CONTENTS One eI ana INTRODUCTION xii Fist Dedlension; Nominative Case 1 Present Tense; Agreement of Verbs: Direct Object 8 Conjugation of Sum; Uses of Sum; Abiative of Place Where; ‘Questions Second Declension; Geni ReviEW 1 (Lessons 1-4) 24 Second Declension, Neuter; Accusative of Place to Which, Ablative of Place from Which 27 Adjectives; Agreement of Adjectives; Adjectives as Substantives 32 Imperfect Tense, Future Tense 37 ‘Adjectives in -er; Dative of Indirect Object 42 REVIEW 2 (Lessons 5-8) 48 Imperfect of Sum; Future of Sum; Ablative of Means or Instrument 57 Principal Pats of Verbs; Interogative Parties 55 Formation of Adverbs; Perfect Tense 59 Plupertect Tense; Future Perfect Tense 65 REVIEW 3 (Lessons 12) 69 Imperative Mood; Vocative Case 72 Third Dedension 77 Third Dectension, Neuter; Ablative of Manner 81 hind Decension Stems 86 REVIEW 4 (Lesons 13-16) 91 vilviii 82 88 BRRR RBRR 8 Second Conjugation 94 Third Dectension Adjectives; Ablaive of ‘Accompaniment 98 Passive Voie, First Conjugation 103 Second Conjugation Passive Ablative of Personal "agent 108 REVIEW 5 (Lessons 7-20) 114 Numerals 117 ‘Third Conjugation; Apposiion 122 Third Conjugation Passive; Objective Genitive 127 ‘Third Conjugation IStemy Abatve of Separation 132 REVIEW 6 (Lessons 21-24) 137 Deonatcatives Ie Hic, Me; Ablatives of Time 140 Personal Pronouns 145 Relative Pronoun 150 Interrogative Pronoun; Inerogative Adjective 155, REVIEW 7 (Lessons 25-28) 160 Fourth Declension; Partitives 162 Fourth Conjugation; Accusative of Extent of Space; "Accusative of Duration of Time 168 Fifth Declension; Formation of Adverbs 174 Inquam; Possum; Infinitives 178 SUMMARY OF CASE USES 183 REVIEW 8 (Lessons 28-32) 185 Comparison of Adjectives; Quam; Ablative of ‘Comparison 18835 36 688 § SB SS 8886 ‘Comparison of Adjectives in -er,-eus,-ius, lis; Dative with ‘Adjectives 193 Irregular Comparison of Adjectives 198 ‘Comparison of Adverbs; Ablative of Degree of Difference; “Temporal and Causal Clauses 20. REVIEW 9 (Lessons 33-36) 207 Demonstratives Ipse, Idem; Iregular Adjectives; Ablative of Specificaion 210 Subjective and Objective Infinitives 216 Indirect Statemont; Tenses of Infinitive; Ablaive of Cause 222 Reflexives; Dative of Reference; Dative of Purpose; Double Dative 228 REVIEW 10 (Lessons 37-40) 234 Pasticiples 237 Subjunctive Mood 244 Hortatory Subjunctive 250 Adverbial Clause of Purpose; Relative Clause of Purpose 254 REVIEW 11. (Lessons 41-44) 259 Indirect Commands 262 Clauses after Verbs of Fearingy Sequence of Tenses 266 Indirect Questions 272 Result Causes 276 RevEW 12 (Lessons 45-48) 280 ‘Cum Clauses 283 Deponent Verbs; Locative Case; Special Place ‘Constructions 28851 52. 57 58 59 60 Description Fero and E300 REVIEW 13 (Lessons 49-52) 304 Vols, Nato, Commands 10; Subordinate Clauses in Indirect Discourse 313 Ablative Absolute; Genitive and Ablative of, Dative of Possession; Negative Review of Indirect Statement, Indirect Commands, Indirect Questions 318 Impersonal Verbs 324 REVIEW 14 (Lessons 53-56) 329 Dative with Intransitive Verbs; Dative with Compound Vers 334 Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives; Relative Clause of Characteristic 339 Future Passive Participle; Gerundive; Passive Periphrastir Dative of Agent 345 Passive Periphrastic; Gerund: Supine 351 Review 15 (Lessons 57-60) 357 SUMMARY OF CASE USES 361 SUMMARY OF CONSTRUCTIONS WITH VERBS 363 SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS 365 ‘The Story of Perseus 365 ‘The Story of Ulysses 367 ROMAN CIVILIZATION THROUGH ART 379 LATIN EXPRESSIONS — 425APPENDIX. 431 Inflecions 433, Word Formation 467 VOCABULARIES 469 Latin-English 471 English-Latin 497 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 515 GRAMMATICAL INDEX. 519xii Wal wth ganden from louse of Lien, Terme Museum, RomeINTRODUCTION ‘Both Latin and English, as well as most modern European languages, the Savi languages, and some Neat Easten languages, are Gescen- dants of the same parentlanguage this parentlanguage is asually called Indo-European. But although the two languages are basically Sula in structure, the dfferenees between them far outweigh the Similaiis, Thete are to reasons fr this: one ie that Latin cepresents 4 much earlier stage of development the other is atthe Latin wich wwe read is a highly artifical creation developed by the Romans for literary and political purposes and is consequently somewhat diferent in construction from any language used for everyday purposes INFLECTION, It's characteristic ofthe older languages of the Indo-European group that they express the relation of words to each other (syntax) by changes in the endings of the words rather than, as in English and bother younger languages, by word order and the use of prepositions And auniliary verbs. These changes of endings are called infection, The inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns is called declension, that of vers conjugation. English words are inflected vory lite: a normal English verb has only three forms, e.g, make, makes, made (all other uses are dealt with by the use of such auniliaries as is, tas, will, has, should and might). ‘An English noun has four forms, e.g. boy, buy’, boys, boys. A regular transitive verb in Latin has more than a hundred forms; a regular Roun has twelve. ‘CASES OF NOUNS ‘A Latin noun has six cases; thei basic uses are as follows: 1. ‘The Nominative names the subject of the sentence, ic. whatever the statement or question is about: The boy runs. 2. The Vocative isthe case of direct address: Look, Marcus! 3. The Genitive is used to enable a noun to qualify another noun in some way; most of is uses are represented in English by prepositional phrases with of; the gardens of Caesar; part of the anny; love of life; a Tain of distinctionxiv 44. ‘The Dative expresses the object indirectly affected by the action of f verb or by the quality of an adjective (t or for in English) I gave a ‘book to him. He did itfor you. She is unriendly to me. This is suitable Jor warfare 5, The Accusative limits the action of the verb in various ways, i it tells how far the action of the verb extends: She went home. Iran ‘mile, He saw a bird. [stayed three days, 6. The Ablative, having taken over the functions of three separate ceases of the parent Indo-European language, has three basic uses: It expresses separation frm): He comes from New York. She fainted fram: unger. This book was written by (i.e. comes from) Dickens. Ib expresses location, either in space or in time (in, om, a: al seven o'clock; on Tuesday; in Waly. It expresses the instrament by which, or the circum= stances under which, an action takes place (with): She jumped with joy. We dig with shovels, He came with his father GENDER OF NOUNS: In English, gender is determined by sex: words naming males are nouns of the masculine gender, words naming females are nouns of the feminine gender, and words naming things are nouns of the neuter gender. In Latin, too, nouns naming males and females are ‘masculine and feminine respectively, and many names of things are neuter. There are also, however, a great many names of things, in- animate objects, abstract qualities, names of actions, ete, which are rot neuter, but masculine or feminine. ‘TENSES OF VERBS |A Latin verb has six tenses, one of which, the perfect, Is used in two ifferent ways. Here are the uses ofthe tenses Present tenses: The present describes an action as going on in the present, or as generally true: He és sloping. A rolling slone gathers no ‘moss. The perfect describes an action as completed by the present time: We have come to see the city. Past tenses; The perfect is also used, lke the English past tense, merely to state that an action took place in the past, without further qualifying, itt arrived yesterday. The imperfect describes an action as going on (not completed) at some time in the past: Wher T arrived, he was leasing, “The plaperfct describes an action as already completed by some time in the past: Whe I arived, he had lpFuture fenses: The future describes an action as taking place in the future: He will refuse to go. The future perfect describes an action as completed by some time inthe future: By this time tomorrow I shall have ret my friend. The future and future perfect tenses are much more common in Latin than in English. "Tim going when the sun sets” must be changed to “I shall go when the sin will have sel" in order to be translated into Latin, PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN The Alphabet. The Latin alphabet is lke the English, except that it has no jor i. The division of the letters into vowels and consonants is the same as in English, except that i, when it