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Original Article
Activation energy on MHD flow of titanium alloy

(Ti6 Al4 V) nanoparticle along with a cross flow and
streamwise direction with binary chemical
reaction and non-linear radiation: Dual Solutions
Umair Khan a , A. Zaib b , Ilyas Khan c,∗ , Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar d

a Department of Mathematics and Social Sciences, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur 65200, Sindh, Pakistan
b Department of Mathematical Sciences, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi 75300, Pakistan
c Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
d Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Science, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Wadi Al-Dawaser, 11991, Saudi
Arabia
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: In this work, efforts are made to scrutinize the influence of MHD on nonlinear radiative flow
Received 9 October 2019 comprising Ti6 Al4 V nanoparticle through streamwise direction along with a crossflow. Acti-
Accepted 18 October 2019 vation energy with binary chemical reaction is also explored through cross-flow comprising
Available online xxx Ti6 Al4 V nanoparticle which has not been discussed yet. Similarity variables are employed to
transform PDEs into nonlinear ODEs system. Then, it executed numerically through bvp4c
Keywords: from Matlab. Multiple solutions analysis is used to obtain first and second solutions. Influ-
Titanium alloy nanoparticle ences of controlling non-dimensional parameters on liquid velocity and fluid temperature
activation energy are scrutinized through the assist of diagrams. Results disclose that the drag surface force
binary chemical reaction and rate of heat transfer increase for greater values of suction, while the rate of mass transfer
cross-flow decreases. Besides, multiple results are noticed for certain values of the moving parameter.
non-linear radiation © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the
CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
ary showing the curvature of the streamlines varies through

1. Introduction the free stream. Since the gradient of pressure is at a 90-
degree angle to the flow of the pathway of the free stream.
There are numerous substantial geometries that contract
The pressure gradient which is taken inside the layer of the
through the complex phenomena in line with the industrial
boundary is not exaggerated because of the sheet distance.
requirement. The vicinity of flow from a surface is a vital
But various other elements work, for instant boundary surface,
part of aerodynamics and engineering. When a liquid moving
sharper bend when contrast to the flow of velocity of the free
through a sheet in aerodynamics. The layer of the bound-
stream. Secondary or crosswise flow captures when the com-
ponents of velocity along the boundary are perpendicular to
the free-stream route. In such flows, the activity of transverse
∗
Corresponding author. is considered to be completely expanded. Such flows can be
E-mail: ilyaskhan@tdtu.edu.vn (I. Khan).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.10.044
2238-7854/© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Khan U, et al. Activation energy on MHD flow of titanium alloy (Ti6 Al4 V) nanoparticle along with a
cross flow and streamwise direction with binary chemical reaction and non-linear radiation: Dual Solutions. J Mater Res Technol. 2019.
JMRTEC-1021; No. of Pages 12
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discovered in several circumstances in mechanical engineer-

