JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA

(A CENTRAL UNIVERSITY)

2019-2020
EEM-101, INTELLIGENT TECHNIQUES

REVIEW PAPER

“Intelligent controllers for load frequency control of

Two-Area Power System”

Submitted By: MD. EKRAMULLAH

201903618
First Semester
M.Tech,Control and Instrumentation System

Submitted To: DR. SHABANA MEHFUZ

Department of Electrical Engineering
FET,JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
NEW DELHI-110025
Abstract:
This paper considers the problem of load frequency control using intelligent controllers. The load
on the power system is always varying with respect to time which results in the variation of
frequency, thus leading to load frequency control problem (LFC). The variation in the frequency
is highly undesirable and maximum acceptable variation in the frequency is ± 0.5hz. In this
paper load frequency control is done by an intelligent controller such as Fuzzy controller which
is presented to quench the deviations in the frequency and the tie line power due to different load
disturbances in the Two-Area Power System. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is
confirmed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. The results obtained are promising and show
the satisfactory performance of intelligent controllers in achieving load frequency control.

Keywords: Load Frequency Control, Two-Area Power System, Tie line, Fuzzy Controller

Introduction:
Nowadays, electricity generation is very important because of its increasing necessity . The
dynamic behavior of the system depends on disturbances and on changes in the operating point.
The quality of the generated electricity in power stations is depending on the system output, it
has to be of constant frequency and should maintain the scheduled power. Therefore, Load
Frequency Control (LFC) is very important for power system in order to supply reliable and
quality electric power.
In order to keep the system in the steady-state, both the active and the reactive
powers are to be controlled. The objective of the control strategy is to generate and deliver power
in an inter-connected system as economically and reliably as possible while maintaining the
voltage and frequency with in permissible limits. Changes in real power mainly affect the system
frequency, while the reactive power is less sensitive to the changes in frequency and is mainly
dependent on the changes in voltage magnitude . Thus, real and reactive powers are controlled
separately. The load frequency control loop (LFC) controls the real power and frequency and the
automatic voltage regulator regulates the reactive power and voltage magnitude. Load frequency
control has gained importance with the growth of inter-connected systems and has made the
operation of the interconnected systems possible. In an interconnected power system, controllers
are for particular operating condition and take care of small changes in load demand to maintain
the frequency and voltage magnitude within the specified limits.
In this study, Fuzzy Logic control and Proportional Integral (PI) control
perspectives have been applied in two area power system with variable load frequency control
model to eliminate the frequency fluctuations experienced in electric energy.

TWO AREA POWER SYSTEM

Modern day power systems are divided into various areas. For example in our India, there are
five regional grids, e.g., Easter, Western, Northern, Southern and North-Eastern. Each of these
regional areas is generally interconnected to its neighboring areas. The transmission lines which
connect an area to its neighboring area are called tie-lines. The Power sharing between two areas
is done through these tie-lines. Load frequency control, its name signifies that it regulates the
 power flow between different areas while keeping the frequency constant.

Figure 1: Two Area Power System

As we know that the system frequency rises when the load decreases. Similarly, the frequency
may decrease if the load increases. However, it is necessary to maintain the frequency constant
such that Δf=0 . The power flow between the different tie lines are scheduled - for example, area
‘i’ may export a pre-specified amount of power to area ’j’ while importing another pre-specified
amount of power from area ‘k’ . However it is expected that to fulfill the above duty, area ‘i’
absorbs its own load change, i.e., increased generation to supply extra load in the area or
decreased generation when the load demand in the area has decreased. While doing this area ‘i’
must however maintain its duty to areas j and k as far as importing and exporting power is
concerned. The block diagram of the interconnected areas is shown in Figure1.
A two area power system consists of two single area systems connected
through tie-lines. In order to develop any control strategy it is necessary to make a mathematical
modeling of that system. It is conveniently assumed that each control area can be represented by
equivalent turbine, speed governing system, generator and load. The block diagram for single
area power system is shown in Figure2

Figure 2: Single Area Power System

In two area power system, each single area has number of generators which are closely coupled
together so as to form a coherent group, i.e. all the generators in power system should respond in
unison to change in load. Such a coherent area is called a control area in which the frequency is
assumed to be the same throughout in static as well as dynamic situation. Initially the changes
in load are managed by the speed governing system. But in this system, in order to minimize
the frequency deviation again another controller (PI) is used. The PI Controller can give best
control action in frequency deviation in one operating condition. In case of large operating range
the PI Controllers fail to bring the frequency deviation to minimum. This difficulty is avoided
by the Fuzzy Logic Controller.
The conventional AGC scheme has two control loops. The primary control loop,
controls the frequency by self regulating feature of governor, however, frequency deviation is
not fully eliminated. And the feedback control loop, has a controller that can eliminate the
frequency deviation with the help of conventional proportional integral control action.The main
objective of the feedback control is to restore the balance between load and generation in each
control area after disturbance, so that the system frequency and the tie-line power flows are
maintained at their scheduled values. The block diagram of Load Frequency Control in Two area
interconnected power system is shown in Figure3.