occurs between vowels cr before a vowel at the beginning of a word, is a consonent. The letter yis always a vowel, and occurs only in words of Greek origin. Vowels. Fach vowel in Latin has two sounds, long and short. The quantity of a vowel is indicated by a lin (called a micron) above it if itis long: short vowels are unmarked, The vowels are pronounced as, follows: Fosinfther fone Eeintey iene iain iSaa Peres ouinant ‘as inrale (sever as in pupil) asin put ‘The letter y is pronounced like the French w or the German a (form the lips as If to say 0, but say ce instead). Diphthongs. Latin has six diphthongs (combinations of two vowels to make a single sound), pronounced as fllows: eke aye like ay-s, said as one syllable ‘1 ike in mow okay in oy elas in neighbor ii lke wee inqueor Consonants. The consonants are pronounced as in English, with the following exceptions: bs is pronounced like ps ‘ts pronounced like pt cis always hard, as i came (never salt asin city) ‘hs pronounced as in chancer £8 always hard, asin go (never soft, ain gem)xvi before a vows is pronounced a nenguish Feeinen a consonants tke y nyo ps pronounced asin plop is pronounced ainsi Gt never has the 2 sound, asim busy) Su before a vowel s sometimes pronounced ike, a in sue This pronounced asin ck (ot 38 his) 1s pronounced ike isthe de inate ‘The leters.x ands ae called double consonants (as representing ks and 42). Every consonant must be sounded in pronouncing a Lain word: doubled consonants should not be xin together But pronounced Separately Syllabfiation, Each Latin word has as many sjlables as it has vowels br diphthongs, Consonantal is not counted as a vowel, noris wu when ithas the sound of English w afer gg, and sometimes s. ac diff cium duodevi giv’ gav'dl um iv'beo Tin'gue persuade sun “The rules for the division of Latin words into syllables are: 1. A consonant between two vorels or diphthongs is pronounced with the following syllble: d2g® mu'me rus o'eu lua Tro lamas Zin a group of two of more consonants, only the last consonant is pronounced with the following syllable; but ifthe last consonant in the group it, 1, of , preceded by cg, pbs dh or f, both these consonanis are usualy pronounced with the following syllable: ‘gi'co a am’plus ap pro pin’gud Co ein'thus ‘if cults "goat tw or de cen tem pees 3. OF the double consonants, x goes with the preceding syllable, = with the followings xi um gaza 4 In a compound word the prefs is separated from the rest of the ‘word: con send in tere 6 ‘The last sylable ofa Latin word is called the ultima, the next to last the pemut, and the one before thatthe antl Length of Syllables. Sylables are classed as long or shor, depene- ing om the length of time it takes to pronounce them. The Romans thought that it took tice as Tong fo pronounce a long syllable as it did a short one. Since we are used to making such distinctions in length of sylables only im singing, it dificult for us to reproduce this pronunciation, but we must Team to identify long sslables in trder to accent words correctly. Asylable which contains a longvowel or a diphthong is said to be long by nature. A syllable whose vowel is followed by two or more consonants or by a double consonant (+ or2) is said to be long by positon. Other syllables are short. If short vowel is followed by two consonants, the first of which is ¢, , p, by 4, ort, and the second of which is I or r, the syllable is common: ie, it may be treated as either long by position or short. Accents. A word of two syllables is accented on the first In words of three or more syllables the accent is on the penult if it is long (either by nature or by position); ifthe penult is short the accent falls on the antepenult. Except in monosyllables the ultima is never accented. cala'mitis facul'tis ge'mus occ do oc a's xviiEAD aaa eooMacancoo cessor asesccsecccosnooMassaacas BaORTTATOOMADOIsTSRenOOMAnAABoOA! PO PScRbeEEeEeEEOuEEEEEEEessHRmRe! (SRDS BEE Se b0CEP0RR00o—e000000EERRRRR0eE8s02EREE0ce!First Declension Nominative Case Via of the Mystere, PompeIpsa scientia potestas est. Knowledge itself is power.—Bacon —Forms — ‘THE FIRST DECLENSION [Nouns whose stem ends in belong tothe first declension; they may bbe recognized by the -ae ending of the genitive singular. First declension nouns are declined like puela, gil cases SINGULAR ENDINGS ‘oni paella a the i = Genre puellae ofa gil he gid tte Dare Puetlae ——fo(fr) agi the gi) ae sccomnee: puetlam 0 the gt cam Aeuare.—puell ‘ 2 Twowmuarives pucllae gil he gs) oy Centres pucli'rum Of girs the gir) rum banive: pulls 10 (Sn girls (he gis) is sccisamen: poets gr eg) os fours puell ‘ o * Because ofits many ses no standard rasition can be give forthe ablative case. “The base ofa first declension noun is found by dropping the -ae end- ing of the genitive singular; the endings are then added to this base. — Syntax — ‘THE NOMINATIVE CASE Subject. The subject of a verb isin the nominative case. Predicate Nominative. A noun used with a linking verb to define or make a statement about the subjects in the nominative; such @ noun is called a predicute nominative. Gallia est provincia. Gaul is «provins— 3 —Vocnbutary — agricola, -ae, m., farmer memo'tia, -ae, f., memory saa, -ne, f aler nata'ra, “2, ature fe'mina,-2e oman pow'ta, ae, m., poet forti’na, ae, forte, chance provincia, -ae,E, province Gallia, Galive, £, Gaul ula, ae, 1, gir In’sula,-ae, fond Siva ae, f, frst Hatha Ratiae, flay Wie ae, fe lingua, lin’puae, f, fone, wet tee language ety yt litera, “ae, £, letter (of alphabet) SUN 87, Mere are in plural, letter (episte, letters House of Poseidon and Amphitrite, HerculaneumHelps and Hints. in the vocabularies the genitive singular tending is given after the nominative to show the declension: “mm.” stands for masculine gender, “.” for feminine. —Word Study — Latin has no articles (Le., no words for a, an, oF the); consequently puella may be translated by gil, a gil, or the girl, depending on the context. (On eter site of he tance tare ere oft ‘Shops, The roms ont off the trio ab cure ‘the centr of which was a impure basi Jin which raimoater as ‘cto though om torn slight. The “abl, the eposiory of iy enages ae ens, Imig serve asa ofce for ‘he had ofthe alyNouns of the first declension are feminine unless, like agri poeta, they are the terms for male beings — Exercises — A, Decline each of the nouns in the vocabulary like puella. B. Pronounce, give case and number, and translate 1. feminis (dative) 2, Talia 3. puellae (hree woys) 4, me= moriam 5. slvis 6 linguarum’ 7, insulam 8, Postae sunt agrcolae. 9. Sunt literae, 10, Gallia est provincia C. Translate, giving case and number. 1, nature (ecusatve) 2. of the women _3. forthe girl 4. of for- tune 5. of life 6. letter (four ways) 7. for the poets 8. There is water. 9, The province is Gaul. 10, The farmers are poets. own in the garden of Pompeien house, Note the atid enced and the stone masks into wis later ould be puta might.Sebeenooooa ao g g g l a RUSSO EEDeEOeS SE SEEEEDEEEEEosEREnoDeneEeeEEEoeEnEEnsPresent Tense Agreement of Verbs Direct ObjectGutta cavat lapidem, Dripping hollows out rock.—ovi0 —Forms — VERBS English shows the person and numberof a verb by a pronoun subject. In Latin these are shown by the personal endings of the verb, the pronoun subject being expressed only when it shows emphasis or contrast. The personal endings ofthe active voice are as follows: ‘THE FIRST CONJUGATION ‘Verbs whose present stem ends in «4 belong to the first conjugation. First conjugation verbs are conjugated in the present tense as follows: Terrenson vo'ed, Teall Voatmus, we all 2ovunsoN — vores, yom call vols, sow eal! So.mEsox —vo'eat, he, she, i ells they al Helps and Hints. In translating a Latin verb whose subject is not expressed, a glance at the personal ending will show you which English pronoun to choose as subject.10 — Syntax — VERBS Latin has no special progressive or emphatic forms. Voc means cl, an callig, oF [do cll, whichever sounds best in the sentence. ‘AGREEMENT |A verb agrees with its subject in person and number ‘Agricola puclam amat, The frmer lees the gil ‘Agpicolae pugant. The formers ae fighting. DIRECT OBJECT ‘The direct object of a verb (that which receives the action of a verb) is in the accusative ease. Poatis laudamus. We praise pots Feeinam spect. ovk a he oman. Longitudinal section of he House of the Trgie Pact i Pompei. The est sie. (t0 e) The aus, trim, tb, a persn —Vocabulary — amit, 26, friendship 0n, (adver) not patria, ae f, country, natioe oy E et, (conjunction) and Og sed, (con. but afm [Tove Uke 40,1 gve ad, towards, fo Iau'dd, I praise um, wi na'vigo, Fa ‘oceups, I seize, I capture pa'r6, I prepare, I prepare for ports, carry ug’nd, I fght spec's, [Took at vyo'e8, Fell ‘The westside. Note the funnel ring whch collect water for the cstert whose walla isa mer he ipl the ati,R —Enxercises — A. Pronounce and translate, 1, vocimus 2. spectitis 3. paris 4. occupd 5, amant 6 pugnat 7. portant’ 8, laudimus 9. parant 10. vocatis Tie specant 12. occupamus 13. cccupatis 14, do. 15. laudant B. Translate 1. you (iL) love 2. we carry 3. Tam calling 4. they are seiz~ ing. 5. you Ging.) prepare 6. we are praising. 