Nomenclature ing, phenomena of wind flow and aerospace.
Jones [1] discussed the motivating outcomes for the prob-
B variable magnetic field lem of the crossflow. He showed the impact of sweepback
B0 strength magnetic field on the separation and boundary layer. He also observed that
Cfx , Cfz skin friction coefficient in x- and z- directions there was a division of a swept wing or yawed because of the
C concentration of nanofluid ratio of high aspect and thus few layers of boundaries and
Cw concentration of nanofluid at wall isolate the phenomenon are achieved through the velocity
C∞ ambient concentration of nanoparticle of crosswise. Sears [2] scrutinized the laminar flow through
Df mass diffusivity of the base liquid an immeasurable swept wing involving crossflow. He consid-
Dnf mass diffusivity of the nanofluid ered the gradient of pressure which is normal to the edge of
Ea activation energy the surface in the free-stream. Dwyer [3] introduced the inno-
E dimensionless activation energy vative technique to obtain the solution of three-dimensional
f dimensionless stream function equations accurately. He utilized this technique to a prob-
kf thermal conductivity of the base liquid lem that exhibits significant phenomena of the crossflow.
knf thermal conductivity of nanofluid New solutions were proposed by Weidman [4] which involve
k2r constant of chemical reaction rate the boundary layers with cross-flow through a leading irreg-
k∗ coefficient of Rosseland mean spectral absorp- ular edge. He discussed five distinct problems connected to
tion cross-flow inside the theory of boundary layers and obtained
M magnetic parameter novel solutions to transverse flow for stream-wise laminar
n rate of a fitted constant flows. Karabulut and Ataer [5] investigated the steady-state
Nux Nusselt number flow with the characteristics of heat transfer from the cross-
Pr Prandtl number flow in a cylinder coordinate. They utilized finite difference
qr radiatve heat flux techniques to gain the numerical solution for compressible as
qw heat flux well as for incompressible flows. Three-dimensional bounded
Rd radiation parameter flows in the presence of span wise-cross free stream through
Rex local Reynolds number the stirring boundary were examined by Fang and Lee [6].
Sc Schmidt number Bhattacharyya and Pop [7] scrutinized the dissipating flow
Shx Sherwood number with characteristics of heat transfer in the direction of the
T temperature cross-flow. The multiple natures of solutions were reported.
T∞ ambient temperature Recently, Haq et al. [8] examined the influence of viscous-
Tw fluid temperature at wall dissipation on the viscous liquid with heat as well as the mass
U constant velocity transfer of the moving heated surface along the direction of
u, v, w velocity components stream-wise with the cross-flow.
x, y, z Cartesian coordinates A metallic liquid or a solid which can be compiled
through non-homogenous or homogenous mixtures of two
Greek symbols or more metalloid nano-meter sized elements is known as
˛nf thermal diffusivity of nanofluid [m2 s-1 ] an alloy. Nowadays, the alloy can be utilized extensively
ˇ reaction rate for assigning the precise mixtures of physical characteris-
concentration of nanoparticle tics. A few examples of alloys are the solder, gold, phosphor
ı temperature difference parameter bronze, steel, and brass. These have an extensive range of
Boltzmann constant applications for example technology of aerospace science,
dimensionless constant replacement process of the hip joint, implantation of surgi-
f thermal diffusivity of base fluid cal, technology of advanced powder and numerous biological
nf thermal diffusivity of nanofluid treatments. Commonly, alloys are applied in handling sys-
volume fraction of nanoparticle tems of fabrication, hot and cold rolling sheets construction
dimensionless temperature and many more. More about alloys applications are pre-
w ratio of temperature sented in articles [9–12]. In recent times, Raju et al. [13]
f density of base liquid discussed the influence of heat sink/source on MHD flow
nf density of nanoliquid from cone comprising water and kerosene-based titanium
(c)nf heat capacity of the nanofluid alloy nanomaterials with temperature-dependent viscosity
w shear stress and viscous-dissipation. They scrutinized that the coefficient
stream function of friction factors has a smaller value in water (Ti6 Al4 V) tita-

similarity variable nium alloy compared to kerosene titanium alloy. Impact of
∗ Stefan-Boltzmann constant iso-flux heat source on natural convective flow in a cylindri-
f electric conductivity of the base fluid cal annulus with stability of heat transfer was discussed by
nf electric conductivity of the nanofluid Mebarek-oudina [14]. He showed that the flow control and
rate of heat transfer can be controlled by varying the heat
Superscripts

source length. Shashikumar et al. [15] argued the impact of
derivative w.r.t.
entropy generation on MHD nanofluid comprising titanium
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alloy and aluminum nanoparticles through micro-channels

