mix for concrete. (IYYAPPAN)
In making concrete strong, these ingredients should usually be mixed in
a ratio of 1:2:3:0.5 to achieve maximum strength. That is 1 part cement,
2 parts sand, 3 parts gravel, and 0.5 part water.
(A ''part'' means a unit of measure. Technically, it should be based on
weight but in practical use the unit of measure will be a volume such as
a sack, a bucket, or a shovel full.)
* Cement must be stored in a dry place. If it is exposed to moisture it
will begin to cure. Cement that has hard lumps in it has been exposed to
water and should not be used.
* For best results, the sand and gravel should be angular, not rounded or
smooth. The gravel should have a maximum diameter of about 2cm (3/4
inch).
* It is very important to use clean sand and gravel when making
concrete. Even small amounts of silt, clay, or vegetation will weaken the
concrete.
* The amount of water used to mix the ingredients is the most important
factor in determining the final strength of the concrete. Use the least
amount of water that will still give a workable mix.
Too much water weakens the concrete and leads to cracking.
The 1:0.5 cement:water ratio noted above is merely a guide for
estimating when making concrete.
8) Explain how to calculate the wind loads on building.(MANU P
MURALI)
Wind is a mass of air that moves in a mostly horizontal direction
from an area of high pressure to an area with low pressure. High winds
can be very destructive because they generate pressure against the
surface of a structure. The intensity of this pressure is the wind load. The
effect of the wind is dependent upon the size and shape of the structure.
Calculating wind load is necessary for the design and construction of
safer, more wind-resistant buildings and placement of objects such as
antennas on top of buildings.
The generic formula for wind load is F = A x P x Cd where F is the
force or wind load, A is the projected area of the object, P is the wind
pressure, and Cd is the drag coefficient.This equation is useful for
estimating the wind load on a specific object, but does not meet building
code requirements for planning new construction.The standard drag
coefficient for a long cylinder tube is 1.2 and for a short cylinder is 0.8.
These apply to antenna tubes found on many buildings.
The standard coefficient for a flat plate such as the face of a
building is 2.0 for a long flat plate or 1.4 for a shorter flat plate.
The drag coefficient has no units.
9.Define Free shear Flow: (RAGAV)
Free shear flows are inhomogeneous flows with mean velocity gradients
that develop in the absence of boundaries. Turbulent free shear flows are
commonly found in natural and engineering environments. The jet of of
air issuing from one's nostrils or mouth upon exhaling, the turbulent
plume from a smoldering cigarette, and the buoyant jet issuing from an
erupting volcano - all illustrate both the omnipresence of free turbulent
shear flows and the range of scales of such flows in the natural
environment. Examples of the multitude of engineering free shear flows
are the wakes behind moving bodies and the exhausts from jet engines.
Most combustion processes and many mixing processes involve
turbulent free shear flows

10)Types of Shrinkage in Concrete(Arangarajan)

1. PLASTIC SHRINKAGE:
CONCRETE SHRINKAGE
Plastic shrinkage crack
Plastic shrinkage occurs very soon after pouring the concrete in
the forms. The hydration of cement results in a reduction in the volume
of concrete due to evaporation from the surface of concrete, which leads
to cracking.
 2. DRYING SHRINKAGE:
The shrinkage that appears after the setting and hardening of
the concrete mixture due to loss of capillary water is known as drying
shrinkage. Drying shrinkage generally occurs in the first few months and
decreases with time.

3. CARBONATION SHRINKAGE:
Carbonation shrinkage occurs due to the reaction of carbon
dioxide (Co2) with the hydrated cement minerals, carbonating Ca(Oh)2
to CaCo3. The carbonation slowly penetrates the outer surface of the
concrete. This type of shrinkage mainly occurs at medium humidities
and results increased strength and reduced permeability.

4. AUTOGENOUS SHRINKAGE:
Autogenous shrinkage occurs due to no moisture movement
from concrete paste under constant temperature. It is a minor problem of
concrete and can be ignored.