7. they are looks ing at 8 you (pl) are calling 9. he is fighting 10. we prepare Ti sheloves 12, heisseizing 13. theycall 14. weearry 15. he fights CC. Give the construction (i.e, the case and the use in the sentence) fof each noun, and translate. 1, Podta patriam amat, 2, Literis nn portimus. 3. Amicitiam puellae laudant. 4. Féminae amant silvam. 5. Galliam laudant. Aviat islond Peton, Hadrian's Vila, TooBedroom of «villa exerted st Boson (nr Pome. 6, Talia amamus. 7. Provinciam occupatis. 8. Litters para tis. 9. Portat puella aquam. 10, Silvam spectis, In general, changing the order of the words in a Latin sentence does not alter its meaning, In English we ilentfy the subject and the direct object ofa verb by their location in the sentence: “The sin looks atthe farmer" is not the same as "The farmer looks at the gi.” In Latin the syntax of a noun is shown by its case end ings. The following sentences all mean exactly the same thing, ‘but with a different emphasis in each sentence Puella agricolam spectat. Puella spectat agrcolam. Agricolam pella spectat. Agricolam spectat puella, Speetat puella agri- colam. Spectat agricolam pull D. Translate (words in parentheses are to be omitted from the Latin) 1. We praise the poets. 2. The woman and the farmer are look: ing atthe forest. 3. The girls do-not carry water. 4. You (sing) seize the province, 5. The poet praises (his) country. 6. Girls do not fight. 7. The woman is looking at the island, 8. The farmer and the poet love (theit) native land. 9. Poets praise friendship. 10. The farmer is calling the gil.| 3 Conjugation of Sum Uses of Sum Ablative of Place Where Questions ‘resco with seaside las, Naval Masur, NaplesIn virtute sunt multi ascensus. In excellence there are many degrees. —ctcERO —Forms — ‘THE VERB SUM ‘The present stem of sum i endings irregular, but it takes the regular personal sam, Tae Sumas, we are youare ests, you are esl, este, ibs, tere sunt hay are, there ae Syntax — {HE USES OF SUM Sum is ordinarily used asa linking verb, connecting its subject with a predicate nominative, or with some other kind of predicate. Gala est provincia. Gaul i provine Gallia est ix Europa. Gaudin Europe In the third person it may also be translated by thee i or there are Est aqua. There & water Sunt literae, Thee ia eter, ‘THE ABLATIVE OF PLACE WHERE Location on or in is shown by the ablative case with the preposition Ini est. He en the for In insula pugnamus. We are fighting onthe island QUESTIONS: ‘To turn a statement into a question which has ayes orno answer, add ‘he enclitic-ne to the first Word. 1516 Gallane est provincia? I Gaul a province? Sunine iterae?” Ave tere lters? If the question is introduced by an interrogative pronoun, adjective, cor adverb, -ne is not used (Quid puellaespectant? Wat ave the gi faking a? Ubi sit feminae? Whee ae the women? [An enclitic (the word is derived from the Grevk for “leaning on") ‘must be attached to the end of another word: suntne, villaque. When ‘an enclitic has been attached toa word, the accent falls on the syflable before the ence, whether long or short Helps and Hints. Since Latin has no words for yes and no, ques tions with the encitc -ne must be answered by a statement or part of a statement: Spectantne agsiolaeslvam? Are he farmers loking atthe forest? Spectants Yee Nan spectant. No [Nautae, non agricolae,silvam spectant ‘Note salir are ooking at Hh forest Villam, nn slvr, spectant. No, they are leaking a he farmhouse. Vocabulary — Europa, -ae, {Europe quid, (interrogative pronoun) Germs'nia,-ae,f., Germany what? Hispania, -ae, Spain Se ubi2, (interrogative adverb) ‘ ‘re? oes fae ney elie interogative yf Rome er ‘ra, -ae, f,, earth, land » ‘ae ame -e, (enti conjunction and ase yr ny Gongs wo fe syntn vl", fomfoe Int be tana before the word to which itis attached)(ato) Ostion sprint house. These compen had abut four fe stores sully with shops on the groin floor fang te tet, Sarees led from he Sot the upper Ros and many adi ergo how) street in Trojon’s market erected e110 A.D. replace the shops ith ong fis which wore destroyed 10 make rom for Train's Form aa Bsc.18 —Exercises — A, Read the Latin and translate, 1, Agricolae sumus. 2 Femina in silva est. 3. Estisne puellae? 4 Nauta in insull est. 5, Sumus in Germania. 6 Nom sum ppuella, 7, Suntne féminae in silva? 8, Spectantne nautae fer fis? 9, Non sunt portae in vila, 10, Agricolae feminaeque insulam spectant ‘Translate, 1. The women ate in Spain. 2. Are youa farmer? 3, We are in the farmhouse. 4, Is the giel in the province? 5, The sailor is Tookingat the trampet. 6 Are the farmers eareying water? 7. The sailors are on the island. 8. Are you (pl) in the forest? 9. They are not on the road. 10, The girls are notin the farmhouse. —Reading — Read aloud and translate A SAILOR IN ITALY In via sunt nate, Agricole nautis spectant. Agricola nautam worst, AGRICOLA: O nauta, ubi est tua patria? aura: Mea patra est Germania; sumus nautae. Aciicora: Ubi est Germania? aura: Germania est in Burops. Agnicoux: Estne Hispania in Europa? ‘aura: Hisplinia etiam est in EurOpi, sed nn est prope Germaniam. Hodit ad Hispaniam navigimus, et posted ad Germaniam. Pa- triam nostram amamus. ValeSecond Declension Genitive of Possession Brome lps and lamp fro PompeiSalus popull suprema lex. ‘The safety of the peopl is the highest law.—cicERo —Forms — ‘THE SECOND DECLENSION “There are five declensions of Latin nouns. They are distinguished by the ending of the genitive singular. Nouns whose genitive singular fends in -3e belong to the first declension (puella, -ae). Second declension nouns end in -1in the genitive singular. They are usually ‘masculine if they end in -1s of -er in the nominative singular. Now, amicus flue pater ver cx ama, ei es gH per, amicd lo puerto gro kee, amnvcum lium pram S'grum aa amis purero ag. 3 Now. pwed ces. puero'rum Dar puleris nee. ends an pueris Syntax — GENITIVE OF POSSESSION ‘The genitive case is used to show possession (of ~s,or-s" in English). agriolae ager the ferme’ ld the fof the farmer fgricolarum ager he farmers fel, the eld of he farmersRoman ster dishes and caps. Teblewre fom ‘Mindenhall Tove in the Bris Museum. Cowtharus tnd skyphos fom the House ofthe Menander at Pomp —Vocabulary — ager, a's, m, field, tervtory lads, ga’, m., sword Ioga'tus, i,m, ery: lewtenant Tadus, “i, m., game; schoo! ndin'ius, n't, m., messenger, message E pu'er, pu'er, m., boy e'quus, equi, ma, horse Ser'vus, I,m, slave fila, ae, daughter® vir, vit, m., man; husband fllius, 6, m., som * In the dative and ablative plural dea an filta have the irregular forms detbus and filiabus, to distinguish thee from the eoeresponding forms of deus and fis.Helps and Hints, Neatly all nouns of the second declension in us and -er are masculine. Exceptions are names of cities and towns in -ws, names of plants and gems, and a few other words; all ofthese are feminine. — Exercises — A, Translate and give the construction of each noun, 1. Viet agrds agricolicum occupant. 2. Filés ndintl_amat. 3. Equum’ fit vocamus. 4. Servus tubam —légadi_ porta. 5. Nuntius féminas vocat, 6. Agrcolirum amici occupant ter- ram. 7. Agrds in provincia ndn parant, 8, Pueri amicus gladiun spectat. 9, Feminae deis laudant. 10. Equi ntintids portant. B. ‘Translate, Watch your noun and verb endings! 1 The boy praises the slave's memory. 2. The women ate calling, the liewenant’s friend. 3. The lieutenant is looking at the boys’ horses. 4. The lieutenants seize the farmer's fields. 5. You Ging.) love the messenger's daughter. 6, The boys do not carry the mossenger’s trumpets. 7. We love the gods and goddesses. '8. The messengers cary the letter. 9. The slave ofthe lieutenant calling the boy. 10, Are the men fighting in the plains? Helps and Hints, To avoid ambiguity, do not place a genitive of possession between two nouns. Servus agricolae equum laudat ‘The slave praises the farmer's horse or The farmers slave praises the horse. To avoid this contusion, the sentence meaning The slave praises te farmer's horse should be writen: Servus equum agricolae laudat, The farmer’ slave praises the horse should be: Ageicolae servus equim laudat.