in the presence of convection conditions and partial slips.
Recently, Souayeh et al. [16] scrutinized the behavior of slip
effect on radiative flow containing ferromagnetic as well
as titanium alloy nanomaterials suspended in a dusty liq-
uid. They explored that the hybrid nanomaterials played a
role more effectively in the process of heat transportation
compared to base nano liquid. The free convective flow of
water b/w two co-axial cylinders with constant heat source
was discussed by Gourari et al. [17]. Mebarek-oudina and
Bessaih [18] explored the impact of two heat sources of dis-
tinct lengths on natural convective flow containing water
based nanoparticle from a vertical cylindrical annulus. They Fig. 1 – Pysical diagram of the problem.
obtained the numerical solution by utilizing finite volume
technique. Raza et al. [19] examined the radiation impact of
MHD flow in a channel comprising molybdenum disulfide
nanoliquid with varying walls and shapes. Mebarek-oudina
[20] scrutinized the thermal and hydrodynamic characteris- ences of the substantial constraints are argued through the
tics involving Titania nanoparticle of three distinct regular assist of graphs and tables.
liquids namely, oil, water and ethylene glycol from a cylin-
drical annulus in the presence of heat source. Recently, Raza
et al. [21] explored the influences of slips on MHD flow con- 2. Problem Formulation
taining nanoliquid with Williamson fluid from a stretched
surface. Problem formulation is based on cross-flow and streamwise
In 1889, Swante Arrhenius was introduced the idea of acti- within the approach of the boundary layer. Based on the phe-
vation energy. Activation energy is the precise amount of nomena of cross-flow, we examine the three-dimensional flow
minimum energy that is needed through the reactants for the containing Ti6 Al4 V alloy nanoparticle from a heated surface
occurrence of a chemical effect. It may be taken as the height as shown in Fig. 1. Also, the Influences of nonlinear thermal
of potential barriers or energy which splits both of the min- radiation along activation-energy and binary-chemical reac-
ima of the products and reactants of potential energy. This tions are invoked. The surface is moving through the constant
phenomenon has copious appliances in the field of chem- uniform velocity −U placed at x equal to zero that is out
ical engineering, oil reservoirs or geothermal engineering, of the origin, where x is taken along the surface, and U
mechanics of base fluid and oil emulsion and processing of are the dimensionless constant and constant velocity, respec-
food. The pioneering work of Bestman [22] explained the tively. The variable magnetic field acts as B = B0 (2x)−0.5 and is
behavior of activation energy with the binary reaction in nat- applied normal to the surface. Besides, Tw and Cw are the con-
ural convective flow embedded in a porous medium. Maleque stant temperature and concentration of fluid, while T∞ and C∞
[23] investigated the impact of MHD on time-dependent free are the ambient temperature and concentration, respectively.
convection flow from a flat sheet with activation-energy and Moreover, it is perceived that the secondary flow or cross-
binary-reaction. Abbas et al. [24] examined the impact of ther- flow has a wide range of extent in the direction of span-wise
mal radiation on an unsteady flow involving Casson liquid & therefore, fully extended. Thus, velocity, temperature, and
from the stretched/shrinking surface with activation energy concentration fields are free from the z coordinate. The con-
and binary chemical reaction. The influence of activation stitutive equations in terms of PDE’s via the approximation of
energy on the MHD flow of Carreau nanoliquid with mixed the boundary layer scaling are [7,8,28]
convection and viscous dissipation was examined by Hsiao
[25]. He used an innovative parameters control technique to ∂u ∂v
+ = 0, (1)
endorse the efficiency of economic manufacturing through ∂x ∂y
energy extrusion. Zaib et al. [26] scrutinized the effects of

activation-energy and binary-chemical reaction on nonlinear ∂u ∂u nf ∂2 u nf B2
radiative flow containing Casson nanoliquid through a plate u +v + − = (U − u) , (2)
∂x ∂y nf ∂y2 nf
embedded in the permeable medium. Recently, Javed et al. [27]
conferred the impact of MHD on radiative stagnation-point
flow with activation-energy and binary-reaction with erratic ∂w ∂w nf ∂2 w nf B2
u +v + − = (w0 − w) , (3)
variable thickness. ∂x ∂y nf ∂y2 nf
A review of the literature reveals that no one yet discussed
this type of model. Therefore, we are examining the impact ∂T ∂T ∂2 T 1 ∂qr
of activation energy on cross-flow with streamwise direction u +v − ˛nf 2 = − , (4)
∂x ∂y ∂y (cp )nf ∂y
involving titanium alloy nanoparticle with nonlinear radia-
tion. This investigates added a novel approach for scientists n
∂C ∂C ∂2 C T Ea
and researchers to find out the nanofluid characteristics. The u +v = Dnf 2 − k2r e− T (C − C∞ ) , (5)
resultant model is solved numerically via bvp4c. The influ- ∂x ∂y ∂y T∞
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along boundary conditions are f s
2.5
+ (1 − ) + ff
(1 − ) f
u + U = 0, v − v0 = 0, w − 0 = 0, T − Tw = 0, C − Cw = 0 aty = 0,
(6) ⎡ ⎤
s
u − U → 0, w − w0 → 0, T − T∞ → 0, C − C∞ → 0 asy → ∞. 3 1− f
+ M ⎣1 − ⎦ (1 − f ) = 0, (10)
s s
where the components of velocity are (u, v, w) that run f −1 − f +2
along x−, y−, and z− axes, respectively, T and C are the
temperature and concentration of nanofluid respectively,
k2r (T/T∞ )n exp (−Ea /T) the Arrhenius function with Boltz-
g s
mann constant, k2r constant of chemical reaction, and n rate
2.5
+ (1 − ) + fg
(1 − ) f
of a fitted constant that lies b/w −1 < n < 1.
Thermophysical properties are described as [28] ⎡ ⎤
s
3 1− f
+ M ⎣1 − ⎦ (1 − g) = 0, (11)
(cp )nf = (cp )s − ( − 1) (cp )f , ˛nf (cp )nf = knf , s
−1 − s
+2
f f

