Title IX

The Effect this Law has had on

American Culture
 Title IX

• A law passed in 1972 that

requires gender equity for
boys and girls in every
educational program that
receives federal funding.
Access to Higher Education
 Access to Higher Education

• Colleges & Universities didn’t admit women

because women were to be concerned about
marriage and children rather than higher
education.
Athletics
 Athletics
• The main athletic opportunities for girls were
cheerleading and square dancing. Inly 1 in 27
girls played high school sports. The budget for
college girls athletics was about 2 of the
overall budget for athletics.
Career Education
 Career Education
• Some schools didn’t allow girls to take some
vocational classes like woodworking, metal
working, electrical or plumbing courses.
Instead they were only allowed access to
home economics courses like child-care and
sewing. The results were that women were
only trained for low-wage jobs that were
traditional for women such as jobs in health
care and cosmetology.
Education for Pregnant
and Parenting Students
 Education for Pregnant
and Parenting Students

• Girls were often expelled from school if they

became pregnant.
Employment at Universities
 Employment at Universities
• Few women taught at the college/university
level and those that did primarily taught
women’s colleges. Often they were not
granted tenure and earned much less than the
male teachers. Only a few women were hired
as administrators.
Learning Environment
 Learning Environment
• Gender stereotypes were commonly used by
teachers and educational resources, including
textbooks. These stereotypes portrayed women
as nurturing, best suited to be wives, mothers,
secretaries, nurses, and elementary school
teachers and men as active, inventive, and
independent. In the classroom, boys received the
majority of the teacher’s attention and it was
generally believed that math and science were for
boys and the arts and literature were for girls.
Math and Science
 Math and Science
• Girls were sometimes steered away from
higher-level classes in math and science,
discouraged from joining math and science
clubs because the prevalent stereotype was
the girls weren’t good at and didn’t like math
and science.
Sexual Harassment
 Sexual Harassment
• Making sexual innuendos, calling people
sexually charged names, spreading rumors
about sexual activity, or touching someone
inappropriately used to be dismissed as “boys
will be boys” type of behavior.
Standardized Testing
 Standardized Testing
• Girls consistently scored lower than boys on
standardized tests. Gender bias was occurring
due to the kinds of questions asked and how
they were asked.
Technology
 Technology
• Computer programming was considered a
male profession and computer games were
designed as boys’ toys. When women used a
computer it was for data entry.