Anwar Sadat

Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat (/səˈdæt/, also UK: /sæˈdæt/, US: /səˈdɑːt/;[2][3][4]

Muhammad Anwar el-
Arabic: ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ أﻧﻮر اﻟﺴﺎدات‬, romanized: Muḥammad ʾAnwar as-Sādāt, Egyptian
Sadat
Arabic: [mæˈħæmmæd ˈʔɑnwɑɾ essæˈdæːt]; 25 December 1918 – 6 October
1981) was the third President of Egypt, serving from 15 October 1970 until his ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ أﻧﻮر اﻟﺴﺎدات‬
assassination by fundamentalist army officers on 6 October 1981. Sadat was a
senior member of the Free Officers who overthrew King Farouk in the Egyptian
Revolution of 1952, and a close confidant of President Gamal Abdel Nasser,
under whom he served as Vice President twice and whom he succeeded as
President in 1970.

In his eleven years as president, he changed Egypt's trajectory, departing from

many of the political and economic tenets of Nasserism, re-instituting a multi-
party system, and launching the Infitah economic policy. As President, he led
Egypt in the Yom Kippur War of 1973 to regain Egypt's Sinai Peninsula, which
Israel had occupied since the Six-Day War of 1967, making him a hero in Egypt
and, for a time, the wider Arab World. Afterwards, he engaged in negotiations
with Israel, culminating in the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty; this won him and
Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin the Nobel Peace Prize, making Sadat
the first Muslim Nobel laureate. Although reaction to the treaty—which resulted
in the return of Sinai to Egypt—was generally favorable among Egyptians,[5] it
was rejected by the country's Muslim Brotherhood and the left, which felt Sadat Anwar Sadat in 1980
had abandoned efforts to ensure a Palestinian state.[5] With the exception of 3rd President of Egypt
Sudan, the Arab world and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) strongly In office
opposed Sadat's efforts to make a separate peace with Israel without prior 15 October 1970 – 6 October 1981
consultations with the Arab states.[5] His refusal to reconcile with them over the Acting: 28 September 1970 – 15 October
Palestinian issue resulted in Egypt being suspended from the Arab League from 1970
1979 to 1989.[6][7][8][9] The peace treaty was also one of the primary factors that
Prime Minister See list
led to his assassination; on 6 October 1981, militants led by Khalid Islambouli
Mahmoud Fawzi
opened fire on Sadat with automatic rifles during the 6 October parade in Cairo,
killing him. Aziz Sedki
Himself
Abd El Aziz
Contents Muhammad
Hegazi
Early life and revolutionary activities
Mamdouh Salem
During Nasser's presidency
Mustafa Khalil
Presidency
Corrective Revolution Himself
Yom Kippur War
Vice President See list
Peace with Israel
Relationship with Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran Ali Sabri
Assassination Mahmoud Fawzi
Aftermath
 Media portrayals of Anwar Sadat Hosni Mubarak
Honour
Foreign honour
Preceded by Gamal Abdel
Nasser
Bibliography
Succeeded by Sufi Abu Taleb
See also
(Acting)
References
Prime Minister of Egypt
Further reading
In office
External links
15 May 1980 – 6 October 1981
President Himself
Early life and revolutionary activities Preceded by Mustafa Khalil

Anwar Sadat was born on 25 December 1918 in Mit Abu El Kom, Monufia, Succeeded by Hosni Mubarak
Egypt to a poor Nubian family, one of 13 brothers and sisters.[10] One of his In office
brothers, Atef Sadat, later became a pilot and was killed in action during the 26 March 1973 – 25 September
October War of 1973.[11] His father, Anwar Mohammed El Sadat was an Upper 1974
Egyptian, and his mother, Sit Al-Berain, was Sudanese from her father.[12][13] President Himself