knf ks + 2kf + 2 ks − kf
nf (1 − )2.5 = f , = , nf
kf ks + 2kf − ks − kf
2kf + ks + 2 ks − kf
= s − ( − 1) f , (7)
3Rd + 4( (w − 1) + 1) 3
2kf + ks − ks − kf
⎡ ⎤
s
3 1− (cp )s
nf ⎢ f ⎥ − 3Rd Pr ( − 1) − f + 12 (w − 1) ( (w − 1) + 1)2
= ⎢1 − ⎥ (cp )f
f ⎣ s s ⎦ , Dnf = (1 − ) Df .
+2 + 1−
( ) = 0,
2
f f (12)
where stands for the volume fraction of nanoparticle, (cp )nf

heat effective capacity, ˛nf the thermal diffusivity, nf thermal −E
diffusivity, knf thermal conductivity with ks designates ther- (1 − ) + Scf − ˇSc(1 + ı)n exp = 0, (13)
1 + ı
mal conductivity of nanoliquid and kf thermal conductivity of
the base liquid, nf density of nanoliquid with the s density The converted subject conditions are
of nanoliquid, f density of base liquid, nf electric conductiv-
ity of nanoliquid with s electric conductivity of nanoparticle
f (0) − S = 0, f (0) − = 0, g(0) = 0, (0) − 1 = 0, (0) − 1 = 0,
and f electric conductivity of base fluid, Dnf mass diffusivity (14)
f (∞) − 1 → 0, g(∞) − 1 → 0, (∞) → 0, (∞) → 0.
of the nanoliquid and Df mass diffusivity of the base liquid.
We implement the approximation of Rosseland diffusion
In above equations, Rd radiation parameter, M magnetic
[29] for qr (radiatve heat flux) as we presume that the boundary
parameter, Pr Prandtl number, activation parameter E, reac-
layer is optically thick and is expressed as
tion rate ˇ, temperature difference parameter ı are defined as
T 3 ∂T
qr + 16 ∗ = 0. (8)
3k∗ ∂y k∗ kf f B20 xU f Ea
Rd = ,M = , Rex = , Pr = ,E = ,
4 ∗ T∞
3 f U f ˛f kT∞
where ∗ and k∗ designate for Stefan-Boltzmann constant and
coefficient of Rosseland mean spectral absorption, respec-
tively. Rex f k2r Tw − T∞
ˇ=2 ,ı = .
By defining the similarity transformation [7,8]: U2 T∞

U
=y , = 2xU f f (
) , u = Uf (
) , w = w0 g (
) , 2.1. Skin friction
2x f

U f T∞ − T C∞ − C Coefficients of skin friction over the stream-wise Cfx in the x−
v=− (f (
) −
f (
)) , (
) = , (
) = . direction and cross-flow Cfz in the z− direction are written as
2x T∞ − Tw C∞ − Cw
(9) [30]
∂u
nf ∂y y=0 f (0)
Cfx = = √ ,
We assign the non-dimensional temperature as with T − f U2 2Rex (1 − )2.5
T∞ [1 + (w − 1) ] = 0, w = (Tw /T∞ ) > 1 called the ratio of tem-
perature. ∂w
nf
Putting Eq. (9) into (2)-(5) and using the expressions (7) ∂y y=0 g (0)
Cfz = = √ .
and (8). The governing ordinary differential equations become f W02 2Rex (W0 /U) (1 − )2.5
as:
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Table 1 – Thermophysical properties of base fluid and