—Reading — Read aloud and translate ‘THE TROJAN WAR In Asia est virclirus. Virest Anchisés. Dea Anchison (accusative) ama. [Aendis est fils deae et Anchisae. Aenéae femina est Credsa. Creda ‘Aeneisque filium vocant Ascanium. ‘Aenéae patria est Troia. Tria ndn est in Burdps, sed in Asia, Graect et viet Trbiae pugnant. Gracci Trdiam occupant. Aenéis Anchisén portat--Creusam fiiumgue vocat. Ihentas: “Non iam est Troia, Sed det deacque virds Trbiae amant. Etiam feminds et puerds puellisque amant, Hodié ad Europam navigamus.” amp holder from Hereulaneune24 Aspirat primo Fortuna labor Fortune smiles upon our first effort.—vergn. REVIEW 1. cussoxs1-9 — Vocabulary Drill — ‘A. Give the genitive, gender, and meaning of te following nouns. ager femina vadus uel spicola fi memoria peer Sista fas a evs mics fora ats svn snns scios snus ter aie on patria be ‘mpus Iegats poe vs aoe Tagua pons vila ‘es itera paivinda ur squts ia B. Give the meanings of the following verbs. me pone a ccups ens vob inuda par ipa CC. Give the meaning ofthe following words. non uid sed wi sd com —Drill on Forms — A. Decline the following nouns in the singular and plural. Name aut logatus ‘lias5 (Folding ator fran the National Mase, Nols (right A combination se he, ater eater, and ood wearer fom the ining roo of house tt Stabs. Conjugate the following verbs in the present tense. meanings pugnd sum C. Translate the following verb forms, 1. laudant 6. paris 2. navigas 7. pugnatis 3. portat 8. amo 4 damus 9. occupasne? 5. spectant 10. voeatis . Give the Latin forthe following. 1. we are carrying. 6. we look at 2 they sail 7. Lam seizing 3. he is Sighting, 8. you (sng.) praise 4 you (pt) tove 9. do you (pl. eal? 5. she gives 10. they prepareEE, Give the following forms, 1. genitive singular: via, amicus, gladius 2. dative singular: amicitia, puet, Miu. 3, accusative singular patria, equus, ager. ‘4. nominative plural: porta, ndntius, puer. 5. accusative plural: itera, vis, annus. 6. ablative plural fortdna, deus, fia Exercises — A, Translate 1. Feéminae puellaeque non navigant, 2. Nati amicus est in silva 3. Pastae deam amant laudantque. 4 Nautne flit in insula sunt. 5. Gladium fil poreat 6. Filia deds amat 7, In eamp® pugnamus. 8, Vir in wild est, sed puer est in agr6. 9, In agris ests, 10, Puert in legati provincls sunt 1B, Translate 3 |. We look at the lieutenants sword. ‘The messengers are in Germany. 3. You (pl) praise the nature of women, He is preparing a letter. ‘The horses carry the boys. We love the gods . They are seizing the man’s feld and farmhouse. ‘They look at the horses. ‘We are calling the friends. ‘The sailors praise the goddess.5 Second Declension, Neuter; Accusative of Place to Which Ablative of Place from Which Childe carrying implements wed in claorte Roman weing eremoniesAb ovo usque ad mala. From the egg right to the fruits. HORACE (From soup to nuts.) —Forms — ‘THE SECOND DECLENSION, NEUTER [Neuter nouns of the second declension end in -um in the nominative singular, They are declined like verbum, word Sownarwn verbum am whee verti verbd'rum “rum verbs 8 verbs os secosarwe —verbum “um vera amare verbo 8 verbis is Helps and Hi s. In all neuter nouns and adjectives of all de clensions, the nominative is always the same as the accusative; and in the plural the ending of these two cases is always -2. — Syntax — ‘THE ACCUSATIVE OF PLACE TO WHICH The accusative is used with the prepositions ad fo, in into, and sub up to, to indicate plae fo which, i.e, the goal toward which the action of the verb is directed ‘Agricola lium i vlla voest "The former ells his on into the foros. Aquam Sub oppidun portimas We are carrying water up tothe fn‘THE ABLATIVE OF PLACE FROM WHICH ‘The ablative is used with the prepositions a, ab mwxy from, @ down from, and @, ex out of, to indicate plae from zohic, i.e, the point from which motion takes place Thay cary gra fram thefts "You ae sailing from te island —Vocabulary — bellum, 4, neuter, war op'pidum, i n.,fown caellum, 7, sky pesiulum, i, ., danger, risk avnum, “i, n, si Figur kingdom: Rngship frumen’tum, i, gra verbum, 3m. word 4, ab, (preposition with the ablative) fom, azoay from ‘ad, (preposition with the accusative) fo, towand, near 48, (prep. with abl.) fom, down from, about, concerning , ex, (prep. with abl.) from, out of Inv (prep. with acc. of place to which) into, against ith ob ‘where) in, on sb, (prep. with acc. of place to wich) urader, up fo, tothe fot of (with abl. of place where) une, a the fo! of of place Sorexphagus eis showing id from infancy fst coting30 —Word Study— ‘The prepositions listed in the vocabulary may also be used as prefixes ‘on verbs, Certain combinations of letters are hard to pronounce. Many ofthese occur when a preposition is prefixed toa verb, and often they tare changed slightly for the sake of essier pronunciation. Its easier 10 say “import” than “inport,” “support” than “subpor,” “appelio” than “dpe.” This i teue in both English and Latin. This change for the sake of easier pronuinciation is called assnifation. — Exercises — A. Translate 1.8 periuld 2. in oppid® 3. ad Taam 4 dé exeld 5. sub silvam 6.8 pata 7. sub rignd 8 ad servum 9. in insular 10. a campo B. Translate 1. away from the gate 2. into the watcr 3. to Europe 4 under thesky 5. from the kingdom 6, up to the town 7, dovn from the road 8, to school "9, inthe field 10. out of the farmhouse C. Pronounce and translate. 1. Feminae bellum non amant, 2. Friimentum ex ages ad villam portimus, 3. Occupant insulam et oppida. 4, Virine puellis in Vis spectant? 5, Puerum ad caekim portat deus. 6, Nuint filius in silvam amicum vocat, 7, Legati gladios in régnum portant 5. Est belhim in EurOpa, 9. Agricolae seri laudant framentim, 10. Ab italia ad insulam navigats. D. Translate 1. The lieutenants seize the kingdom and (its) towns. 2, The farmer's slaves carry water into the farmhouse. 3. The gods love the gifts of men and women. 4. There is danger of war in Italy. 5, The sailors are sailing from Spain to the islands, 6, The men are calling the boy’ out of the forest. 7. The girls do not like the ‘words of the messenger, 8, Are the sons of the lieutenant in anger? 9. The farmer's daughters are carying grain from the field to the road, 10. The men from the province are fighting.Alter showing sein Seon: Noe the joining of hand atthe eos of ‘he mariage src, the chile tking port te rocsion the radeon’ hows cnrying ‘av umbvla and an fering [pr the sere, —Reading — Read aloud and translate AENEAS SAILS TO CARTHAGE Post longum bellum in Asia, Aenéis cum amics ab Asia ad Europam nivigat. Sed periculum est in BucSp3, Ab Europa ad Africam navigat. Est magnum oppidum in Elissa” est régina oppidi. Elissa f- ‘mentum et dona Aenéae amicis (dative) dat. Blissa Aenean (acusatte) amat. Def Aendan réginamque dé cael spectant. Noulae Aenéae et vit fminaeque in eppidd sunt amici. Sed peri- cculum est in Aftica * Elissa of Tyre, usually known by her nickname Dido, was the foundress of Carthage in Nonth Afi, 31Adjectives Agreement of Adjectives Adjectives as Substantives Portrait fesey of shan and wif from a bakery in Pompe‘Nullum magnum ingenium sine mixtura dementiae fut There has not been any great talent without an element of madness. —Forms — ADJECTIVES Adjectives in -us, a, -um belong to the first and second declension cexrve mall pare mall ocesarwve: —ravlum Soares mule Soares ma — Syntax — [AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES An adjective agrees with the noun it modifies in gender, number, and ‘ase, This is why a Latin adjective must have forms for all genders, a well as for the cases and numbers. However, an adjective will not necessarily have the same ending as the noun it modifies, ‘Agriolae sunt mall The farmers ae bad Femina sunt bonae, The women are goHelps and Hints. Adjectives may either precede or follow the ‘noun modified. In any phrase, the determining and most signifi- cant word comes fist. In general, numeral adjectives, adjectives ‘of quantity, and interrogative pronouns tend to precede the words ‘which they belong. When sums used asthe substantive verb, it regularly stands fist, or at any rate before its subject ADJECTIVES USED AS NOUNS In Latin any adjective may be used as a noun; its translation will depend on its gender. ‘abut mon mai, ad men, the wicked bud omen — male, bl women wTlad thing mala, bad things, eis In English this use of the adjective is mostly restricted to certain plurals: "The good die young.” “The poor you have always with se —Voorbulary — alftus, alta, al'tum, high; deep mls, mts, mol eam, much bbo'nus,bo'na, bo'num, good (pl, many) fe'rus, fra, fe'rum, wild ere, pa'vus,par'va, par'vum, small, satuge litte la'tus, lata, la'tum, wide, broad tau, tua, tuum, your, yours Ton’gus, Jonge, lon’gum, long (when speaking to one magnus, mag’na, mag num, person} linge. great ‘cum, (prep. with abl) with ee ese Ie a sine, (prep. with abl. without meus, me'a, me'um, my, mine35, —Word Study — ‘Cum (in the forms co-, com-, con-) is, like the prepositions in Lesson 5, also used as a verb prefix. Cor (come, con-) means together, cam- pletely, 0 forcibly. Note the meanings of the following compounds: collaud 1 prise highly compare I put together arrange prepare eagery ‘comport ary fagtier, bring gether omtocd Leal eter, Tmo A grace movant inthe Vatican Museum showing fail port— Exercises — A, Decline the following, ‘ager litus bellum magnum iia parva —_nauta bonus B. Translate, giving reasons for the ending of each adjective, 1. Age’ lati in magna insula sunt, 2. Bonine sunt puett parvi? 