He graduated from the Royal Military Academy in Cairo in 1938[14] and was Preceded by Aziz Sedki
appointed to the Signal Corps. He entered the army as a second lieutenant and Succeeded by Abd El Aziz
was posted to Sudan (Egypt and Sudan were one country at the time). There, he Muhammad
met Gamal Abdel Nasser, and along with several other junior officers they Hegazi
formed the secret Free Officers,[15] a movement committed to freeing Egypt and Vice President of Egypt
Sudan from British domination, and royal corruption.
In office
During the Second World War he was imprisoned by the British for his efforts to
19 December 1969 – 14 October
obtain help from the Axis Powers in expelling the occupying British forces.
1970
Anwar Sadat was active in many political movements, including the Muslim President Gamal Abdel
Brotherhood, the fascist Young Egypt, the pro-palace Iron Guard of Egypt, and Nasser
the secret military group called the Free Officers.[16] Along with his fellow Free Preceded by Hussein el-Shafei
Officers, Sadat participated in the military coup that launched the Egyptian
Succeeded by Ali Sabri
Revolution of 1952, which overthrew King Farouk on 23 July of that year. Sadat
In office
was assigned to announce the news of the revolution to the Egyptian people over
17 February 1964 – 26 March 1964
the radio networks.
President Gamal Abdel
Nasser
During Nasser's presidency
Preceded by Hussein el-Shafei
During the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat was appointed minister of
Succeeded by Zakaria Mohieddin
State in 1954. He was also appointed editor of the newly founded daily Al
Speaker of the National Assembly
Gomhuria.[17] In 1959, he assumed the position of Secretary to the National
of Egypt
Union. Sadat was the President of the National Assembly (1960–1968) and then
In office
vice president and member of the presidential council in 1964. He was
21 July 1960 – 20 January 1969
reappointed as vice president again in December 1969.
President Gamal Abdel
Nasser
Presidency Preceded by Abdel Latif
Boghdadi
Succeeded by Mohamed Labib
Some of the major events of Sadat's presidency were his "Corrective Revolution" Skokeir
to consolidate power, the break with Egypt's long-time ally and aid-giver the Personal details
USSR, the 1973 October War with Israel, the Camp David peace treaty with
Born 25 December
Israel, the "opening up" (or Infitah) of Egypt's economy, and lastly his
1918
assassination in 1981.
Monufia, Sultanate
Sadat succeeded Nasser as president after the latter's death in October 1970.[18] of Egypt
Sadat's presidency was widely expected to be short-lived.[19] Viewing him as Died 6 October 1981
having been little more than a puppet of the former president, Nasser's supporters (aged 62)
in government settled on Sadat as someone they could manipulate easily. Sadat Cairo, Egypt
surprised everyone with a series of astute political moves by which he was able
Nationality Egyptian
to retain the presidency and emerge as a leader in his own right.[20] On 15 May
Political party National
1971,[21] Sadat announced his Corrective Revolution, purging the government,
Democratic Party
political and security establishments of the most ardent Nasserists. Sadat
encouraged the emergence of an Islamist movement, which had been suppressed Other political Arab Socialist
by Nasser. Believing Islamists to be socially conservative he gave them affiliations Union
"considerable cultural and ideological autonomy" in exchange for political Spouse(s) Eqbal Afifi
support.[22] (Madi)[1]

In 1971, three years into the War of Attrition in the Suez Canal zone, Sadat
Jehan Sadat
endorsed in a letter the peace proposals of UN negotiator Gunnar Jarring, which Children 7
seemed to lead to a full peace with Israel on the basis of Israel's withdrawal to its Alma mater University of
pre-war borders. This peace initiative failed as neither Israel nor the United Alexandria
States of America accepted the terms as discussed then.
Signature

Corrective Revolution
Shortly after taking office, Sadat shocked many Egyptians by dismissing and
Military service
imprisoning two of the most powerful figures in the regime, Vice President Ali
Sabri, who had close ties with Soviet officials, and Sharawy Gomaa, the Interior Allegiance Egypt
Minister, who controlled the secret police.[19] Sadat's rising popularity would Branch/service Egyptian Army
accelerate after he cut back the powers of the hated secret police,[19] expelled
Years of 1938–1952
Soviet military from the country and reformed the Egyptian army for a renewed
service
confrontation with Israel.[19]
Rank
Colonel
Yom Kippur War
On 6 October 1973, in conjunction with Hafez al-Assad of Syria, Sadat launched
the October War, also known as the Yom Kippur War (and less commonly as the Ramadan War), a surprise attack against the
Israeli forces occupying the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula,[23] and the Syrian Golan Heights in an attempt to retake these respective
Egyptian and Syrian territories that had been occupied by Israel since the Six Day War six years earlier. The Egyptian and Syrian
performance in the initial stages of the war astonished both Israel, and the Arab World. The most striking achievement (Operation
Badr, also known as The Crossing) was the Egyptian military's advance approximately 15 km into the occupied Sinai Peninsula
after penetrating and largely destroying the Bar Lev Line. This line was popularly thought to have been an impregnable defensive
chain.

As the war progressed, three divisions of the Israeli army led by General Ariel Sharon had crossed the Suez Canal, trying to
encircle first the Egyptian Second Army. Although this failed, prompted by an agreement between the United States of America
and the Soviet Union, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 338 on 22 October 1973, calling for an immediate
ceasefire.[24] Although agreed upon, the ceasefire was immediately broken.[25]
Alexei Kosygin, the Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, cancelled an
official meeting with Danish Prime Minister Anker Jørgensen to travel to Egypt
where he tried to persuade Sadat to sign a peace treaty. During Kosygin's two-
day long stay it is unknown if he and Sadat ever met in person.[26] The Israeli
military then continued their drive to encircle the Egyptian army. The
encirclement was completed on 24 October, three days after the ceasefire was
broken. This development prompted superpower tension, but a second ceasefire Top Egyptian leaders in Alexandria,
was imposed cooperatively on 25 October to end the war. At the conclusion of 1968. From left to right: Gamal Abdel
hostilities, Israeli forces were 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Damascus and 101 Nasser, Sadat, Ali Sabri and Hussein
kilometres (63 mi) from Cairo.[27] el-Shafei

