Métodos epiretinais
Humayun, M. (1994). Bipolar Surface Electrical Stimulation of the Vertebrate Retina. Archives
of Ophthalmology, 112(1), 110.
Bullfrog-
Células
In the bullfrog experiments, 12 eyes were
enucleated after pithing and the globes were
transected 2 mm posterior to the limbus. The
posterior eyecups were then placed in tissue-
culture wells containing amphibian tissue-
culture media
Coelho (Retina Normal
Células
Ten pigmented Dutch-Belted rabbits were
initially anesthetized using intramuscular
ketamine. The eye to be stimulated was
dilated…
Coelho (Retina Degenerada)
Células
Conclusões: A retina degenerada precisa de thresholds mais altos para gerar um potencial
Humayun et al., 1994; Rose and Robblee, 1990 (ARGUS II)
Células
carried out a series of experiments: on the
retinas of bullfrogs in an eye cup preparation;
on a normal retina from an intact rabbit eye
under terminal anaesthesia; and on rabbit
Threshold
The threshold parameters were 50μ ,75
microseconds, and 1 Hz, and the stimulating
probe tip diameter was 200 μm. The
calculated charge per half phase is 3.75 *10-9
coulombs, and the surface area of a spherical
single electrode is 1.26X10-7 m2. Converting
these values into microcoulombs
Per square centimetre yields a value of 2.98
pC/cm2.
Threshold
8.92 μC/cm2
Os outros parâmetros do array são iguais
Threshold
11.9 μC/cm2
Os outros parâmetros do array são iguais
Threshold
Using a
pair of epiretinal platinum electrodes of 200
μm in diameter separated by 200 μm
 eyes with the outer retinal function abolished 2.98 μC/cm2 , 8.92 μC/cm2 and 11.0 μC/cm2
by intravenous sodium iodate infusion for bullfrog, normal rabbit retina and rabbit
retina
Nota: Even though stimulation of the retinal tissue with outer retinal dysfunction required
higher stimulating charge density, all of them were within the predetermined safety limit for
long term retina stimulation with platinum electrodes (limit ¼ 50e150 m C/cm 2 ) (Rose and
Robblee, 1990)

Grumet, A. E., Wyatt, J. L., & Rizzo, J. F. (2000). Multi-electrode stimulation and recording in
the isolated retina. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 101(1), 31–42

Células
Retina retirada de coelhos vivos e colocada
posteriormente num meio de cultura onde
estava o array.
Procedimento de preparação descrito por
Ames III and Nesbett (1981)
Threshold
Electrodes were 10 μm-diameter disks
PD 400 μsec, threshold current 0.06–1.8
μA, threshold charge density 30–917
μC/cm2. Determination of threshold was
done by counting only response waveforms
with ten or more sample points and by using
synaptic transmission blockage.

Optimal voltage stimulation parameters for network-mediated responses in Wild Type

and rd10 mouse retinal ganglion cells.

Células Threshold
Retina dissecada de ratos WT e rd10 Optimal
−
2.4V
0.88ms
1.19mC/cm2

Métodos Subretinais
Stett, A., Barth, W., Weiss, S., Haemmerle, H., & Zrenner, E. (2000). Electrical multisite
stimulation of the isolated chicken retina. Vision Research, 40(13), 1785–1795.
doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(00)00005-

Células
Newly hatched and dark-adapted chicken
(Gallus domesticus) were decapitated and
the eyes excised. Flat
retina pieces were obtained by cutting the
eye cup into segments of about 5X5 mm.
Threshold
Electrodes were 10 μm-diameter
Current threshold 35 μA, PD 0.4 ms, electrode
surface area 0.01 mm2,
charge threshold 14 nC/phase, charge
density threshold 178 μC/cm2.
 Determination of threshold was done by
control with light
stimulation and by using synaptic
transmission blockage.

Photovoltaic retinal prosthesis with highpixel density

Células Threshold
Retinas de ratos mortos Retinal degenerative diseases lead to
blindness due to loss of the ‘image capturing’
photoreceptors, while neurons in the
‘image-processing’ inner retinal layers are
relatively well preserved. Electronic retinal
prostheses seek to restore sight by
electrically stimulating the surviving neurons.
Most implants are powered through
inductive coils, requiring complex
surgical methods to implant the coil-decoder-
cable-array systems that deliver energy to
stimulating electrodes via
intraocular cables. We present a photovoltaic
subretinal prosthesis, in which silicon
photodiodes in each pixel receive
power and data directly through pulsed near-
infrared illumination and electrically
stimulate neurons. Stimulation is
produced in normal and degenerate rat
retinas, with pulse durations of 0.5–4 ms, and
threshold peak irradiances of
0.2–10 mW mm 22 , two orders of magnitude
below the ocular safety limit. Neural
responses were elicited by illuminating a
single 70 mm bipolar pixel, demonstrating
the possibility of a fully integrated
photovoltaic retinal prosthesis with high
pixel density.

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Outros Métodos
Beebe, X. & Rose, T. Charge injection limits of activated iridium oxide electrodes with 0.2 ms
pulses in bicarbonate buffered saline (neurological stimulation application). IEEE Trans.
Biomed. Eng. 35, 494–495 (1988).
Métodos e Thresholds
The maximum charge injection without electrode or solution decomposition for activated
iridium wire electrodes in bicarbonate buffered saline was 2,1 and 1.0 mC/cm2 geometric for
anodic-first and cathodic-first, respectively, 0.2 ms balanced charge biphasic current pulses.
Electrodes biased at + 0.8 V versus SCE accepted charge up to 3.5 mC/cm2 geometric with
monophasic cathodal pulses.