Ti6 Al4 V.
Material Water Ti6 Al4 V
Cp(J/kgK) 4179 0.56

kg/m3 997.1 4420
k (W/mK) 0.613 7.2
(S/m) 0.005 5.8 × 105
Pr 6.2 –
2.2. Nusselt number
The local Nusselt number in dimensionless form is written as

[30]

x −k ∂T
∂y knf /kf (0)
y=0
Nux = =− √ . Fig. 2 – Impact of S on (2Rex )
1/2
Cfx .
kf (Tw − T∞ ) 2Rex
2.3. Sherwood number
The local Sherwood number in dimensionless form is written

as [28]

x − ∂C
∂y y=0 (0)
Shx = =− √ .
Df (Cw − C∞ ) (1 − ) 2Rex
where Rex = xU/ f called Reynolds number.
3. Results and Discussion
The nonlinear problem in terms of Partial differential equa-

tions (PDE) Eqs. [2–5] is transformed into nonlinear Ordinary
differential equations (ODE) Eqs. [10–13] with pertinent restric-
tions Eq. [14] is unraveled by using bvp4c package from Matlab.
For computational purposes, the fixed parameters through-
out the study are considered as the following S = 1, M =
0.1, ı = ˇ = E = Sc = w = 0.5, n = 0.4, = 0.01 and = 0.1. The Fig. 3 – Impact of S on (2Rex )
1/2
Cfz .
(Pr) Prandtl number for the water is set as Pr = 6.2 and the
nanoparticles volume fraction is lying in the range of 0 ≤ < 1
in which the regular viscous fluid is occurred at = 0 and had
studied by Oztop and Abu-Nada [31]. The numerical analysis
for obtaining dual solutions is performed to study the MHD
effect on a nonlinear radiative nanofluid flow such that the
nanofluid is made of Ti6 Al4 V nanoparticles and water. Acti-
vation energy with binary chemical reaction is also explored
through the stream or secondary wise and cross flow. The dual
results are obtained and plotted in different graphs. During
the numerical simulations, the thermophysical characteris-
tics of base fluid water and nanoparticle Ti6 Al4 V are displayed
in Table 1.
Fig. 2, is plotted for the skin friction coefficient along the
x-axis (2Rex )1/2 Cfx against the stretching and the shrinking
parameters for changed values of S (suction parameter).
Clearly note that green lines show the first solution and red
lines show the second solution whereas the red dotted circles
show the critical values where the two solutions change their
behavior. The critical values are obtained in Figs. 2–5 against
1/2
(c = 0.58170, 1.08099, 1.71300) for the coefficient of skin fric- Fig. 4 – Impact of S on (2Rex ) Nux .
tions, the local Nusselt number and the Sherwood number
for the following choices of S = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, respectively. It is
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1/2
Fig. 5 – Impact of S on (2Rex ) Shx .
1/2
Fig. 6 – Impact of M on (2Rex ) Cfx .
detected from Fig. 2, that both solutions (first solution and as