Peace with Israel

The initial Egyptian and Syrian victories in the war restored popular morale
throughout Egypt and the Arab World and, for many years after, Sadat was
known as the "Hero of the Crossing". Israel recognized Egypt as a formidable
foe, and Egypt's renewed political significance eventually led to regaining and
reopening the Suez Canal through the peace process. His new peace policy led to
the conclusion of two agreements on disengagement of forces with the Israeli
government. The first of these agreements was signed on 18 January 1974, and
Play media
the second on 4 September 1975.
1972 Echo newsreel about the early
Sadat years
One major aspect of Sadat's peace policy was to gain some religious support for
his efforts. Already during his visit to the US in October–November 1975, he
invited Evangelical pastor Billy Graham for an official visit, which was held a External audio
few days after Sadat's visit.[29] In addition to cultivating relations with
National Press Club Luncheon
Evangelical Christians in the US, he also built some cooperation with the
Speakers (https://www.loc.gov/rr/rec
Vatican. On 8 April 1976, he visited the Vatican for the first time, and got a
ord/pressclub/sadat.html) Anwar
message of support from Pope Paul VI regarding achieving peace with Israel,
Sadat, 6 February 1978, National
to include a just solution to the Palestinian issue.[30] Sadat, on his part,
Press Club. Speech begins at
extended to the Pope a public invitation to visit Cairo.[31]
7:31[28]
Sadat also used the media to promote his purposes. In an interview he gave to
the Lebanese paper El Hawadeth in early February 1976, he claimed he had secret commitment from the US government to put
pressure on the Israeli government for a major withdrawal in Sinai and the Golan Heights.[32] This statement caused some
concern to the Israeli government, but Kissinger denied such a promise was ever made.[33]

In January 1977, a series of 'Bread Riots' protested Sadat's economic liberalization and specifically a government decree lifting
price controls on basic necessities like bread. The riots lasted for two days and included hundreds of thousands in Cairo. 120
buses and hundreds of buildings were destroyed in Cairo alone.[34] The riots ended with the deployment of the army and the re-
institution of the subsidies/price controls.[35][36] During this time, Sadat was also taking a new approach towards improving
relations with the West.[19]

The United States and the Soviet Union agreed on 1 October 1977, on principles to govern a Geneva conference on the Middle
East.[19] Syria continued to resist such a conference.[19] Not wanting either Syria or the Soviet Union to influence the peace
process, Sadat decided to take more progressive stance towards building a comprehensive peace agreement with Israel.[19]
On 19 November 1977, Sadat became the first Arab leader to visit Israel officially when he met with Israeli Prime Minister
Menachem Begin, and spoke before the Knesset in Jerusalem about his views on how to achieve a comprehensive peace to the
Arab–Israeli conflict, which included the full implementation of UN Resolutions 242 and 338. He said during his visit that he
hopes "that we can keep the momentum in Geneva, and may God guide the steps of Premier Begin and Knesset, because there is
a great need for hard and drastic decision".[37]

The Peace treaty was finally signed by Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister
Menachem Begin in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979,
following the Camp David Accords (1978), a series of meetings between Egypt
and Israel facilitated by US President Jimmy Carter. Both Sadat and Begin were
awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for creating the treaty. In his acceptance speech,
Sadat referred to the long-awaited peace desired by both Arabs and Israelis:

Let us put an end to wars, let us reshape life on the solid basis of
Sadat (left) shaking hands with
equity and truth. And it is this call, which reflected the will of the
Israeli Defense Minister Ezer
Egyptian people, of the great majority of the Arab and Israeli
Weizman, 1978
peoples, and indeed of millions of men, women, and children
around the world that you are today honoring. And these
hundreds of millions will judge to what extent every responsible
leader in the Middle East has responded to the hopes of
mankind.[38]

The main features of the agreement were the mutual recognition of each country
by the other, the cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948
Arab–Israeli War, and the complete withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and
civilians from the rest of the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during President Anwar Sadat and Israeli
the 1967 Six-Day War. Prime Minister Menachem Begin
acknowledge applause during joint
The agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through the session of Congress in Washington,
Suez Canal and recognition of the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as D.C., during which President Jimmy
Carter announced the results of the
international waterways. The agreement notably made Egypt the first Arab
Camp David Accords, 18 September
country to officially recognize Israel. The peace agreement between Egypt and 1978
Israel has remained in effect since the treaty was signed.

