Materials Characterization 139 (2018) 421–427

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Materials Characterization
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matchar

Fabrication and characterization of a novel β metastable Ti-Mo-Zr alloy with T

large ductility and improved yield strength
⁎ ⁎⁎
JinYong Zhanga,b,c, , JinShan Lib, , GuanFang Chena, Lin Liuc, Zheng Chena, QingKun Menga,
⁎⁎
BaoLong Shena, Fan Sund, , Frédéric Primad
a
School of Material Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221008, People's Republic of China
b
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, People's Republic of China
c
State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, People's Republic of
China
d
PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech-CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: In this paper, a novel ternary β-metastable titanium alloy, Ti-12Mo-5Zr (wt%), was designed based on the “d-
Alloy design electron” alloy design theory. The Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy displays excellent combination of improved yielding stress
β-metastable titanium alloys (> 650 MPa), high ductility (uniform elongation ≈30%) and work-hardening behaviour. The detailed micro-
TRIP/TWIP effects structural analysis indicates that the superior performances arise from the synergic effects between phase
Mechanical behaviour
transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) and twinning induced plasticity (TWIP). Conforming to the design
Microstructure
Deformation mechanism
strategy, the improvement of mechanical performance results from the addition of Zr alloying element in sub-
stituting Ti, attributing to solution hardening effect and the increasing of critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) of
stress induced martensitic transformation (SIM α″).

1. Introduction
Over the last few decades, titanium and its alloys have been at-
tractive materials for aerospace, biomedical and sporting goods in-
dustries and automotive applications due to their high strength-to-
density ratio [1,2], good hardenability [3,4], excellent fatigue/crack-
propagation behaviour [5] and good corrosion resistance [1,6]. How-
ever, both their low ductility (total elongation typically < 0.25) and the
lack of work-hardening compared with steels or Co-Cr alloys [1,7],
limit the potential advanced applications where superior combination
of strength and ductility are required. As a consequence, it is necessary
to develop new Ti-alloys with combination of high strength, large
ductility and a high work-hardening rate. More recently, a design
strategy based on the semi-empirical “d-electron” alloy design theory
has been proposed for titanium alloys to overcome these limitations
[8,9]. The aim of design strategy is to activate a combined deformation
mechanism involved in simultaneous mechanical twinning and phase
transformations during plastic deformation. A new β-metastable Ti-
alloy, namely Ti-12Mo (wt%) [8,10], has been designed for ductility
improvement with large work-hardening behaviour, based on the semi-
empirical “d-electron” alloy design theory. The experimental results
[8,10] show that the Ti-12Mo alloy displays a superior combination of
high strength, large ductility and high work-hardening rate, due to the
simultaneous occurrence of Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP
effects), Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP effects) and dislocations
slip [8–11]. In order to expand the family of the β-metastable titanium
alloys with combined TRIP and TWIP effects, new ternary alloys are
being elaborated through adding third alloying elements based on the
design route of Ti-12Mo alloy. It has been proved that a substitution of
Mo by other beta-stabilizers, e.x. in the newly designed Ti-9Mo-6 W [9],
was able to maintain the TRIP/TWIP effects by design, and exhibiting
better performance than the Ti-12Mo alloy. Alternatively, using neutral
elements in the substitution strategy has been considered to be ad-
vantageous in fine-tuning of beta phase stability for strength improve-
ment, according to our previous studies on superelastic alloys [12].
The Zr element was considered as neutral element since it has
(nearly) no influence on the α/β phase boundary [13]. However, the Zr
element in beta solid solution has been shown to decrease the mar-
tensitic start temperature (Ms) and retard ω phase formation [14].
Recent studies [12,15,16] have demonstrated that Zr is not neutral to
phase transformation. Since Zr can affect the phase stability, it is rea-
sonable to expect that Zr plays a role in the deformation mechanism as

⁎
Correspondence to: J.Y. Zhang, School of Material Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221008, People's Republic of China.
