1. 1.

Discourse - an extended expression of thoughts or ideas - utterance, talk, speech,

discussion, and conversation * The ideas in discourse are not connected or do not have a
particular structure.
2. 2. Text - a large unit of written language - a group of ideas put together to make a point or
one central idea - has a structure which requires the ideas in the discourse to be relevant to
each other - an actually connected discourse
3. 3. Properties of a Well-written Text 1. Organization - refers to the arrangement of ideas in a
text * Creating an outline of ideas before you start writing can help your work become
organized.
4. 4. Outline - provides a format in which ideas can be arranged in a hierarchy- that is, it
distinguishes the general ideas from the specific or subordinating ideas
5. 5. 2. Coherence and Cohesion - refer to the connection of ideas and connection between
sentences and between paragraphs * In order for you to assure coherence and cohesion,
you need to use transitional or cohesive devices.
6. 6. 3. Appropriate Language Use - refers to the acceptable style of language for a particular
form of text
7. 7. 4. Proper Mechanics - refers to the conventions of writing which includes capitalization,
punctuation, spelling, numerals, abbreviations, acronyms and contractions
8. 8. Morphology - the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other
words in the same language - analyzes the structure of words and parts of words, such as
root words, prefixes, and suffixes
9. 9. Morpheme Two Types of Morpheme: 1. Free Morpheme 2. Bound Morpheme - the
smallest grammatical unit in a language
10. 10. 1. Free Morpheme - can function independently as a word Examples: house, cat, blood
11. 11. 2. Bound Morpheme - a word element attached to a root word (the main part of a word)
to give it another meaning - cannot function independently as a word Examples: affixes
(prefixes and suffixes)
12. 12. Affix - a morpheme that is attached to a root word to form a new word 1. Prefix 2. Suffix
13. 13. Prefix - a morpheme that comes before a root word Examples: auto- (automobile) in-
(incorrect) over- (overcharge)
14. 14. Suffix - a morpheme that comes after a root word Examples: -ful (forgetful) -ish (childish)
-ive (active)
15. 15. Two Varieties of Suffixes - modify the grammatical class of words by signaling a change
in number, tense, degrees of comparison, and so on, but they do not shift the base form into
another word class 1. Inflectional Suffixes
16. 16. Inflectional Morphemes Added to Examples -s plural Nouns She got two guitars. -'s
possessive Nouns Zeynep's hair is too long. -er comparative Adjectives Zeynep hair is
longer than Derya. -est superlative Adjectives Zeynep has the longest hair. -s 3rd person
singular present tense Verbs Zeynep plays the guitar. -ed past tense Verbs She played the
guitar at the party. -ing progressive Verbs She is playing the guitar at the party. -en past
participle Verbs She has taken the guitar at the party.
17. 17. - modify either the part of speech or the actual meaning of a word 2. Derivational Suffixes
Derivational Morpheme Meaning Examples -al relating to formal, postal, practical -less
without homeless, hopeless -ous full of famous, cautious -hood state, condition, quality
brotherhood, neighborhood
18. 18. Compound Words - combination of two different words Examples: back + ward =
backward (towards the reverse direction) book + shelf = bookshelf (storage of books) full +
moon = full moon (a moon appearing as a bright circle) six + pack = six-pack (often in
reference to a pack of drinks)
19. 19. Context Clues - are words, phrases, and sentences that surround an unfamiliar word and
help you recognize the meaning of an unknown word
20. 20. Example: The narrator in the poem was euphoric at his son's victory, for he cried out
triumphantly when the boy came home. - victorious; triumphant; very happy and excited 1.
 Synonyms - used when the text has words or phrases that ae similar in meaning to the
unknown word euphoric
21. 21. Other Examples: a. This situation is a conundrum - a puzzle. conundrum - a confusing or
a difficult situation
22. 22. b. Humpty Dumpty took great pleasure in obfuscating the poem's meaning to Alice. His
explanations about the poem were confusing and complicated. obfuscating - making more
difficult to understand; confusing
23. 23. c. We are planning a picnic for today. It is sunny and warm outside. It will be an idyllic
day - just perfect for a picnic. idyllic - perfect; very peaceful, happy, and enjoyable
24. 24. Example: Although Mary was willing to play in the snow, Jack was reluctant because he
was so cold. - not willing to do something 2. Antonyms - words that reveal the opposite
meaning in relation to the unknown word reluctant
25. 25. a. Marty is gregarious, not like his brother who is quiet and shy. gregarious - sociable;
outgoing; extrovert
26. 26. b. The lanky dog was not fat, even though he ate a lot. lanky - skinny
27. 27. c. The rich woman gave a paltry sum to the charity even though she was able to give
much more. paltry -very small or too small in amount
28. 28. Example: Projectiles include those items that are shot forward such as a cannon shell,
bullet, or rocket. - things (such as bullet or rocket) that are shot from weapon 3. Examples -
are specific details in a text that are used to clarify the meaning of a word projectiles
29. 29. a. Famous conquistadors include Cortes, who conquered Aztec Mexico and Pizarro, who
conquered Inca Peru. conquistadors - conquerors; ones that take control of (a country or
city) through the use of force
30. 30. b. A sleuth, such as Sherlock Holmes, can be very helpful in solving crimes. sleuth -
detective - someone who looks for information to solve crimes
31. 31. c. Precipitation, such as rain and snow, falls from the sky. precipitation - water that falls
to the ground (such as rain and snow)
32. 32. Example: The prisoner was in a state of wrath—a feeling of intense anger. - extreme
anger 4. Definition - is usually signaled by a form of the verb to be (am, is, are, was, were) or
by commas or dashes wrath
33. 33. a. To shun someone is to have nothing to do with that person. shun - to avoid
deliberately
34. 34. b. He seemed to be ill, but it was merely a ruse, that is, a clever trick to deceive us. ruse -
a trick or act that is used to fool someone - a wily subterfuge - deception
35. 35. c. Sedentary individuals, people who are not very active, often have diminished health.
sedentary - not doing or involving much physical activity
36. 36. Example: An evanescent ring surrounded the moon as it rose. It was there for a moment,
and then it disappeared. - lasting a very short time; brief; momentary 5. Explanation - words
or phrases that explain the unfamiliar word's meaning evanescent
37. 37. a. Elis is a blithe young girl. She always greets everyone with a smile. blithe - cheerful;
happy, lighthearted
38. 38. b. Katie appeared infallible in math class because she had never gotten a problem
wrong. infallible - unerring; - unfailing - not capable of being wrong
39. 39. c. The tornado annihilated the whole town to the point that nothing was left standing.
annihilated - destroyed; eradicated; exterminated; abolished
40. 40. Simile - is identified by the use of “like,” “as,” “similar to,” and the like. They compare
dissimilar objects that share certain charactristics Examples: 1. When he walked into the
room, the entire audience looked up, like flowers turning towards the sun. 2. His headache
was as painful as a root canal without the benefit of laughing gas.
41. 41. Metaphor - directly refers to the object being described as being or previously being the
object it is compared or connected to Examples: 1. The boom of his voice, all thunder and
lightning, echoed through the entire hall. 2. The dog was a jack-in-the-box, trying to jump up
on the visitors.
42. 42. Essential Learning A text is a connected discourse, which means that all ideas in the text
must be related in the sense that they would express only one main idea, or that the text
must have unity by combining all ideas to emphasize central idea.