Figure 3: Two-Area Interconnected Power System

PI Controller
A controller in the forward path, which changes the controller output corresponding to the
proportional plus integral of the error signal is called PI controller. The PI controller increases
the order of the system, increases the type of the system and reduces steady state error
tremendously for same type of inputs.

Fuzzy controller
In control systems, the inputs to the systems are the error and the change in the error of
the feedback loop, while the output is the control action. The general architecture of a fuzzy
controller is depicted in Fig 4. The core of a fuzzy controller is a fuzzy inference engine (FIS), in
which the data flow involves fuzzification, knowledge base evaluation and defuzzification.
 Figure 4: Structure of fuzzy logic controller

Figure 5: Complete block diagram of two-area LFC

Simulation results of two-area LFC

Two-area LFC without and with PI Controllers

The two-area LFC is also implemented using MATLAB SIMULINK with and without PI
controllers and also with FUZZY controller. The following are the specifications of simulation.
For Control Area 1
 Gain of speed governor Ksg = 1
Gain of turbine Tt = 1
Gain of generator load Kps = 120
Time-constant of governor Tsg = 0.08
Time-constant of turbine Tt = 0.28
Time-constant of generator load Tps = 18

For Control Area 2

Gain of speed governor Ksg =1
Gain of turbine Kt =1 t
Gain of generator load Kps =100
Time-constant of governor Tsg =0.1
Time-constant of turbine Tt =0.28
Time-constant of generator load Tps =20

The simulation block diagrams and their results are as follows:

Figure 6: Response of two-area LFC without controller

Now the simulation is done with controllers. The results are as follows :

Figure 7: Response of two-area LFC with PI controller

Simulation using FUZZY Controller

Figure 9: Simulation block diagram of Subsystem

Figure 10: Fuzzy Inference System for two area fuzzy controller

Figure 11: Response of two-area LFC with FUZZY controller

Comparison between PI and FUZZY controller

Observations of Two-Area LFC

The steady state error in the response of two-area LFC with PI controller is almost zero when
compared with the response obtained without controller. Comparing Fig 6,7 it can be seen that
the performance using PI controller is better than that of not using any controller. From Fig. 11
it is observed that by using FUZZY controller, the steady state error, settling time and peak-
overshoot are reduced which is preferred.

Conclusion
The system frequency should be maintained constant and it will be undesirable if the limits
exceed. In order to maintain the frequency constant and to make the steady state error zero,
we used different types of controllers like PI and FUZZY in this paper. By using these controllers,
the steady state error, settling time and peak-overshoot are reduced. Also the performance is
compared between the controllers. From the observations in the previous sections, it can be
concluded that performance of Multi-area Load Frequency Control using FUZZY controller is
much better than that of PI controller because by using PI controller, only the steady state error
is reduced but by using FUZZY controller, settling time and the peak-overshoot are also
reduced. The frequency change can also be reduced by using other advanced techniques.
Some of those techniques are Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method, Genetic Algorithm
method, using Artificial Neural Network (ANN).

References
(1). S.A. Azeer, R.Ramjug-Ballgobin and S.Z.Sayed Hassen “Intelligent controllers for load
frequency control of two-area power system” IFAC Papers Online 50-2(2017)301-306
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Two Area Interconnected Power System Using Conventional and Intelligent Controllers” ISSN :
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(3). Rajesh Narayan Deo, Shiva Pujan Jaiswal, M. Venkateswarlu Naik “Fuzzy Logic based
Automatic Load Frequency control of Multi-area power systems | ISSN: 2321-9939 | 2013 |
IJEDR1301002

(4). Amit Pandey, Archana Gupta “Load Frequency Control of two area Power System using Fuzzy
Controller” ISSN (PRINT): 2395-7786, (ONLINE):2395-7794, VOLUME-1, ISSUE-1, 2015

(5).Mehmet Rida Tur,Muhammed J. Wadi “Load Frequency Control of Two Area Interconnected
Power System Using Fuzzy Logic Control and PID Controller” Paris, France, Oct. 14-17,2018
7th International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Applications.

(6). T.Bharath Kumar & M. Uma Vani “Load Frequency Control in Two Area Power System
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