The treaty was extremely unpopular in most of the Arab World and the wider
Muslim World.[39] His predecessor Nasser had made Egypt an icon of Arab
nationalism, an ideology that appeared to be sidelined by an Egyptian orientation
following the 1973 war (see Egypt). The neighboring Arab countries believed
that in signing the accords, Sadat had put Egypt's interests ahead of Arab unity,
betraying Nasser's pan-Arabism, and destroyed the vision of a united "Arab
front" for the support of the Palestinians against the "Zionist Entity". However,
Sadat decided early on that peace was the solution.[19][40] Sadat's shift towards a
strategic relationship with the US was also seen as a betrayal by many Arabs. In President Jimmy Carter shaking
hands with Sadat and Israeli Prime
the United States his peace moves gained him popularity among some
Minister Menachem Begin at the
Evangelical circles. He was awarded the Prince of Peace Award by Pat
signing of the Egyptian–Israeli Peace
Robertson.[41] Treaty on the grounds of the White
House, 1979
In 1979, the Arab League suspended Egypt in the wake of the Egyptian–
Israel peace agreement, and the League moved its headquarters from Cairo
to Tunis. Arab League member states believed in the elimination of the
"Zionist Entity" and Israel at that time. It was not until 1989 that the
League re-admitted Egypt as a member, and returned its headquarters to
Cairo. As part of the peace deal, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula
in phases, completing its withdrawal from the entire territory except the
town of Taba by 25 April 1982 (withdrawal from which did not occur until
President Sadat with U.S. Senator Joe
1989).[19] The improved relations Egypt gained with the West through the Biden (left), and U.S. Senator Frank
Camp David Accords soon gave the country resilient economic growth.[19] Church (center), at Camp David, 1979.
By 1980, however, Egypt's strained relations with the Arab World would
result in a period of rapid inflation.[19]

Relationship with Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran

The relationship between Iran and Egypt had fallen into open hostility during Gamal
Abdel Nasser's presidency. Following his death in 1970, President Sadat turned this
around quickly into an open and close friendship.

In 1971, Sadat addressed the Iranian parliament in Tehran in fluent Persian,

describing the 2,500-year-old historic connection between the two lands.

Queen Farah Diba, President

Overnight, the Egyptian and Iranian governments were turned from bitter enemies
Anwar Sadat and Shah
into fast friends. The relationship between Cairo and Tehran became so friendly that
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in
the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, called Sadat his "dear brother". Tehran in 1975

After the 1973 war with Israel, Iran assumed a leading role in cleaning up and
reactivating the blocked Suez Canal with heavy investment. The country also facilitated the withdrawal of Israel from the
occupied Sinai Peninsula by promising to substitute the loss of the oil to the Israelis with free Iranian oil if they withdrew from
the Egyptian oil wells in western Sinai.

All these added more to the personal friendship between Sadat and the Shah of Iran. (The Shah's first wife was Princess Fawzia
of Egypt. She was the eldest daughter of Sultan Fuad I of Egypt and Sudan (later King Fuad I) and his second wife Nazli Sabri.)

After his overthrow, the deposed Shah spent the last months of his life in exile in Egypt. When the Shah died, Sadat ordered that
he be given a state funeral and be interred at the Al-Rifa'i Mosque in Cairo, the resting place of Egyptian Khedive Isma'il Pasha,
his mother Khushyar Hanim, and numerous other members of the royal family of Egypt and Sudan.[42]

Assassination
The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising.[19] Sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was
incited by domestic issues, believing that the Soviet Union was recruiting its regional allies in Libya and Syria to incite an
uprising that would eventually force him out of power.[19] Following a failed military coup in June 1981, Sadat ordered a major
crackdown that resulted in the arrest of numerous opposition figures.[19] Although Sadat still maintained high levels of popularity
in Egypt,[19] it has been said that he was assassinated "at the peak" of his unpopularity.[43]

Earlier in his presidency, Islamists had benefited from the 'rectification revolution' and the release from prison of activists jailed
under Nasser.[21] But Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel enraged Islamists, particularly the radical Egyptian Islamic Jihad. According
to interviews and information gathered by journalist Lawrence Wright, the group was recruiting military officers and
accumulating weapons, waiting for the right moment to launch "a complete overthrow of the existing order" in Egypt. Chief
strategist of El-Jihad was Abbud al-Zumar, a colonel in the military intelligence whose "plan was to kill the main leaders of the
country, capture the headquarters of the army and State Security, the telephone exchange building, and of course the radio and
television building, where news of the Islamic revolution would then be broadcast, unleashing—he expected—a popular uprising
against secular authority all over the country".[44]

In February 1981, Egyptian authorities were alerted to El-Jihad's plan by the arrest of an operative carrying crucial information.
In September, Sadat ordered a highly unpopular roundup of more than 1,500 people, including many Jihad members, but also the
Coptic Pope and other Coptic clergy, intellectuals and activists of all ideological stripes.[45] All non-government press was
banned as well.[46] The round up missed a Jihad cell in the military led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli, who would succeed in
assassinating Anwar Sadat that October.[47]

