Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ejercicios de Simulacion SBL
Ejercicios de Simulacion SBL
EXERCISES
This chapter contains two types of upscaling exercises: single-phase and two-phase.
In both cases, the equations to calculate the pressures have already been solved and
output, along with inter-block flows and additional data, to Excel Spreadsheets. The
reader is required to use the spreadsheets to calculate the effective permeabilities, and
pseudo relative permeabilities.
k (mD)
10 18 31 55 97 170 300
Figure 1
The stochastic model for the single-phase upscaling exercise.
Table 1
Stochastic model details.
Note that for Darcy’s Law, the permeability should be in D, not mD. However, for
this steady-state flow example, it does not matter.
The pressure equations have already been solved using both no-flow and periodic
boundary conditions, and the results are listed in the spreadsheets, along with the
inter-block flows. (The permeabilities and the harmonic averages of the
permeabilities have also been output for interest.) The following steps are required to
calculate the effective permeabilities:
Repeat these calculations for the case with the net pressure gradient in the y-direction,
to obtain the kxy and kyy terms of the effective permeability tensor.
Figure 2 shows the model, and Table 2 gives the model details. These details are also
listed in the first worksheet of the spread sheets. The input (“rock”) relative
permeabilities are presented in the second worksheet (for interest).
Calculate pseudos
for this block
k (mD)
Figure 2
Model for the two-phase upscaling exercise.
The calculations should be performed in stages, and separate worksheets are provided
for each stage, with the required information. Use the equations in Section 2.6.
Worksheet perms
Calculate the effective permeability. Use the Kyte and Berry method here – i.e. take
the arithmetic average in each column and the harmonica average of all the columns.
(This is not as accurate as using a numerical simulation, but is useful for a quick
estimate.)
Worksheet swat
Calculate the average water saturation of the central coarse block. This is a straight-
forward average.
Worksheet flows
Calculate the total flow of oil and water out of the down-stream side of the coarse
block.
Worksheet poto
Calculate the average oil potential in the centre of coarse blocks 2 and 3 (as indicated
by the shading). Use (relative permeability x absolute permeability) weighting. Note
that we are averaging potential calculated at datum depth, whereas Kyte and Berry
calculate the pressures at the coarse block centre. However, there is a constant
difference between these two values, and this cancels when calculating the potential
difference. For calculating the average capillary pressure, calculate the pore-volume
weighted potential in the whole coarse of the central coarse block (shaded pink and
green).
Also calculate the average oil pressure using pore-volume weighting. This will be
used to calculate the coarse-scale capillary pressure. You need to correct the
potentials (calculated at the datum depth) to the centre of the coarse cell.
Worksheet potw
Calculate the average water potential in coarse blocks 2 and 3, using the same method
as for the oil. Also calculate the pore-volume weighted average for calculating the
capillary pressure.
Worksheet results
Calculate the pseudo rel perms by applying Darcy’s law at the coarse scale. Also
calculate the capillary pressure from average oil and water pressures.
Worksheet mob
Calculate the transmissibility at the down-stream edge of the central coarse block
(using the harmonic average to obtain the average permeabilities). Calculate the total
mobility in each of these cells in column 11. Then calculate the average mobility,
using transmissibility weighting.
Worksheet results
Calculate the pseudo rel perms directly from the average fractional flow and the
average mobility. The Stone method ignores capillary pressure. However, if using
the Stone option in the Eclipse Pseudo Package, the capillary pressure using the same
method as for the Kyte and Berry option.
The answers for these exercises are included in spread sheets kyte_berry_results.xls,
stone_results.xls and pvw_results.xls. The files also show the full pseudo curves
calculated using the Eclipse Pseudo package.