DM

GDP GDS HbA1c

normal <100 <140 <5,7
Pre diabetes 100-125 140-199 5,7-6,4
diabetes <126 >200 >6,5

DKA
BLOOD GLUCOSE
URIN GLUCOSE & KETONES
-HYDROXYBUTYRATE
Electrolyte panel
usually > 250 mg/dL
highly positive for glucose & ketones
Levels >0.5 mmol/L: considered abnormal
Levels of 3 mmol/L correlate with the need for
treatment for DKA
Serum K levels initially 
Serum Na level usually ( 1.6 mEq/L)
serum Cl levels and P levels always 

THYROID
Pituitary thyroid stimulator
Thyrotropin (TSH)
Thyroglobulin (Tg)
Thyroid autoantibodies
Thyroid peroxidise antibodies (TPOAb),
Thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb)
TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb)
Serum based methods
TT4 and TT3
FT4 and FT3
Thyroid hormone binding proteins
Thyroxine Binding Globulins (TBG)
Transthyretin (TTR)/Prealbumin (TBPA)
 Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
TSH < N and frequently <0.1 uIU/mL. Primer:>N
Secondary :<N

T4(Serum free elevated low

T4 is important
to confirm and
determine the
degree of
disease)

T3 usually elevated low

Radio Active RAIU is often  in Graves’ disease decreased in
Iodine Uptake However, the diagnostic accuracy of hypothyroidism, but they
(RAIU) RAIU in hyperthyroidism does not are less sensitive than TSH
approach that of the serum TSH plus and free T4 measurement.
free T4 measurement. Therefore,
determining RAIU is not useful in the
diagnosis of straightforward Graves’
disease but is useful in excluding
thyrotoxicosis not caused by
hyperthyroidism.
values of RAIU in association with
thyrotoxicosis signal the presence of
factitious thyrotoxicosis, ectopic thyroid
tissue, subacute thyroiditis, or the
thyrotoxic phase of autoimmune
thyroiditis.

autoAB High titer TRAb(helpful in prognosis bcs anti(TPO) antibodies are

patients who have > titers that dont
decrease with antithyroid drug
treatment are unlikely to go into
remission. Also is important in
pregnancy bcs high titer will cause the
detected in almost all
patients with Hashimoto’s
disease and its variants, in
70% of patients with
Graves’ disease, and in a
 end of pregnancy correlates with an
increased risk of neonatal
hyperthyroidism.
smaller number of patients
with various other thyroid
disorders such as MNG,
nontoxic goiter, and thyroid
carcinoma.

HYPERURICEMIA
Uric acid > 7.0 mg/dL in men or
>6.0 mg/dL in women.
Methods for measuring uric acid:
Phosphotungstic Acid methods
Uricase Methods
HPLC methods
enzymatic method 
3.5 to 7.2 mg/dL for males
2.6 to 6.0 mg/dL for females

DYSLIPIDEMIA
Kolesterol Total Kolesterol
< 200 mg/dl Optimal HDL(ApoA)
200-239 mg/dl Diinginkan < 40 mg/dl Rendah
> 240 mg/dl Tinggi
≥ 60 mg/dl Tinggi
Kolesterol
LDL(ApoB) Trigliserida
<100 mg/dl Optimal
< 150 mg/dl Optimal
100-129 mg/dl Mendekati
optimal 150-199 mg/dl Diinginkan
130-159 mg/dl Diinginkan 200 -499 mg/dl Tinggi
160-189 mg/dl Tinggi
≥ 190 mg/dl Sangat tinggi ≥ 500 mg/dl Sangat tinggi

Fredrickson FORMULA :
Cholestrol total – HDL – 1/5TG = LDL

Syarat:
 Kadar TG <400mg/dl
 Pasien mesti diperiksa dalam keadaan puasa
Dislipidemia primer Dislipidemia sekunder
genetik Pola makan
Penyebab gemuk pada anak2 reversible