⁎⁎
Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: jyzhang@cumt.edu.cn (J. Zhang), ljsh@nwpu.edu.cn (J. Li), sun@chimieparistech.psl.eu (F. Sun).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2018.03.031
Received 24 September 2017; Received in revised form 13 March 2018; Accepted 21 March 2018
Available online 22 March 2018
1044-5803/ © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
J. Zhang et al.
well. In this sense, Zr is no longer the neutral element, but work as the
β-stabilizing elements in these metastable β-type Ti-alloys. In this
paper, we designed a ternary Ti-12Mo-5Zr (wt%) alloy by mainly re-
placing Ti with Zr addition, keeping the same content of the Mo ele-
ment. We aim to study the fact whether Zr addition also shows similar
effectiveness in the improvement of mechanical performance by a dif-
ferent path of substituting Ti by Zr element. The mechanical perfor-
mances of the ternary alloy were investigated and microstructural
characterizations were conducted by using X-ray diffraction (XRD),
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron micro-
scopy (TEM) techniques. Based on the detailed microstructural in-
vestigations, the deformation mechanisms underlying the mechanical
behaviour are discussed to clarify the validation of the design strategy.
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Alloy Design
In this work, the chemical formulation of the Ti-Mo-Zr alloy was
performed by “d-electron” alloy design theory. The design theory, de-
veloped by Morinaga [17], although initially built for elasticity en-
gineering, is also instructive in predicting plastic behaviours due to its
basic concept in establishing a physical background on phase stability.
The nature of alloying development of the alloys can be generalized by
using electronic configurations of the alloying elements as Bo and Md
parameters. These two parameters can be calculated theoretically in bcc
Ti using the DV–Xa molecular orbital method [17,18]. Bo, the bond
order, measures the covalent bond strength between Ti and one al-
loying element. Md, the metal d-orbital energy of alloying transition-
metal, quantifies the level of the electronegativity and the metallic
radius of elements. From the starting point of pure Ti, average Bo and
Md values (Bo, Md ) can be calculated for each alloy. By plotting the
two parameters, the alloy position is coordinated on the Bo − Md map
according to the alloy composition. Moreover, this map also allows
drawing “alloying vectors” for binary alloys Ti-M (M = alloying ele-
ment). The “alloying vector” of alloying elements represents their
characteristics in stabilizing the binary alloys. With these parameters,
the phase stability and the deformation mechanism can be predicted by
reaching certain area of interests on the Bo –Md map. This map is of
great interest because it can be used as a tool to predict “as-quenched”
properties of titanium alloys, independently from the number of al-
loying elements. This kind of diagram has been extensively used for the
design of the last generation of low modulus/high strength alloys, such
as the “Gum metals” series [19].
Fig. 1 displays a stability map located through the Bo-Md coordinate
(2.80–2.82, 2.40–2.45), based on the semi-empirical “d-electron” alloy
design theory. The figure is a rough diagram to predict the deformation
mechanism. Regarding this figure, the main features for design are re-
lated to the respective positions of transition lines where the transition
between several deformation mechanisms of the β phase is predicted.
Besides slip/twinning and Martensite start (Ms = RT, room tempera-
ture), there is also a TWIP/TRIP line (blue dashed line) located about
halfway between the boundaries of the domains of stress-induced
martensitic transformation and mechanical twinning, which means the
potential occurrence of combined TRIP and TWIP effects when the
composition of design alloy was located in the TWIP/TRIP line. It is
worth noting that the colored areas in the figure are only a rough ap-
proximation, some alloys [20] also exhibit TWIP effect although not
locating in the corresponding area. However, it's great potential to
occur for stress-induced martensitic transformation and/or mechanical
twinning, when the Bo-Md coordinate of the alloy located in this co-
lored areas. Thus, in order to further investigate the “d-electron” alloy
design theory for TWIP/TRIP effects, alloying development of a ternary
composition by correlating two alloying vectors, Ti-Mo and Ti-Zr, is
proposed to shift the alloying position along the design route. The “d-
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Materials Characterization 139 (2018) 421–427
Fig. 1. The “d-electron” design map showing the position of the ternary Ti–12Mo–5Zr. A
TRIP/TWIP line (blue dashed line) was located about halfway between the boundaries of
the domains of stress-induced martensitic transformation and mechanical twinning,
meaning the potential occurrence of combined TRIP and TWIP effects when the com-
position of design alloy was located in the TRIP/TWIP line. (For interpretation of the
references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this
article.)
electron” coordinate at the (2.817, 2.427) near the Ti-12Mo position
gives a composition of Ti-12Mo-5Zr (wt. %). Being close to Ti-12Mo,
the as-designed alloy displays the potential TRIP/TWIP combined per-
formance. Both mechanical behaviour and deformation microstructural
features of the Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy were investigated in this work.