well as second solution) boost up with increasing S. It is also
worthy to note that in the stretching case ( > 0) the coefficient
of skin-friction is larger than that observed for the shrinking
case ( < 0). A similar behavior (Like Fig.2) is observed in Fig. 3
which is plotted for the skin friction coefficient along z-axis
1/2
(2Rex ) Cfz against (stretching parameter/shrinking param-
eter) for different values ofS. However, the variation in the
first solutions is not as prominent as in Fig. 2. Note that the
subscripts x or z in the local skin friction coefficient show its
direction along x-axis or z-axis. In Fig. 3 different from Fig. 2, it
is perceived that the coefficient of skin-friction in z-direction
shows almost identical values for both the phenomenon of
stretching and shrinking velocities especially for the solution
of the first branch. Indeed, in the second branch, this variation
is noticeable for the stretching and shrinking cases.
The heat transfer rate is computed in terms of the
1/2
(2Rex ) Nux and the rate of mass transfer is computed in terms
of the (2Rex )1/2 Shx against for enormous values of S as shown
in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, respectively. More exactly, Fig. 4 shows a
1/2
decreasing behavior of (2Rex )1/2 Nux for growing values S for Fig. 7 – Impact of M on (2Rex ) Cfz .
both types of solutions (first solution and second solution).
However, this behavior is opposite in Fig. 5, i.e. for decreas-
ing values of the suction parameter S, (2Rex )1/2 Shx decreases. growing the magnetic parameter M values. The variation in
In the argumentations of local Nusselt number and local Sher- the second solution is quite prominent compared to the first
wood number, the situation in terms of stretching & shrinking solution.
velocities is totally different compared to Fig. 2 & 3, i.e. the local The effect of M on the (2Rex )1/2 Nux and (2Rex )1/2 Shx along
heat transfer rate as well as the local mass transfer rate is max- the stretching/shrinking parameter is studied in Figs. 8 and 9,
imum for the case of shrinking velocity than that examined respectively. The critical values against for the enor-
for the case of stretching velocity. mous values of the magnetic parameter are the following
The consequence of the magnetic parameter M against (c = 0.32330, 0.44790, 0.58170) for both the rate of heat and
where the critical values are (c = 0.32330, 0.44790, 0.58170) for mass transfer respectively. One can see the opposite trend of
the local co-efficient of skin-friction along x- and z- direc- these dual solutions in both of these graphs. More exactly, for
tions is highlighted in Figs. 6 and 7. Both cases of stretching larger values of M, the first solution displays a down move-
and shrinking velocities are considered. Fig. 6 elucidates that ment whereas for the second solution uptrend is noticed.
with increasing magnetic parameter, the local skin-friction Furthermore, these graphs illustrated that the local heat and
coefficient grows for both types of solutions (first and sec- mass transfer rates are quite smaller for the first solution as
ond solution). Furthermore, it is observed that (2Rex )1/2 Cfx the compared to the second solution.
1/2
stretching case is higher than the shrinking case. The behavior (2Rex ) Nux along with the changed values of the radi-
in Fig. 7 is quite different, here the (2Rex )1/2 Cfz declines with ation parameter Rd is shown in Fig. 10. It is found that an
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1/2
1/2 Fig. 11 – Impact of w on (2Rex ) Nux .
Fig. 8 – Impact of M on (2Rex ) Nux .
1/2
1/2 Fig. 12 – Impact of E on (2Rex ) Shx .
Fig. 9 – Impact of M on (2Rex ) Shx .
1/2
Fig. 13 – Impact of ı on (2Rex ) Shx .
1/2
Fig. 10 – Impact of Rd on (2Rex ) Nux .
inated that with increasing w the rate of local heat transfer

increase in Rd causes a decreasing behavior in (2Rex )1/2 Nux for 1/2
(2Rex ) Nux decreases. The next two graphs (Figs. 12 and 13)
both solutions (first solution and second solution). are plotted for showing variations of activation parameter
The effect of the ratio of temperature w = (Tw /T∞ ) > 1 E and temperature difference parameter ı for (2Rex )1/2 Shx
along on the (2Rex )1/2 Nux is examined in Fig. 11. It is orig- both cases of stretching and shrinking velocities. An identi-
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Fig. 16 – Impact of S on g ().

Fig. 14 – Impact of S on f ().
Fig. 17 – Impact of M on g ().

Fig. 15 – Impact of M on f ().
cal behavior is observed in both of these graphs. However, the

mass transfer rate in Fig. 13 is higher as compare to Fig. 12.
Dual solutions of f (
) for three different values of suc-
tion parameter are plotted in Fig. 14. It is found that the first
solution rises with growing values of S, whereas the second
solution decreases for larger values of S. Fig. 15, presented
the behavior of f (
) against
for different values of M, an
opposite trend is noted as compared to Fig. 14. In the first
solution, velocity decreases with increasing M whereas in the
second solution f (
) increases for larger values of M. In phys-
ical sense, a similar behavior was expected as we know that
a boost up the magnetic parameter generates more Lorentz
forces which retard the fluid motion significantly and hence
the velocity profile and the momentum boundary layer thick-
ness decrease with increasing the magnetic parameter.
The effect of the suction parameter S on the f (
) profile in Fig. 18 – Impact of S on ().
z-direction g (
) is shown in Fig. 16. It is initiated that the first
solution upsurges for larger values of S however, this trend
is vice versa for the solution of the second branch i.e. with netic parameter whereas g (
) for the second branch increases
increasing suction parameter, the second solution decreases. for larger change choice of the magnetic parameter.
The next figure (Fig. 17) indicates that g (
) shows a falling Figs. 18 and 19 are plotted in a sequence to expose the
behavior for the first solution for growing values of the mag- behavior of temperature profile (
) for various values of S, the
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Fig. 19 – Impact of M on ().