3. Dei malos nom amant. 4. Puer parvus equos ferds vocal ex ‘agro. 5. Multi névigant ad Halim. 6. Mea flia est parva, non ‘magna. 7. Multum frmentum boni servi portant. 8. Tua patria, fron est magna. 9. Viae longae non sunt. 10, Multa bella mala sunt. . Translate. 1. Is the good farmer in the small field? 2. Many people like large gifts, 3. The bad messenger calls the men into the wide plain. 4A good poet praises great men, 5. Are you sailing to your large island? 6. Your daughters are looking at the wild horse. 7 There is a large gate im the small town. 8, Ate you fighting, with your friends in my farmhouse? 9. The good boys are car- ying much water into the big forest. 10. Where are they pre= paring the long roads? —Rending— Read aloud and translate ‘THE GODS CALL AENEAS TO ITALY Regnum Elissae in Aftic& est. Régnum est latum et oppidum est magnum atumgoe. Feel Afi reginam non amant, Bellum para, sed repinne oppidum non occupant. “Aeneés cam ams Sica atl Arcam nlvigat.Hissa Aengan amat et vooat. "Meum régnum est tuum. Afficanl meum r€gmum non man in magn periculd sumus. Toianis meam patiam do.” Sed dei Troiinds in Taam vocant, Acnéds: “Tuum régnum est magnum et bortim et pulhrum, et Afrcant sunt mal, Te et tum ‘Rum laude, et am. Sed def Tr6nds ad hliam vocant.”Imperfect Tense Future Tense38 Excitabat fluctus in simpulo. ‘He was stirring up billows in a ladle. —c1cERo (He wus raising a tempest in a teapot.) —Forms — ‘Two other tenses besides the present are formed on the present stem ‘of a verb, the imperfect tense and the future tense ‘THE PRESENT TENSE ‘The present tense is formed by adding the personal endings -, -,-, -mus, tis, and -nt tothe present stem ofthe verb, omitting the a+ of the stem before -6, and shortening it before -t and -nt. Taal voatmas, we all you eal vocH tis,” gow call votealy he, he it alls wofcant, they call ‘THE IMPERFECT TENSE ‘To form the imperfect tense we add the tense-sign -ba- to the present stem, and then acld the personal endings -m, -s, - -mus, -tis, and nt, shortening the -4- of -ba- before «mt, and -nt. vou bam, Tas eling ‘vorbatmus, we wer ailing oes’ bas, you were calling voeaba'ts, yaw wee calling vocs'bat, he she stat calling Yoxs’banty they ere cling ‘THE FUTURE TENSE ‘The future tense is formed by adding the tense-sign -bi- to the present stem of the verb, then the personal endings -6,-s -t,-mus,-tis, and nt, omitting the i of -bi- before -0 and changing it to -- before ont.voa'bo, shal all vor bimus, wr sal al veei'bis, you wll a! voea'bitis, you wil cal woa'bil, he she, twit ell Voekbunt, Hey wil all — Syntax — USE OF TENSES ‘The Latin imperfect does not have the same meaning as the English past tense; infact, English has no tense which is the equivalent ofthe imperfect tense in Latin. The imperfect tense deserts am action as incomplete (imperfectum,uncomplete), cap going on, at some tie in th past. There are several ays of translating the imperfect into English: the standard translation of woeabat iste rs cling; but it could also mean he weed fal or, very rarely, e alld. The wansltion ‘you choose wll depend on the context. ‘The Latin future tense, Uke the future tense in English, merely states, that on acdon wil ake place In the Future Yoeabo, sai el, Yoeale, ou il cll, ee. Faeray rei showing «butcher shop. Hanging are orius cuts nlading a ‘alfa. To the left resales.— Vocabulary — appel'l, 1 cal, I name nar'rd, J tl, Erelate ‘on'vod, Hel! together, I niin, Fannounce, 1 report ‘essen, I suntan supers, I surpus, 1 defeat exspec'to, I awit, I wat for volo, fy habits, I live, T dell vvuliner9, wound Tabo'r, I labor, I sufer, ame hare ress Exercises — A, Analyze each form and translate 1. appellibam, nantiabis, convocitis 2, oceupat, labOramus, exspectabunt "3. nivigimus, vocabat, volabunt 4. vulnerabis, stuperibant, narsimas 5, spectabit, portabimus, habitsbunt 6.laudabas, pugnabatis, pardbimus 7. dant, amabit, super bunt 8 vulnero, appellsbit, wactbunt 9, exspectiit, abit ant, volamus 10, amabo, portabitis, nintiabis B. Translate, 1. they will tll, 1was laboring, we shall ook at 2. we are sailing, he veill seize, 1 am calling together 3. they prepare, they are praising, they were fighting 4, you (ig.) were giving, we shall sail, they wound 5, shall surpass, you (pt) are lying, they will praise 6. he was summoning. we shall cal, they carry. 7. you (pi) relate, we were fighting, I shall live 8. they will seize, he rhames, you (sng.) were preparing 9. we shall suffer, they were Tooking at, she was loving, 10, T shall wait for, he announces, you (01) will give C. Read the Latin and translate 1. Bonam fortinam tuam niintibs. 2. Agrcolae labsrabant in gris, 3. Feminae puerds puellasque convocabunt. 4. Meds f- lids non superdbitis. 5. Nauta servum in via vulnewibit.. 6. Dei deaeque in caelo habitabant, 7. Mult legatdrum amici exspects bbant niintios. 8. In villa parva habitabamus. 9. Spectabam ‘equim meuim in camps lst, 10. Vir in magna silva Inborabunta D. Translate = 1, We shall sail to the small island, 2. The good sailor will not ‘wound the friend of the girl. 3. They were assembling the men and women. 4. The horses will cary waterinto the town. 5, The {good farmer used to live ina large farmhouse. 6. The boys were preparing the letter, 7, Will you (pl) carry much grain into the Toad? 8 The messengers son was looking at my gifts. 9. Twas) laboring in your fields. 10, The lieutenants used to carry many swords. — Reading — Read aloud and translate. ing: “Meds tadsque amicts convocabs. Naribisne malam fortinam “Trine?” eviis: “Narribo. Cum med parv0 det fering, Crea, in oppido ‘ned habitabam. Vitam bonam TrBiindeum Inuditsenus, Nant boliam nantabant:‘Graed ad Asam natigabunt.” Tian belli parabant et Graeeos exspectabant.Bellam in patsiam meam por [Ebant Gracci, Gracciriim adit multos TrOiznds valnerdbant ‘Troiant labsrabimus: Grace Troiands superabant. Cam Graeds feris pugnabam et maltos vulnerabam, ©, mala nim! Grace smu oppidum alum occupabant! ‘THE FALL OF TROY | Tay st ede prea. heen | ra tear atAdjectives in -er Dative of Indirect Object Rel fom a sarephagus showing m gromgroce’ shop in Ost‘Nullum saeculum magnis ingeniis clausum est. To great talents no era is closed SENECA —Forms — ADJECTIVES IN -ER Some adjectives of the frst and second declension end in -er in the ‘masculine nominative singular. These are declined like mises wretched ‘or Sacer sacred. NoWNaTivE wiser ‘aera bari: mised mises ABLATIVE: se aise) ccrxirives— misero'rum serum ACCUSATIVE: —m'seros—mn'seras——'sera Danie seo falene —ser8 Anam: sa'e8 sve ser GENIE: Sact'rum Sacrum sacra. aries svcis wan sas AccUSATIVE: —Sa'erbs some sera44 Helps and Hints. There is no new difficulty in the dectension of these adjectives. The masculine is like puer and ager, the rest like magne. [Note that iber and miser retain the e, like puer; puleher and ‘vester drop it ike ager. To remember which words drop the € land which keep it, think of English derivatives: iterate, miserable, pwerile, agrarian, and pulckritude. Most second declension adjec: tives in -er drop the e. Liber and miser are the commonest ones that do not —Syntax — INDIRECT OBJECT “The indirect object is put in the dative, It shows fo or for whom or which something is said, given, shown, or done. Notice that in Eng- Tish we offen omit the preposition t or for, The indirect object usually ‘comes before the direct in Latin, [Agricola puero aquam dat. The fermer ives Ye hay water (ater fo he by.) gud mentum para. He i preparing grain forthe hose, Rai showing a banquet scene with he gusts aroun the banque tale. On the lente the seroants pouring Beverages and sreing fod. On the right are ltd the hitche and baer of @ Roms hows.Helps and Hints. Do not confuse the dative of the indirect object with the accusative of place to which, which must be used with verbs of motion. DDanum puelie daba. 1 