According to Tala'at Qasim, ex-head of the Gama'a Islamiyya interviewed in Middle East Report, it was not Islamic Jihad but his
organization, known in English as the "Islamic Group", that organized the assassination and recruited the assassin (Islambouli).
Members of the Group's 'Majlis el-Shura' ('Consultative Council') – headed by the famed 'blind shaykh' – were arrested two
weeks before the killing, but they did not disclose the existing plans and Islambouli succeeded in assassinating Sadat.[48]

On 6 October 1981, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate Egypt's crossing of the
Suez Canal.[49] Islambouli emptied his assault rifle into Sadat's body while in the front of the grandstand, mortally wounding the
President. In addition to Sadat, eleven others were killed, including the Cuban ambassador, an Omani general, a Coptic Orthodox
bishop and Samir Helmy, the head of Egypt's Central Auditing Agency (CAA).[50][51] Twenty-eight were wounded, including
Vice President Hosni Mubarak, Irish Defence Minister James Tully, and four US military liaison officers.

The assassination squad was led by Lieutenant Khalid Islambouli after a fatwā approving the assassination had been obtained
from Omar Abdel-Rahman.[52] Islambouli was tried, found guilty, sentenced to death, and executed by firing squad in April
1982.

Aftermath
Sadat was succeeded by his vice president Hosni Mubarak, whose hand was injured during the attack. Sadat's funeral was
attended by a record number of dignitaries from around the world, including a rare simultaneous attendance by three former US
presidents: Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Richard Nixon. Sudan's President Gaafar Nimeiry was the only Arab head of state to
attend the funeral. Only 3 of 24 states in the Arab League—Oman, Somalia and Sudan—sent representatives at all.[53] Israel's
prime minister, Menachem Begin, considered Sadat a personal friend and insisted on attending the funeral, walking throughout
the funeral procession so as not to desecrate the Sabbath.[54] Sadat was buried in the unknown soldier memorial in Cairo, across
the street from the stand where he was assassinated.

Over three hundred Islamic radicals were indicted in the trial of assassin Khalid Islambouli, including future al-Qaeda leader
Ayman al-Zawahiri, Omar Abdel-Rahman, and Abd al-Hamid Kishk. The trial was covered by the international press and
Zawahiri's knowledge of English made him the de facto spokesman for the defendants. Zawahiri was released from prison in
1984. Abboud al-Zomor and Tareq al-Zomor, two Islamic Jihad leaders imprisoned in connection with the assassination, were
released on 11 March 2011.[55]

Despite these facts, the nephew of the late president, Talaat Sadat, claimed that the assassination was an international conspiracy.
On 31 October 2006, he was sentenced to a year in prison for defaming Egypt's armed forces, less than a month after he gave the
interview accusing Egyptian generals of masterminding his uncle's assassination. In an interview with a Saudi television channel,
he also claimed both the United States and Israel were involved: "No one from the special personal protection group of the late
president fired a single shot during the killing, and not one of them has been put on trial," he said.[56]

Media portrayals of Anwar Sadat

In 1983, Sadat, a miniseries based on the life of Anwar Sadat, aired on US television
with Oscar-winning actor Louis Gossett, Jr. in the title role. The film was promptly
banned by the Egyptian government, as were all other movies produced and
distributed by Columbia Pictures, over allegations of historical inaccuracies. A civil
lawsuit was brought by Egypt's artists' and film unions against Columbia Pictures
and the film's directors, producers and scriptwriters before a court in Cairo, but was
dismissed, since the alleged slanders, having taken place outside the country, fell
outside the Egyptian courts' jurisdiction.[57]

The film was critically acclaimed in North America, but was unpopular among
Egyptians and in the Egyptian press. Western authors attributed the film's poor
Yuri Gagarin with Sadat and
reception in Egypt to racism – Gossett being African-American – in the Egyptian Gamal Abdel Nasser in Cairo,
government or Egypt in general.[58] Either way, one Western source wrote that 1962
Sadat's portrayal by Gossett "bothered race-conscious Egyptians and wouldn't have
pleased [the deceased] Sadat," who identified as Egyptian and Northeast African, not
black.[59] The two-part series earned Gossett an Emmy nomination in the United States.

He was portrayed by Robert Loggia in the 1982 television movie A Woman Called Golda, opposite Ingrid Bergman as Golda
Meir.