Fig. 21 – Impact of M on ().
Fig. 20 – Impact of S on ().
Fig. 22 – Impact of ı on ().

suction parameter and M magnetic parameter, respectively.
More exactly, it is examined from Fig. 18 that increasing S, the
temperature growth for the first solution, however, this trend
is opposite for the second solution that temperature profile
decreases with increasing S. Fig. 19, on the other hand, demon-
strates that temperature profile increases for the first branch
with an increasing magnetic parameter whereas decreases the
second branch as the magnetic parameter is increased.
Figs. 20 and 21 are prepared in order to highlight the reas-
surance of S and M on the concentration profile of nanofluid.
The aforementioned from Fig. 20 that the dual solutions show
a declining behavior with growing values of S. Fig. 21 indicates
that the impact of the magnetic parameter on the concen-
tration profile of nanofluid is opposite for the upper branch
compares to the lower branch results. More exactly, the first
solution of the concentration field boosts up with the growing
effect of the magnetic parameter whereas the second solution
of the concentration field decreases with increasing magnetic
parameter.
Figs. 22 and 23 are prepared to show the effect of ı and Sc on Fig. 23 – Impact of Sc on ().
(
), respectively. Further, observed in Fig. 22 that in the first
solution nanofluid concentration enhances with increasing ı,
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Fig. 24 – Impact of ˇ on (). Fig. 26 – Impact of on g ().

Fig. 25 – Impact of on f ().
Fig. 27 – Impact of on ().

however, this nanofluid concentration decreases with increas-
ing ı. Fig. 23 shows that the nanofluid concentration decreases
for the dual solutions when the Schmidt number increases.
Fig. 24 depicts the effects of ˇ on (
). A decreasing behav-
ior is shown by nanofluid concentration ˇ on (
) for both
the first and second solutions. More exactly, it is noted that
the nanofluid concentration reduces when ˇ is increased. The
nanoparticle volume fraction is depicted in Figs. 25, 26 and 28
that both branches’ solutions for the velocity and concentra-
tion were decreases due to increase the value of . While an
opposite behavior is observed against the temperature distri-
bution which is shown in Fig. 27.
4. Conclusions
In this present work, we have incorporated the 3D boundary

layer flow of nanofluid along with the stream or secondary
wise and cross-flow directions. We have discussed more and
analyzed the rate of heat transfer and mass transfer differ- Fig. 28 – Impact of on ().
ence in the base fluid (water) by combining the titanium alloy
nanoparticle (Ti6 Al4 V). Further, the activation energy, binary
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JMRTEC-1021; No.

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

Activation energy on MHD flow of titanium alloy

Umair Khan a , A. Zaib b , Ilyas Khan c,∗ , Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar d

ary showing the curvature of the streamlines varies through

discovered in several circumstances in mechanical engineer-

entropy generation on MHD nanofluid comprising titanium

alloy and aluminum nanoparticles through micro-channels

where  stands for the volume fraction of nanoparticle, (cp )nf

Table 1 – Thermophysical properties of base fluid and

Cp(J/kgK) 4179 0.56

2.2. Nusselt number

The local Nusselt number in dimensionless form is written as

2.3. Sherwood number

The local Sherwood number in dimensionless form is written

3. Results and Discussion

The nonlinear problem in terms of Partial differential equa-

detected from Fig. 2, that both solutions (first solution and as

inated that with increasing w the rate of local heat transfer

Fig. 16 – Impact of S on g ().

Fig. 17 – Impact of M on g ().

cal behavior is observed in both of these graphs. However, the

Fig. 19 – Impact of M on ().

Fig. 20 – Impact of S on ().

Fig. 22 – Impact of ı on ().

Fig. 24 – Impact of ˇ on (). Fig. 26 – Impact of  on g ().

Fig. 27 – Impact of  on ().

In this present work, we have incorporated the 3D boundary

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where stands for the volume fraction of nanoparticle, (cp )nf

Cp(J/kgK) 4179 0.56

inated that with increasing w the rate of local heat transfer

Fig. 24 – Impact of ˇ on (). Fig. 26 – Impact of on g ().

Fig. 27 – Impact of on ().