shal ge gif fo the gi 1 shal ary sar t the gin Aquam al puelam portabs, Vocabulary — ber, Weer, I'berum, fee mi'ser, misera, miseram, wretched, unfortunale, poor nos'ter, nostra, nos'trum, ou, pul'cher, -chra, -chrum, Feautifid; noble, fine sa’cer, sera, erum, sacred, oly Ves'ter, . The messengers will report our good fortune tothe lieutenant, ‘Many boys used to sail tothe Tong island, We were carrying many letters through the great forest. ‘The sans and datighters ofthe good sailor live inthe province, ‘The kingdom of God is large and wide. ‘On account of the danger, your small son will cary a sword. ‘The bad men and my friends were fighting, Our men were wounding your friends on the road. We are carrying many beautiful gifts toward the kingdom.Imperfect of Sum Future of Sum Ablative of Means or Instrument52 Medici graviores morbos asperis remediis curant. Doctors cure the more serious diseases with harsh remedies. —Forms — ‘THE IMPERFECT AND FUTURE OF SUM. ram, Teas oure erat, he, she, ins ee, Total e ris, you wil felt, he, se, iil de Tey te ‘we shall be you wil be Tey wil be Rai from Frence showing «wine shop. Noto the large wd stall meres hanging over the counter 9 rack, ; i | y ( :Syntax — ABLATIVE OF MEANS OR INSTRUMENT. ‘Means or instrument is expressed by the ablative without a preposi- tion. Notice that itis regularly used of things, not persons, and is usually translated by with or some other preposition meaning hy means % Serves fu sgnm dat sie gies the sigual ona owed ‘Ded mulls Lingus Iaudaburt. Tey wl pate the gods n roy langues —Vocabulary — “The following words are all adverbs. bene, well rmatle, badly ris, fomorrow rune, no ‘ar (interrogative), why? posted, afteraaeds ‘dG, fora Tong time, long sae'pe, often he, ystentay ‘sem per, alias ho'di, taday tum, then, at that time jam, now, already ‘bi (relative), here, when; "i, there, that place (interrogative), were? interim, mearaoe — Exercises — ‘A, Name the tense, person, and number, and translate 1. convocibs, sunt, laudabam 2, eritis, dabimus, erat_3. nacrat, cris, navigabitis 4 ert, amshimus, estis 5. ndntiabunt, es, appellams B. Name the tense, person, and number, and translate 1. you Ging.) were, they were flying, Lam 2. you (pl) used to seize, we shall be, she was wounding 3.1 shall be, they are carrying, I was 4. itis, you Ging.) will ight, you (p.) will be 5, he will defeat, we were, you (pl) are waiting forC. Read the Latin and translate, 4. Puesi semper erunt boni amici, 2. Legatt gladiis ditt pugna- tant. 3. Ubi erits heri? Cras ubi eritis? 4, Boni nautae bene nivigabunt, 5. Dona magna saepe dabant feminis, 6. Italia T= Dera semper ent, 7. Equi fer erant in campo lato, 8, Ent f= ‘mentum in agro ubi agricole laborant. 9. Cir vocabas servos in ‘oppidum? 10. Visi aquam ad vllam equis portabunt, D. Translate 1, Meanwhile the boys were awaiting the messenger for a long time. 2. Will your son always fight with a sword? 3. Lwas in Gaul yesterday; will you Ging.) be there tomorrow? 4. We often used to call our friends together with a trumpet. 5. The words of the gods and goddesses will always be sacred. 6. The unfor- tunate lieutenant was laboring fora long time. 7, Afterwards we shall sail to Italy. 81 was small then; now lam big. 9. Today we shall seize the town with swords. 10, There were always ‘many dangers in the great forest. —Reading — Read aloud and translate. AENEAS AFTER THE FALL OF TROY did laborabamus. Nunc nivigabam ab ‘Asia cum Anchisi AscaniSque et sacris dedrum Tréiéndrum.” ping: “Sed Credisa ui erat?” ‘O, nin aderat! Miser eram sine fémi ‘Asia navigabamus ad Thriciam.” pind: “Ubh est Thracia?” [AENEAS; “Tn EurOpa est. Sed ibi erat periculum magnum, et dei Tr6il 1n6s in altum (the deep) vocSbant.” pd: “Posted ubi eritis?” ‘aENEAS: “Est in alto insula sacra, Tnsula del. Ad insulam navigabimus, ‘et ibi deus Anchisae bona verba dabst dé nostra fortuna.” ‘med, Sed interim abPrincipal Parts of Verbs Interrogative Particles Mosaic of ete sa if, National MiNum barbarorum Romulus rex fuit? Romulus was not a king of barbarians, was he? —ctceRo —-Forms — ‘THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A LATIN VERB 1. the present indicative, as voeo 3, the perfect indicative, as vocavi 2. the present infinitive, as vocire 4. the supine, as wocitum, ‘The fixed parts of a verb, to which the different endings are added, are called stems. Every regular verb has three stems: present, perfect, and partiipial, (supine) to be found in the last three principal parts. present vock: perc! woctws spite woes “The first conjugation includes all verbs whose present stem ends in 3. This is obtained by deopping the infinitive ending Dé and sum are irregular verbs, The principal parts of dé are 40, dare, dedi, datum; those of sum are sum, esse, fui, futarus. Syntax — INTERROGATIVE PARTICLES We have seen that to make the kind of question which may be an- swered by yes or no we add the encltic -ne 10 the first word of the sentence. When a question expects the answer yes, some negative word, usually adn, is placed first in the sentence and has the -ne attached toi. Nonne paella est pulehea? Isn't the gi bom? The gi Built she? When the answer no is expected the question is introduced by mum. Num polls est puldhra? The gt n't bot 1s she?7 Vocabulary — am'buld, ambuli're, ambula'vi, ambulAtum, walk la'mo, clima're, clima'vi,clam'tum, shout onir’ms, cSnfirma're, cOnfirma’vi, confirma'tum, strengthen; encour ‘age; declare demon'str, démonstra're, démonstr'vi, déménstes'tum, show, point cout Wher, Hibera’re, Nbera'v, Hera’ tum, free, st free ‘oppug'nd, oppugna’re, oppugnd’vi, oppugnd tum, attack ser'vO, serva'e, serva'vi, servi'tum, guard, ke save sto, stir, ste, statum, stand temp'6, temple, tempta'vi, tempta'tum, try, attempt Ritrica, -ae, £, Afioe ‘A’sia,-ae, £, Asia Minor num, (Interrogative particle used in questions expecting a no answer) Center section ofBaslce mosvc showing marin fe, Aquileia Museum—Exercises — A. Answer these questions in complete Latin sentences, 1, Nonne légati oppidum oppugnabunt gladiis? 2. Num vise ad Germaniam longae eran? 3, Nostrine in Africh erant multi? 4, Nonne def erunt amici bondrum? 5. Num ambulibatis her in silva? B. Read the Latin and translate. 1, Féminae per campés cum puells ambuldbant. 2. Puert puells fubam nanti démonstrant. 3. Dabisne dels dona multa. et pulchra? 4. Nautaene nostros in insula exspectant?. 5, Galiae Virds non saepe superabimus. 6. Féminaene servds hberabunt? 7. Num vie amicim puerl vulnerat? 8. Gladius nostrl legatt longus est, 9, Laudabam agricolae equos in agr6. 10. Post bel- Jum clamabant puer, ©. Translate 1. You (p.) ate not carrying water to the farmhouse, are you? 21 Are you giving a gift to the sallors today? 5, They are defeating, ‘our men now. 4 Gaul, Africa, and Asia were not always prov Jnces, 5. Does the farmer give much grain to (hs) horse? 6. The food gil is calling the sailors together. 7. The Heutenants are Iwaiting for a message today. 8. The boy will give many large silts to (his) friend. 9. Will ou (ang) not fre the slaves in your Country? 10. The lieutenants were fighting with swords. —Reading — [AENEAS CONTINUES HIS TALE AENAs: “Tum ab insulf sacra ad terram Ceétam fortina Triinos ‘ocibat. Thi oppidum parabamus; et nune Anchises confiemabat reds, et climabat In Creta habitabimus. In Crea stabunt sacra degrum Trdidnorum!” ings "Cit hod in Cretan esti?” AENEis: "Derat* feimentum, et misera erat vita, Et nunc det ‘Anchisae viam demonstrabant in Taliam, ubi parabant régnum_ ‘Troianis.” * rom desum, deess, to be acing11 Formation of Adverbs | Perfect Tense Disrbusion of bead, fe, Pompei, National Muscum, Naples60 Divina natura dedit agros, ars humana aedificavit urbes, ‘The divine nature produced the fields, human skill has butt cites. —nsytLus —Forms — ‘THE FORMATION OF ADVERBS Adverbs aze normally made from adjectives of the first and second ddeclensions by adding -¢ to the base: ite, om high, demly Tonge far of by fr date, widely risers, wrechely, desperately bere, ely, fontly —pulchee, Pent, nebly [Not all frst and second declension adjectives have regularly formed adverbs. You have already learned that the adverbs of bonus and ‘malas are bene and male, and you will see other iregular adverbs Tater Helps and Hints, Do not be disturbed about adverbs formed from first and second declension adjectives ending in -er. They fotow the rule given: for example, be, fee; ibe, rly. (base ber + 8 ‘THE PERFECT TENSE ‘The perfect tense is the only tense which does not use the regular personal endings 6, or -m, 8, -t, -mus, -is, and -nt. Its endings are: Tsrrasow ims 2p renson: “sth “isis Sorenson it “Brant or tre‘These endings are added to the perfect stem, which is found by drop- ping the «I from the third principal part of the verb: vocavi, vocav- voa'vs, Ihave cil, ald vocivis', you have alle, you clad vocd'vt, "he hs elle, he ala voctvimus, we haw ele, we clot vocivivtis, you hme called, you called vocive'runt, "they have ald, Hy called All regular verbs of the first conjugation are conjugated this way in the perfect tense. ‘The perfect tense of sum iss fat fuimus fulsti fits fat fusrunt The perfect tense of do is: dedi dedims edisti dist, edit dederunt oman rel, gape teing,Arceolgial Museum, Voice 662 —Syntax— USE OF THE PERFECT TENSE ‘The perfect tense represents an act as completed atthe time of speak ing have prepared) or merely as having occurred in the past time (I prpared). Contrast this with the imperfect, which expresses an action fs continued in past time (was preparing). Frimentum mene parbvl. Pace nx propre the grain Daum puelle iam det Has already gen the gift the gid “Tum érimentum parivi. 