The first Egyptian depiction of Sadat's life came in 2001, when Ayyam El Sadat (English: Days of Sadat) was released in
Egyptian cinemas. This movie, by contrast, was a major success in Egypt, and was hailed as Ahmed Zaki's greatest performance
to date.[60]

The young Sadat is a major character in Ken Follett's thriller The Key to Rebecca, taking place in World War II Cairo. Sadat, at
the time a young officer in the Egyptian Army and involved in anti-British revolutionary activities, is presented quite
sympathetically; his willingness to cooperate with German spies is clearly shown to derive from his wish to find allies against
British domination of his country, rather than from support of Nazi ideology. Some of the scenes in the book, such as Sadat's
arrest by the British, closely follow the information provided in Sadat's own autobiography.

Sadat was a recurring character on Saturday Night Live, played by Garrett Morris, who bore a resemblance to Sadat.

Honour

Foreign honour
Malaysia: Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (1965)[61]
United States: Congressional Gold Medal (2018)[62]

Bibliography
Sadat, Anwar (1954). ‫( ﻗﺼﺔ اﻟﺜﻮرة ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬The Full Story of the Revolution) (in Arabic). Cairo: Dar el-Hilal.
OCLC 23485697 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23485697).
Sadat, Anwar (1955). ‫( ﺻﻔﺤﺎت ﻣﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬Unknown Pages of the Revolution) (in Arabic). Cairo: ‫دار اﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻊ‬
‫واﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬،. OCLC 10739895 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10739895).
Sadat, Anwar (1957). Revolt on the Nile. New York: J. Day Co. OCLC 1226176 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12
26176).
Sadat, Anwar (1958). Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal – Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat. Beirut: Maktabat al-ʻIrfān.
OCLC 27919901 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27919901).
Sadat, Anwar (1978). In Search of Identity: An Autobiography. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-013742-8.
See also
History of Egypt under Anwar Sadat