2.2. Experimental Procedures
The ternary Ti–12Mo-5Zr (wt%) alloy was fabricated by the arc-
melting furnace under pure Ar atmosphere using pure titanium, mo-
lybdenum and zirconium. The alloy ingot about 3 kg was melted for five
times, and flipped over each time before melting. Then, the ingot was
homogenized at 1173 K for 72 ks under high vacuum of 10−4 Pa, fol-
lowed by water quenching. The as-quenched ingot was heavily cold
rolled to 0.5 mm in thickness at a reduction rate of > 95% at room
temperature. From the as-rolled sheet, tensile specimens were me-
chanically prepared with gauge dimensions of 60 mm (length) × 5 mm
(width) × 0.5 mm (thickness). The specimens were solution-treated
(ST) at 1173 K for 1.8 ks under high vacuum atmosphere and subse-
quently water-quenched.
Tensile tests, including uniaxial loading and cyclic loading-un-
loading, were measured in tension on specimens at an initial strain rate
of 10−3 s−1. An extensometer was used to precisely measure the de-
formation of the specimens. All tensile tests were performed along the
rolling direction.
The phase constitutions of the specimens were characterized by X-
ray diffraction (XRD) using Bruker D8 ADVANCE with CuKα radiation
operating at 40 kV and 40 mA. Specimens deformed to different levels
were then observed by optical microscopy and transmission electron
microscopy (TEM). Specimens for OM were first mechanically polished
on silicon carbide abrasive papers followed by a final polishing step
with a colloidal silica suspension (particle size: 50 nm), and then che-
mically etched with a solution H2O, HNO3 and HF (5:3:1) (vol%). The
TEM investigations were performed by using a JEOL 2100 microscope
operating at 200 kV. Specimens for TEM observations were prepared by
J. Zhang et al. Materials Characterization 139 (2018) 421–427

Fig. 2. The true stress-strain curves and corresponding work-hardening rate (dσ/dε) of
the Ti-12Mo-5Zr and Ti-12Mo alloys are presented.

Fig. 3. The XRD profiles of Ti-12Mo-5Zr specimens after heavy cold-rolling and after
a conventional twin-jet polishing technique, using a solution of 4% solution treatment, respectively.
perchloric acid in methanol, held at about 250 K.
3.2. Phase Constitution and Microstructure Feature

3. Results and Discussion

Fig. 3 shows the X-ray diffraction pattern of Ti-12Mo-5Zr specimens
in “as-rolled” and “solution-treated (ST)” states. The XRD pattern ob-
3.1. Mechanical Behaviours
tained on the “as-rolled” specimen shows clearly a dual phase β + α″
microstructure, where the broad β peaks indicate heavily distorted β
Fig. 2 shows the true stress-strain curves and work-hardening rate
grains and the strong α″ peaks are referred to the relatively high vo-
curves of Ti-12Mo-5Zr and Ti-12Mo alloys. The Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy ex-
lume fraction of α″ phase in the β matrix. From the ST specimen, minor
hibits comparable mechanical properties as of Ti-12Mo alloy, similarly
athermal ω (ωath) peaks were detected besides the β phase, meaning
a large work-hardening rate, reaching about levels of true stress and
ωath nanoparticles precipitated during the quench process. It should be
true strain at necking of 970 MPa and 0.31, respectively. It can be seen
mentioned that the α″ phase could not be detected on the ST specimens,
in Fig. 2 that the Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy shows excellent combination of
which means that the martensite start (Ms) temperature is below room
improved yield strength (> 650 MPa), high ductility (uniform ductility
temperature for the Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy composition.