1 prepared the gain thn DDonum pueliae edit her. He gove the gif othe girl yestenday. Vocabulary — a'nimus, i, m., minds sprit fama, -a0, £, rumor, report, ar'ma, -O'rum, n., (pl. arms reputation auxtlum, auxin, help, wid fu'gay a, 6, fight ‘auxi'la, ~'nam, m. (pl) impedimen'tim, “i, m., hindrance fusiliary trops, reinorcements—impedimen'ta, O'rum, capti'wus, 1, m,,omptice pl) baggage fas'tra, Oram, 2. (pl) camp ——-mu'merus, i, m., numer group cOnsilium, cGnsi', ., plex, proe'um, proe'l 1, atte ‘vice sig’num, “i n., sign, signal B'pia, -ae, f, plenty, supply iltory standard co'piae, rum, (ph) frees, eum, I, n., wenpon oops —Word Study — In this lesson you are introduced to a number of words which occur frequently in military histories, particularly those of Caesar. Some of these deserve further explanation: ‘Auxilia: the plural of auxiliam means helps, aids, or sources of aid in ‘ordinary Latin; but asa technical military term it refers to all the non- legionary soldiery in an army, ight-armed infantry, cavalry archers, singers, et.Cpe: this word, to0, keeps ite normal meanings in the plural, Sanpts, ries, resnures, bat in mibtary terminology «general's ree Secs are the foros at his spol at Inmpediment: from a facial pont of view the paces of baggage twitch secompany an army fare. primary hitrencs to rapid Ihaneuvering ‘Ana and cata (ike rout and core in English) occur only in the Pl, Remember to use a pral verb when ease isthe subject Car un gn. The comp ae ‘Arma can be used of ams and wespns in general but when con- trasted with tea thas more specific meanings ‘ma,“lenaive arma” as opposed fea, “ffensive weapons,” ‘weapons for close ighting” 2s oppose to fla, “misc. — Exercises — ‘A. Translate, giving both meanings forall perfects, 1. servavisti, pugnabas, clamabis 2. fut, appellavists, stete- runt 3. ambulavi, habitabO, portatis 4. cénfirmavi, superabi- mus, vocibis 5. ndntiat, navigavérunt, hiberavisti elif showing @ slermith’s workshop. Noi the fmshed product, mols, ‘rule for tng sie, and ls,‘B. Translate into Latin, L.we have tried, they will look at, he awaited 2. I have liked, ‘they have prepared, you (p.) called together 3. he has praised, she was giving, they were pointing out 4. we shall seize, you Ging.) will suffer, they attacked 5. he is relating, they will fly, ‘we have wounded . Read the Latin and translate, 1. Equi sine aqua heri erant. 2. Dabisne litteras feminae cris? 3. Amma multa et bona nostris dedit, 4. Postei ad legitum por- ‘abit ndintium de periculis, 5, Telis pugnavimus cum Galliae opis. 6. Clr puerum telo vulneravist? 7, Did cum meis a ‘Gs ambulavi, 8. Heri in castis nostris legatos dit) exspectaba. mus. 9. Multis liters pulchré parivistis. 10. Multi in Europa jam liberi sunt. D. Translate into Latin 1, Why were the boys and the slaves fighting in that place? 2. We have freed the small town with our swords. 3. The messengers called the big bays together with (their) rumpets.._ 4. We shall give gifts to the goddess tomorow. 5. We were living in the farmhouse for a long time. 6 We carried grain to our friends yesterday, 7. The bad boys were without friends. 8. Many fine horses were standing on the road today. 9. Did you (sing.) ‘wound the man with a weapon? 10. The poets were not unhappy. —Reading — Read aloud and translate AENEAS COMPLETES HIS TALE “ats: “Anchises animos nostros bonis verbs cOnfiemavit: ‘Del sig- ‘num dedorunt nostum regnum est in alia Pst longe ab Ati, se post longam fagam et mulls ands in Haiam nvigsbinis. ‘Tum nivigivimus in terram bi habitabant vir eminague, eaptivi ‘Trojan, nostri amic. lam liberi erant, Femina multa et palchea dona dedi, et vir bonum consilinm dé nostro régnd in Halla, Naviae nostr arma et copiam aquae fimentique ab oppid’ ostrorum amicorum poraverunt. Tum ad régnum tum navigiviens.”Pluperfect Tense Future Perfect TenseColossus magnitudinem suam servabit etiam si steterit in puteo. A giant will keep his size ven though ke will have stood in a well SENECA, —Forms — PLUPERFECT AND FUTURE PERFECT ‘Two other tenses besides the perfect are formed on the perfect stem: the pluperfect and the future perfect; these three tenses are called tenses of the perfect system ‘THE PLUPERFECT TENSE ‘To form the plupertect we add the tense-sign -erie tothe perfect stem, and then add the personal endings +m, -5, +t, -mus, -tis, and -nt, shortening the -&- of -era- before -m, ty and -nt, vociveram, [hal cll? vociver'mus, xe had ela Yosi'vens, you had cilad —vociveris, you had lat oct verat, eid called acs verant, they had alld ‘THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE The future perfect tense Is formed by adding the tonse-sign ceri to the perfect Stem of the verb, then the personal endings -O,-s, -t sms, ti, and nt, omitting the -i- of -ei- before -0. voci'verd, Isle cllel—vocive'im, ue shall ave cll Yocs'veri, you rill hav called vosive'sitis, you ul have clot Voed'vert, hei have calla?) vock'veint, Phy ail hr elled Vocabulary — audicia, -2e, 6, daring, boldness _magis'ter, magis't, m., master, car'nus, 1, wagon, ct ‘ticer ira, “ae, care, anxiety ppoe'na,-ae, f, punishment, ddo’minus, i,m, lord, master enally no" pia ae, flack, want po'pulis, i, m., peopl, nation ia, vae, anger 06s, 506, mally, comrade liber, Ii’be,m, ook loteus, «i, m. (o'ea, loco'ram, rn, ph, place—Word Study — Dominus and magister both mean master, but the two words are not interchangeable. Dominus is “master” in the sense of “owner,” mage ister in the sense of “director.” Populus. The word populus in Latin is generally used inthe singular, as in the phrase populus Romanus. It is used in the plural t mean rations or tries. Note that many pepe is generally expressed by mult, — Exercises — A, Analyze each form and translate. 1. pugniverat, abdrabunt, ambulivisti_ 2. oppugnabat, specti- verunt, parat 3. portivi, eram, vociverit 4. volavimus, narrant, leménstriveris 5. servabit, laudavisti, stetérunt 6. occu: pabamus, exspectiverts, temptavists. 7, lamaverat, si= Dperdmus, confirmaverd 8. navigibamus, habitaverint, appelli- verunt "9. Uberdvist, nuntiaverds, dedenit 10, convocibant, amaverunt, vulnerabo 3. Translate, 1. Thave wounded, you (sing) were capturing, you (pl) will ook at 2. we shall have carried, he shouted, they had set free 3. you (sing) had stood, they will have attacked, we are flying 4. they have praised, we shall name, he guards 5, they will have tried, [shall be, we walk 6. you (p.) Rave declared, I had given, they told 7. they have fought, he waited for, you (sng.) will have called 8. they had surpassed, we shall labor, I have shown 9. you (pl.) have prepared, he had liked, we shall have sailed 10. shall announce, they assembled, he had lived Read the Latin and translate 1. Mose fiiae ausilium miserd serv dabant, 2. Ob belll pesi= cculum multa tela pariverant. 3. Ladsne in oppids hodis spec- {bitis? 4. Agrcolae magnam frimenti edpiam ex agro porti- bant. 5, Num nautae miseri ab insula nivighverin®? 6. Feminae puells in campum saepe convocaverant. 7. Vitis signum proclt tubgiamdederd. 8. Cras puer gladissorvum malum vulnerabunt. 6768. 9. Tum legstus bonam fortdnam nostroum —niintverat 10, Nunti viros in parva villa heel exspectaverunt D. Translate 1. The peoples of Europe had net always been free 2. Haven't ‘the good boys given the poet's books tothe teacher? 3. Tomorrow our camp will be in the great forest in Germany. 4. The little Bin's books were not large, were they? 5. Won't the masters set (theie) slaves free now? 6, Without weapons I shall have fought, badly. 