6.

Note the differences in the degree of movement permitted by Sutures of the skull, pubic symphysis,
shoulder and knee joint.
A tiny amount of movement is permitted at sutures, which contributes to the compliance and elasticity
of the skull. These joints are synarthroses (immovable joints).
The inferior pubic ligament extends from the left to the right inferior pubic ramus. The pubic symphysis
allows very little movement, usually a shift to two millimeters and a one degree rotation.
The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint) is a ball and socket joint between the scapula and the humerus.
There is a wide range of movement permitted. It is one of the most mobile joints in the human body, at
the cost of joint stability.
The knee joint is a hinge type synovial joint, which mainly allows for flexion and extension (and a small
degree of medial and lateral rotation). It is formed by articulations between the patella, femur and tibia.
7. List under the appropriate heading examples of each type of joint.
a. Diarthroses
A freely mobile joint is classified as a diarthrosis. These types of joints include all synovial joints of the
body, which provide the majority of body movements. Most diarthrotic joints are found in the
appendicular skeleton and thus give the limbs a wide range of motion.
b. Ball and socket
A natural or manufactured joint or coupling, such as the hip joint, in which a partially spherical end lies in
a socket, allowing multidirectional movement and rotation.
c. Hinge
These joints can be found between your upper and lower arm bones, otherwise called your elbow, as
well as your ankles, fingers, toes, and knees.
Hinge joints operate just like the hinges on a door. They allow for a swinging motion, where bones can
either flex toward one another or extend apart. Twisting or overextending a hinge joint can result in
injury.
d. Condyloid
Condylar joint (condyloid joint) one in which an ovoid head of one bone moves in an elliptical cavity of
another, permitting all movements except axial rotation; this type is found at the wrist, connecting the
radius and carpal bones, and at the base of the index finger.
e. Pivot
The pivot joint, also known as rotary joint, allows for rotational movement. This type of joint can be
found between your neck vertebrae. For instance, when you turn your head side-to-side, it's due to the
rotary motion permissible in pivot joints.
f. Gliding
Gliding joints are probably the most difficult joint type to visualize. They are usually associated with the
small bones of your wrists and ankles. In this type of joint, bones slide along beside one another. This
allows for movement in many directions, hence the flexibility of your wrists.
8. Give two tunctions of synovial fluid
a.) reduce friction between the articular cartilages of synovial joints during movement.
b.) allows a large range of motion and encompass wrists, knees, ankles, shoulders, and hips
9. Describe the functions of the ligaments surrounding the joints
Ligaments is a soft collagenous tissue. They are bands of tough elastic fibrous connective tissue around
your joints. They connect bone to bone, give your joints support, and limit their movement.
10. Discuss rheumatoid arthritis and give its management
A chronic progressive disease causing inflammation in the joints and resulting in painful deformity and
immobility, especially in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles. It is an autoimmune condition, which means
it's caused by the immune system attacking healthy body tissue. However, it's not yet known what
triggers this. Your immune system normally makes antibodies that attack bacteria and viruses, helping to
fight infection.
Signs and Symptoms
Fatigue, Joint pain, Joint tenderness, Joint swelling, Joint redness, Joint warmth, Joint stiffness, Loss of
joint range of motion.
The goals of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment are to:
Stop inflammation (put disease in remission), Relieve symptoms, Prevent joint and organ damage,
Improve physical function and overall well-being, Reduce long-term complications.
To meet these goals, the doctor will follow these strategies:
a.) Early, aggressive treatment. The first strategy is to reduce or stop inflammation as quickly as possible
– the earlier, the better.
b.) Targeting remission. Doctors refer to inflammation in RA as disease activity. The ultimate goal is to
stop it and achieve remission, meaning minimal or no signs or symptoms of active inflammation. One
strategy to achieve this goal is called “treat to target.”
c.) Tight control. Getting disease activity to a low level and keeping it there is what is called having “tight
control of RA.” Research shows that tight control can prevent or slow the pace of joint damage.
Medications for Rheumatic Arthritis
There are different drugs used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Some are used primarily to ease
the symptoms of RA; others are used to slow or stop the course of the disease and to inhibit structural
damage.

11. Define the following

a. Dislocation
A dislocation is an injury to a joint — a place where two or more bones come together — in which the
ends of your bones are forced from their normal positions. This painful injury temporarily deforms and
immobilizes your joint. Dislocation is most common in shoulders and fingers.