≈30%) and work-hardening behaviour. Compared with Ti-12Mo alloy,
Fig. 4 shows a set of optical images of Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy at different
the Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy is improved by 30% in keeping almost the same
strain levels (ε = 0, 0.02, 0.05 and 0.15). At ST state (ε = 0), the mi-
uniform ductility, suggesting that the zirconium addition may act as a
crostructure of Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy was constituted by equiaxed β phase
solution strengthening alloying element. Meanwhile, the yield strength
with a grain size of about 80 μm (Fig. 4a). Upon tensile straining, de-
of Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy is also much higher than Ti-Mo-W alloy (≈500
formation bands start to occur at the beginning of the plastic de-
Mpa) [9] and Ti-Cr-Sn alloy (≈550 Mpa) [21]. Generally speaking, the
formation process. It can be noticed that, as early as ε = 0.02 (Fig. 4b),
more the yield strength, the higher the critical resolved shear stress
high density of deformation bands are formed inside the β grains. The
(CRSS) of activation of deformation products such as SIM α″, me-
arrangement of the bands are lamellar or lying in two sets of direction
chanical twinning or dislocation slip. As a result, it is very difficult to
relationships, which suggests activation of one or two different de-
activate these deformation products at higher CRSS, bringing in the bad
formation systems depending on grain orientation. When strain is at
ductility. However, the Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy still exhibits large ductility
0.05 (Fig. 4c), both fast multiplication and thickening of the deforma-
and improved work-hardening behaviour. That indicates large quan-
tion bands can be observed, and the deformation bands occupy the
tities of deformation products will appear during plastic deformation,
entire grain. After larger strain at 0.05, the deformation bands are al-
although the substantial increasing of critical resolved shear stress
ways acting as main deformation products with higher density in
(CRSS) of deformation products.
domination through the straining process. When strain is at 0.15
The work-hardening rate curve of Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy (Fig. 2) shows
(Fig. 4d), the deformation bands twist the β grains by bringing distorted
strongly non-monotonic evolutions by three stages, similar to those
gliding lines and indistinct grain boundaries. And the very fine de-
observed in TWIP steels [7,22–24]. The evolution of tensile behaviour
formation bands also nucleate and grow in the deformed zone. How-
is quite similar to the Ti-12Mo material and Ti-9Mo-6 W (work hard-
ever, optical microscope observations are impossible to identify the
ening, plastic flow). The main point of interest is that the work-hard-
nature of the possible deformation products, i.e. slip bands, mechanical
ening rate is exceptionally high when compared to conventional β ti-
twinning and/or α″ martensite. Thus, extra investigation is required to
tanium alloys. The maximum value of work-hardening rate is around
identify the microstructural features.
1.6 GPa at ε = 0.15, close to the theoretical limit of such alloy (E/50)
Fig. 5a shows the XRD profiles of the Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy at ε = 0.06,
[25]. It is supposed that the high level of work-hardening rate, observed
0.14, 0.20 and 0.38 (post-fracture). It is noticeable that the peaks of
up to large strains, contributes to confer both high strength and duc-
(221) α″ and (220) α″ are of increasing intensity, revealing the facts
tility to the material. As explained in previous report [9,10], the unu-
that the stress-induced martensitic transformation (SIM) occurred upon
sual behaviour indicates that different deformation mechanisms are
strain, which proves the activation of TRIP effect. The height of the SIM
activated in different steps of the deformation. The similarity between
α″ (221) and (220) peaks increases rapidly at low strain range then
the Ti-12Mo and Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloys implies that the desired TWIP/
followed by slowly increase. Broadening of the diffraction peaks were
TRIP effects were probably produced in the same way in the ternary
observed due to the microstructural refinement (i.e. beta grains divided
alloy.
by transgranular interfaces of twinning and martensite as shown in
Fig. 4) and residual macro-strains in relaxed specimens after tensile

423
J. Zhang et al.
Fig. 4. Optical microscope images of Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy at different strain levels: (a) ε = 0; (b) ε = 0.02; (c) ε = 0.05; (d) ε = 0.15.
deformation. By measuring the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of
(221) α″ peaks, the values rise monotonically during the whole plastic
deformation process (Fig. 5b). Such situation indicates microstructural
refinement of SIM α″ phase during the increasing of volume fraction,
probably due to the internal twinning by its variants to accommodate
spontaneously the local strain near beta twinning interfaces during both
mechanical loading and relaxation.