References
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Anwar Sadat did not mention aspects in his early life...It was in Mit Abul-Kum that Eqbal Afifi, the woman who
was his wife for ten years and whom he left, was also born. Her family was of higher social standing than
Anwar's, being of Turkish origin..."
2. "Sadat" (https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sadat). Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins.
Retrieved 8 May 2019.
3. "Sadat" (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Sadat) (US) and "Sadat" (https://en.oxforddictionaries.co
m/definition/Sadat). Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
4. "Sādāt" (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/S%C4%81d%C4%81t). Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
Retrieved 8 May 2019.
5. Peace with Israel (http://countrystudies.us/egypt/44.htm)
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7. Vatikiotis, P. J. (1992). The History of Modern Egypt (4th edition ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. p.
443.
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u/thina/TxGetXdoc.asp?IDconv=2848). Textus. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
9. "Egypt and Israel Sign Formal Treaty, Ending a State of War After 30 Years; Sadat and Begin Praise Carter's
Role" (https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0326.html). The New York Times.
10. "Profile: Anwar Sadat The former Egyptian president believed a peace deal with Israel was vital to end wars" (htt
p://www.aljazeera.com/focus/2009/03/20093266460706634.html). Al Jazeera. 25 January 2010. Retrieved
14 May 2013.
11. US diplomatic cable about Atef Sadat's funeral (https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=58045&dt=2474&dl=1
345)
12. C. J. De Wet (2006). Development-induced Displacement: Problems, Policies, and People (https://books.google.
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31 January 2013.
13. Sadat's Wife autobiography (http://www.masress.com/almesryoon/23704)
14. Alagna, Magdalena (2004). Anwar Sadat (https://books.google.com/books?id=9lIOS5DjocIC&pg=PA102&lpg=PA
102&dq=Anwar+sadat+graduated+from+the+Royal+military&q=Anwar%20sadat%20graduated%20from%20th
e%20Royal%20military). The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 9780823944644.
15. Wagner, Heather Lehr (2007). Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin: Negotiating Peace in the Middle East (https://
books.google.com/books?id=X7AQ5URiP2sC&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Anwar+sadat+graduated+from+the+Ro
yal+military&q=Anwar%20sadat%20graduated%20from%20the%20Royal%20military). Infobase Publishing.
ISBN 9781438104409.
16. Jon B. Alterman (April 1998). "Sadat and His Legacy: Egypt and the World, 1977–1997" (http://www.washingtonin
stitute.org/policy-analysis/view/sadat-and-his-legacy-egypt-and-the-world-1977-1997). The Washington Institute.
17. Alterman, Jon B. (1998). "New Media New Politics?" (http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pub
s/PolicyPaper48.pdf) (PDF). The Washington Institute. 48. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
18. "Big 'yes' for Anwar Sadat" (https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=lccyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=h-wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1
767,5177440&dq=anwar+sadat). Ottawa Citizen. Cairo. AP. 16 October 1970. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
19. "Anwar el-Sadat, the Daring Arab Pioneer of Peace with Israel" (https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthis
day/bday/1225.html). The New York Times.
20. "Egypt Corrective Revolution 1971" (http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/c1900s/yr70/fegypt1971a.htm). Onwar.
16 December 2000. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110201042948/http://www.onwar.com/aced/chrono/
c1900s/yr70/fegypt1971a.htm) from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
21. Le prophète et Pharaon by Kepel, p. 74
22. Gilles Kepel, Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, p. 83
23. "The Egyptian Military's Huge Historical Role" (https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/07/130705-egypt
-morsi-government-overthrow-military-revolution-independence-history/). 5 July 2013. Retrieved 20 November
2017.
24. Mary Ann Fay (December 1990). "A Country Study" (http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCI
D+eg0051)). The Library of Congress. pp. Chapter 1, Egypt: The Aftermath of War: October 1973 War. Retrieved
13 February 2008.
25. "Situation report in the Middle East" (http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB98/octwar-59.pdf) (PDF).
Department of State. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
26. Golan, Galia (1990). Soviet Policies in the Middle East: From World War Two to Gorbachev. Cambridge
University Press Archive. p. 89. ISBN 978- 0521358590.
27. Morris, Benny (2001). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1998 (https://books.google.
com/books?id=xC_uIe9G2FYC&dq=Morris+2011+righteous+victims). New York: 1999. ISBN 9780679421207.
Retrieved 6 October 2017.
28. "National Press Club Luncheon Speakers, Anwar Sadat, February 6, 1978" (https://www.loc.gov/rr/record/presscl
ub/sadat.html). National Press Club via Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
29. "Text of diplomatic cable regarding Graham's visit to Egypt (US government website)" (https://aad.archives.gov/a
ad/createpdf?rid=200199&dt=2476&dl=1345). Retrieved 2 February 2011.
30. "Text of Pope's message to Sadat" (http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/speeches/1976/documents/hf_p-vi_
spe_19760408_presidente-egitto_en.html). Vatican. 1976. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
31. "John Anthony Volpe (US Ambassador to Italy), cable describing Sadat's visit to the Vatican" (https://aad.archive
s.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=80873&dt=2082&dl=1345). Retrieved 2 February 2011.
32. "Sadat interview to El Hawadeth" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110112220609/http://sadat.umd.edu/archives/re
marks/AAFX%20Hawadeth2.3.76.pdf.PDF) (PDF). Archived from the original (http://www.sadat.umd.edu/archive
s/remarks/AAFX%20Hawadeth2.3.76.pdf.PDF) (PDF) on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
33. "Telephone conversation between Kissinger and Rabin, February 5, 1976" (http://foia.state.gov/documents/Kissin
ger/0000D748.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2 February 2011.
34. Mary Ann Weaver, Portrait of Egypt, p. 25
35. Olivier, Roy (1994). Failure of Political Islam (https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo/page/56).
Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 56 (https://archive.org/details/failureofpolitic00royo/page/56). ISBN 0-
674-29140-9.
36. Weaver, Mary Ann (1999). Portrait of Egypt (https://archive.org/details/portraitofegyptj00weav/page/25). New
York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 25 (https://archive.org/details/portraitofegyptj00weav/page/25). ISBN 0-374-
23542-2.
37. "Sadat Visits Israel: 1977 Year in Review" (http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Sadat-Visits-Israel/123618
81614363-1/). UPI. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110119105302/http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_R
eview/Sadat-Visits-Israel/12361881614363-1/) from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
38. "Anwar Al-Sadat" (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1978/al-sadat-lecture.html). Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20090209035459/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1978/al-sadat-lectu
re.html) from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
39. Vatikiotis, P.J. (1992). The History of Modern Egypt (Fourth ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. p. 443.
ISBN 0-8018-4214-X.
40. "The Nobel Peace Prize 1978 – Presentation Speech" (http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1978/p
ress.html). Nobel prize. 1978. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
41. "Teaching" (http://www.patrobertson.com/Teaching/patprophecy.asp). Pat Robertson. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20101221080848/http://patrobertson.com/Teaching/patprophecy.asp) from the original on 21
December 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
42. An Ideology of Martyrdom – TIME
43. Le prophète et Pharaon by Kepel, p. 192
44. Wright, 2006, p. 49
45. 'Cracking Down', Time, 14 September 1981
46. Le prophète et Pharaon by Kepel, pp. 103–4
47. Wright, 2006, p. 50
48. For an account that uses this version of events, look at Middle East Report's January–March 1996 issue,
specifically Hisham Mubarak's interview with ? On pages 42–43 Qasim deals specifically with rumors of Jihad
Group involvement in the assassination, and denies them entirely.
49. "1981 Year in Review" (http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1981/Anwar-Sadat-Killed/12311754
163167-5/). UPI. 1981. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
50. "Taher Helmi: Feats of circumstance" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130223041314/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2
005/734/profile.htm). Al Ahram Weekly. 23 March 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013.
Retrieved 23 February 2013.
51. "Taher Helmy's Speech at the AUC Commencement Ceremony 2008" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ys47h
QQ45y0). YouTube. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
52. J. Tyler Dickovick (9 August 2012). Africa 2012 (https://books.google.com/books?id=NdyYjQxd7uEC&pg=PA41).
Stryker Post. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-1-61048-882-2. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
53. Tuhoy, William (11 October 1981). Most of Arab world ignores Sadat funeral (https://news.google.com/newspaper
s?nid=1314&dat=19811011&id=-OgRAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yu4DAAAAIBAJ&pg=7152,4062424). The Spokesman-
Review.
54. Avner, Yehuda (2010-07-24). The Prime Ministers (p. 575). The Toby Press, LLC. Kindle Edition.
55. Egypt Releases Brother of Al Qaeda's No. 2 (https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/world/middleeast/18egypt.htm
l), Liam Stack, The New York Times, 17 March 2011
56. Sadat nephew in court appearance (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/6064146.stm). BBC News. 18
October 2006.
57. Reuters (1984). Suit Over Film 'Sadat' Is Dismissed in Cairo (https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=98
03E2DD1E39F93BA15750C0A962948260) The New York Times Retrieved 7 January 2009.
58. Benjamin P. Bowser, Racism and Anti-Racism in World Perspective (Sage Series on Race and Ethnic Relations,
Volume 13), (Sage Publications, Inc: 1995), p. 108
Upset by 'Sadat,' Egypt Bars Columbia Films (https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40F1FF63C5F0
C718CDDAB0894DC484D81)
59. Walter M. Ulloth, Dana Brasch, The Press and the State: Sociohistorical and Contemporary Studies, (University
Press of America: 1987), p. 483
60. Adel Darwish (31 March 2005). "Ahmed Zaki: 'Black Tiger' of Egyptian film" (http://www.mideastnews.com/Zakiob
it.htm). The Middle East Internet News Network. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
61. "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1965" (http://www.istiadat.
gov.my/v8/images/stories/1965.pdf) (PDF).
62. http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/61941/Trump-signs-law-honoring-Anwar-Sadat