Fig. 6 shows the TEM images of Ti-12Mo-5Zr sample at the very
early onset of plastic deformation and at ST state. The nano-scale ω
particles can be clearly seen and identified from the dark-field TEM
micrograph images (Fig. 6a and b) and corresponding electron dif-
fraction pattern (inset of Fig. 6a and b). Compared with the dark-field
image shown in Fig. 6(b), a set of parallel thin lamellae (thickness of 10
to 20 nm) induced by deformation can also be clearly seen in Fig. 6(a).
The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern (inset of Fig. 6a)
was taken from the region shown in Fig. 6a. Apart from the β-Ti matrix
phase with a bcc structure, there are two ω variants as indexed, and the
{112} 〈111〉 − type twin diffraction spots are overlapped with those of
the matrix and the ω phase. However, some studies have also been
reported that the thin lamellas induced by deformation are considered
as a deformation-induced ω phase such as Ta-based alloys after shock-
induced impact deformation [26] and nanocrystalline Mo-based alloys
[27]. Lai et al. [28] reported that those parallel lamellas were more like
dislocation channels. Therefore, it still needs to be further confirmed
that the thin lamellae induced by deformation is {112}〈111〉 twin, or
deformation-induced ω phase, or dislocation channels.
Besides the stress induced phase transformations, the mechanical
twinning is another important mechanism in Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy as
TWIP effect. Upon further straining, mechanical twinning and SIM α″
were observed simultaneously in the β matrix. Fig. 7 shows TEM mi-
crographs of the deformation features of a Ti-12Mo-5Zr sample de-
formed to about ε = 0.04. Fig. 7a presents the bright field of the
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Materials Characterization 139 (2018) 421–427
deformation microstructures. The β matrix (M), mechanical twins (T)
and stress-induced martensite (SIM α″) can be identified by selected
area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern (Fig. 7b–e) taken from the
different selected-area (SA) shown in Fig. 7a. The results illustrate the
details of stress-induced coexistence of mechanical twinning and SIM α″
phase. The corresponding diffraction pattern of SA1 (Fig. 7b) indicates
the twinning relationship is consistent with the typical {332} twinning
mode. Meanwhile, SIM α″ phase, identified by the corresponding dif-
fraction pattern of SA4 (Fig. 7e), occurs in the β matrix (Fig. 7c). The
initial twinning bands and SIM α″ in β matrix are activated simulta-
neously as primary twinning and primary SIM α″, respectively. More-
over, substructure phenomena were observed in the primary mechan-
ical twinning as shown in the selected-area (SA3) of Fig. 7a. The
corresponding diffraction pattern of SA3 (Fig. 7d) indicates clearly in-
ternal sub-bands are a {332}〈113〉 type twinning. It is also identified
that the SIM α″ plates appear inside the {332}〈113〉 twinning zone (the
corresponding TEM image isn't shown here). Here, the {332}〈113〉
twinning and SIM α″ appeared inside the twinned zone are called as
secondary twinning and secondary SIM α″, respectively. Therefore, the
deformation microstructural features of Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy is strongly
similar with Tie12Mo alloy [10] and Ti-9Mo-6 W alloy [9]. The TEM
microstructural analysis shows that the deformation microstructure is
composed by the combination of {332}〈113〉 twinning networks (pri-
mary twinning), thin SIM α″ plates (primary SIM α″) and substructures
inside the twinned β zones (secondary SIM α″ and secondary twinning).
3.3. Combined TWIP and TRIP Effects
Similar to Ti-12Mo and Ti-9Mo-6 W alloy [9,10], the deformation
mechanism has been identified in the present Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy with
the combined TWIP and TRIP effects. The combination of TWIP and
TRIP effects result in a unique combination of strength and ductility,
J. Zhang et al.
Fig. 5. (a) X-ray diffraction profiles of the solution-treated Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy specimen at
different strain levels; (b) The FWHM of (221) α″ peak as a function of strain.
especially the enhanced yielding stress when comparing to Ti-12Mo
alloy. Comparable to tungsten induced solution hardening effect in Ti-
9Mo-6 W by replacing mainly Mo by W [9], Zr addition shows similar
effectiveness but by a different path of substituting Ti by Zr, the neutral
element in alpha/beta stability. Besides solution hardening, the Zr ad-
dition is believed to increase the low temperature beta stability of ti-
tanium alloys (i.e. decrease of the martensite start temperature like in
Ti-Nb-Zr system [12,15,29]), resulting in the increasing of critical
Fig. 6. TEM images of Ti-12Mo-5Zr sample at the very early onset of plastic deformation and at ST. (a) Dark-field image and corresponding diffraction pattern (inset) shows parallel thin
lamellas occurs at the very early onset of plastic deformation; (b) Dark-field image and corresponding diffraction pattern (inset) shows athermal ω precipitation appears in β matrix.
425
Materials Characterization 139 (2018) 421–427
resolved shear stress (CRSS) of SIM α″ in Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy than that in
Ti-12Mo binary alloy. Large quantities of deformation products, such as
primary mechanical twinning and SIM α″, have been formed in-
tragranular. The dislocations are blocked by these lamellas, which are
like high angle grain boundaries in restricting the propagation of dis-
locations. The sub-division of the original β grains into fine-scale
structures leads to the increase of local stress concentration and work
hardening behaviour. Primary mechanical twinning is preferentially
formed near the local work hardening position at the beginning of
deformation. Then the deformation will relocate to non-hardened po-
sitions in the specimen due to the strong barriers effect of mechanical
twinning. As a result, primary mechanical twinning continues to
homogenize the propagation of deformation, retarding the macroscopic
necking on tensile specimen [30]. Following the volume fraction of
mechanical twinning and martensite increased with the strain going on,
interactions of mechanical twinning and martensite were observed in a
considerable number of grains. The deformation induced interfaces
refine the material's microstructure, which results in the reduction of
mean free path of the dislocation movement. In this case, the dynamical
Hall-Petch effect can be induced by massive twinning boundaries oc-
currence, like in TWIP steels [7,22–24], resulting in the significance
decrease of dislocation movements in the strengthened beta matrix.
Therefore, a combined mechanism, dynamic Hall-Petch effect [20]
(twinning network) and composite effect (TWIP+TRIP) [9,10], has
been concluded as a reasonable explanation of the unusual work-
hardening rate and the subsequent superior ductility in the Ti-12Mo-
5Zr alloy. Furthermore, the validation of the alloy design strategy of Zr
addition promotes greatly the feasibility on yielding stress improve-
ment of TWIP/TRIP titanium alloys.
4. Conclusion
In this work, we design a ternary Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy by mainly re-
placing Ti with Zr addition, without excessively modifying Mo content.
The mechanical properties and microstructure features of the alloy are
investigated. The following results are obtained.
(1) The Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy exhibits excellent combination of improved
yielding strength (> 650 MPa), high ductility (uniform elongation
≈30%) and work-hardening behaviour.
(2) The detailed microstructural analysis indicates that superior per-
formance is resulted from the synergic combination both the dy-
namic Hall-Petch effects and the TRIP/TWIP effects.
(3) The alloy design strategy in Ti-12Mo-5Zr alloy, i.e. Zr substitution
to Ti, validates the feasibility of yielding stress improvement of
TWIP/TRIP titanium alloys.
J. Zhang et al.
Fig. 7. The TEM images of the deformation features of the Ti-12Mo-5Zr sample. (a) The bright field of the deformation microstructures of β matrix (M), mechanical twinning (T) and
stress-induced martensite (SIM α″). The selected areas (SA) were also plotted by dash solid. (b–e) The diffraction patterns of SA1, SA2, SA3 and SA4, respectively.
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by National Natural Science foundation of
China (51601216 and 51771226), the Fund of the State Key Laboratory
of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, Huazhong
University of Science and Technology (Grant No. P2018-008) and the
Fund of the State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing in NWPU
(Grant No. SKLSP201501).
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