Further reading
Avner, Yehuda (2010). The Prime Ministers: An Intimate Narrative of Israeli Leadership. The Toby Press.
ISBN 978-1-59264-278-6.
Eidelberg, Paul (1979). Sadat's Strategy. Dollard des Ormeaux: Dawn Books. ISBN 0-9690001-0-3.
Haykal, Muhammad Hasanayn (1982). Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat (https://archive.org/details/au
tumnoffury00muha). Wm Collins & Sons & Co. ISBN 0-394-53136-1.
 Hurwitz, Harry; Medad, Yisrael (2010). Peace in the Making. Gefen Publishing House. ISBN 978-965-229-456-2.
Meital, Yoram (1997). Egypt's Struggle for Peace: Continuity and Change, 1967–1971. Gainesville: University
Press of Florida. ISBN 0-8130-1533-2.
Waterbury, John (1983). The Egypt of Nasser and Sadat: The Political Economy of Two Regimes (Limited ed.).
Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07650-2.
Wright, Lawrence (2006). The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-375-
41486-X.

External links
Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Front Page (http://sadat.bibalex.org/)
Ben-Gurion on Anwar Sadat Wanting Peace, 1971 (http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?david-ben-gurion-on-
sadat-and-peace-with-egypt-1971) Shapell Manuscript Foundation
Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development (http://www.sadat.umd.edu/) at the University of Maryland
Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom – March 26, 1984 (http://www.rea
gan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1984/32684a.htm)
Anwar Sadat (https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0755427/) on IMDb
"Anwar Sadat collected news and commentary" (http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/s/an
war_el_sadat/index.html). The New York Times.
Works by or about Anwar Sadat (https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n79-68664) in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Free Egyptians Point of View About Sadat's Assassination (https://web.archive.org/web/20060322184036/http://w
ww.angelfire.com/art3/eg05/killingSadat.htm) (in Arabic) (in English) (Internet Archive)
The short film Anwar Sadat (1976) (https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.649189) is available for free
download at the Internet Archive
Anwar Sadat (https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6523229) at Find a Grave
Sadat Movie (Produced in 1983) – Banned from the Middle East because of some historical mistakes. (https://ww
w.youtube.com/watch?v=gwwYARiWon0)

Political offices
President of the People's Succeeded by
Preceded by
Assembly of Egypt Dr. Mohamed Labib
Abdul Latif El-Bughadi
1960–1968 Skokeir
Preceded by President of Egypt Succeeded by
Gamal Abdel Nasser 1970–1981 Sufi Abu Taleb acting
Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Egypt
Abdelaziz Muhammad
Aziz Sedki 1973–1974
Hejazi
Preceded by Prime Minister of Egypt Succeeded by
Mustafa Khalil 1980–1981 Hosni Mubarak

Party political offices

Chairman of the National
Preceded by Succeeded by
Democratic Party
None Hosni Mubarak
1978–1981

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