7. The farmer's son had already given grain and water to the horses, 8 The lieutenants encouraged our forces when they were being hard pressed for along time. 9, A large number of ‘our men ad carried the baggage into the camp. 10. Do free people often walk with slaves? Reading — Read aloud and translate AENEAS INCURS DIDO'S ANGER Ubi Aendis Elissue pericula Troiindrum narraverat, regina clamavit “Magna est audacia tual Ad multa loca et per pericula magna navigivist! Multa done tuis ded, et nunc fugam & med régné paratis.” ‘Magna erat cura Aentae: réginam amabat, sed det Troianos voc bant in faliam. ‘Ubi fugam pariverat Aenéis magna erat ira x maivit “Aengan virum meum appellivi, sed ‘Ts ‘amdvit miseram Elissam! lam fugam paravi;crds ab Africa navigabit Semper stabit ira mea inter Trbiinds et populum meum! Soci non jerunt: semper mei in armis stabunt contra Troiands, et dia. abrabunt ‘Troian bells et proeiis multi!” Sed! interim Aendas erat in alto; ad Ialiam iam navigabatoo Qui non est hodie cras minus aptus erit. He who is not prepared today wil be less so tomorrow. —ov10 REVIEW 3 crssosss-1) < — Vocabulary Drill — |. Give the genitive, gender, and meaning of the following nouns. trims som ins pwn somo i i cls fides Gira ther protium Seam Sonus tees Snes Spine fama wgiter an fogs numer tem impecimentum - Give the principal parts and meanings of the following verbs. ambuls demonstto——eppugn® = sum Slane ry serve tempo confiema heed a Give the meanings ofthe following adverbs. bene hie male saepe oa iam um semper cir by rine tom rn stern 8 oh het me A synopsis of a verb consists of all the forms of a given person and umber, The synopsis of vee in the frst person singular is SENT VOCS, eal Lam cling, Jd call rnarearcer —voetbam, | Tua cllig,Lellod rovurs vocibo, I shal all veneer voeavi, Ihe calle, [del called reurenercr vociveram, I had called FUTURE PERFECYVochvero, 1 shall ve cll—Drill on Forms — A, Give a synopsis, with meanings, ofthe following, verbs. jeep.) 1. din the 24 person singular 2. libero én the 3d person singular 3, std the Ist person pla 4A. walnerd in the 2 person plural 5. stam inthe 3d person plural B. Translate 1, temptabitis 6. dederis 2. demansteis 7. ambulavimus 3. fueram 8. stetérunt 4 oppugnavimus 9, servaveritis 5, confirmabant 10. climaverat ©. Translate 1. she will stand 7. Lwalked 2 you Ging.) had been 8. you Ging.) will have 3. we were saving Surengthened 44. they have shouted 9, we ted 5, they will have given 410. you (ph) had shown 6. you (pl) attack —Drill om Syntax — ‘Translate the words in italics, giving the reason for each case, Where are the captives? ‘These men are captives. like he plan What is the plan of the euxitiry troops? He gave a sivord to (his) coma. He carried a sword fo the place. ‘They carried their baggage in carts, | |They guarded their baggage inthe camp. ‘They carried their baggage into the camp, ‘They carried their Baggage from the camp, — Exercises — . Translate 1 2 Est 3. ‘ 5. 6 7 9. 10. [None nostids superivistis audciseBpiirum vestrarum? ‘Oppid® nosted copia frimenti sed aquze inopia. [Lagati arma servaverant long ab cast. Lagitus populo consis sociorum lbere nantiavit. aptivorum cira magna erat, sed animos confiemavimus. (Cor niintius signum proel tuba dederit? Fama dé soci6ram fugs lt® longéque voliverat. . Ibi erant castra magna nostrirum copiarur. Magnae erunt irae deorum in mals. Puer gladio miserum servur alts vule 5. Translate, 1 2 Ater the battle signal our men shouted. We shall carry » report far and wide concerning the great bate 3. Not many people have walked through the forest, have they? Where is the eamp of our allies? Did you (pl.) wound the unfortunate sailor deeply with your weapons? Afterwards we shall have strengthened the spirits of our men with good words ‘There was not a lack of water in our camp, but we were without grain, ‘The wretched captives frely pointed out the way to our camp. ‘The lieutenant had already attacked the small town without the help of the alles. ‘The baggage will be in the town, but we shall carry our arms into camp, 7(Ora et labora Pray and labor.—st, weNEDICT Moops Every Latin verb has five attributes: tense, voice, mood, person, and ‘number. In the forms which you have learned you have seen examples fof all sis tenses (present, imperfect, future, perfect, plupertect, and future perfect), all three persons (first, second, and third), and both ‘numbers (singular and plural); but so far you have learned only one vyoice, the active, and one mood, the indicative. Latin verbs have three moods, the indicative, the subjunctive, and the Imperative. The indicative, as you have seen, Is used to make state- ‘ments and to ask questions. The subjunctive (which you will learn later) is used to describe unreal actions. The imperative is used for commands, ‘THE IMPERATIVE MOOD ‘The present imperative singular in Latin is regularly the same as the present stem, voed, cil, The plural adds -te to the singular, voedte, fall, The singular form is used when one person is addressed; the plural is used when more than one person is addressed, The impera fives of sum are es and este, ‘THE VOCATIVE CASE ‘The vocative case is used for direct address, Iti rarely the first word in a sentence and is usually set off by commas. The vocative casein Latin is the same as the nominative in all declensions, except for second declension singular nouns ending in -us of -ius. Nouns of the second declension singular ending, in us have -e as the vocative ending, as amice, O frind! But filias, and proper nouns ending in us, have the vocative ending, it =i son: FOR, Jaius.® *The masculine vocative singular of meus is mi74 Helps and Hints, The imperative and vocative frequently occur in the same sentence. Come here, bv. Fight hard, soldiers, Usually the imperative comes first in the sentence and the vocative sec- fond. Remember that the plural ofall Latin nouns has the voeative the same as the nominative Vocabulary — causa, -ae,f reason, cause als, m., jus epistela, -ae)f, leter epistles, Lad, mu, Lacias f'bula, “ae, f, Story Mar'eus, i, m, Marcus ha, cae, {hour peciinia,-ae,f, money Tilia, ae, fut regina, ae f, queen albus, -a, -am, white amicus, -a,-um, friendly gei'tus,-a, -um, pleasing, uelome; grateful Inimi'cus, “a, -um, unfriendly, hostile inimi'cus, igen gra,’ grum, back parts, a, am, ready, prepared eras, a, -um, true sm, enemy) —Word Study— Talia, Iallus. Talus is a Roman family name, A Roman gil yas not given a name of her own, but was known simply by the family name in the feminine form. All the daughters of the Julius family would be called Julia. To distinguish between them they might be given nick- ‘names or, if there were many of them, they were given numbers. Licius and Marcus are Roman frst names. Because ofthe practice of ‘naming boys after ther fathers, grandfathers or paternal uncles, there ‘were only 18 given names in’use in the classical period, and only about half of these were common.— Exercises — Give the present active imperative second person singular of a nivigh pugnd spectd demonstrd Give the present active imperative second person plural of ports abo clams sto pug’ ap) Pavement siden (toto) Tie are ofthe cy76 ©. Give the vocative singular of: vir Talia oer Liicius agricola puella Marcus. = sauta——fiius captives D. Give the vocative plural of regina dea socius amicus dominus nantivs —femina—servus———pta ‘ia EE. Read the Latin and translate 1, Libera, comine, servds; bont visi sunt. 2. Cras eastra occu verimus, 3. Da, Talla, peciniam servo amico, 4, Per silvara dit ambulavious. 5. Spectateréginam: pulchra est. 6. Multi nti epistulis dederant, 7, Paravistine, mi fl, epistulam? 8, Cras, vin, navigabimus; parate vestra arma. 9. Regina puellis parvis ppulchra dana dabat, 10, Légitus tuba signum dedit F. Translate 1. Why are the letters not welcome, my queen? 2. Tell the story of your dangers, Marcus. 3. We are ready; sail to the island, Sailors. 4. Lucius had walked with his liends through the forest fora longtime, 5, My sons, give money to your friends, 6. They ‘artied the money into the town yesterday. 7. Boys, carry water to the black horses, 8, Tomorrow we shall seize the camp and the town, 9. Julia was beautiful but unfriendly. 10. Julia, are you the daughter of Leis Julius? —Reading — Read aloud and translate LAVINIA [Ubi Troidni in Taliam navigiverant, Amata erat rgina Latinorum, Lavinia erat Sia Amatae et Latin, Laviniam Aenéas amavit, sed Tur rus, dominus Rutulorum et socius Landrum, Laviniam did amabat, Amitae Tumnus gratus erat, Aenéas non gritus. Inter Troiinds et Latinos erat longum bellum. Causa bell erat Lavinia, Latin’ castra Aeneadcum oppugnabant. Turnus camavit: “Tua fama, Aenéa (oveatice), mi inimice, est magna. Nune convoca tus Socios et deménstrd audaciam Troiinorum.”” : , | | ; |< Q Ww c a Vv o a z ire -Otium sine litteris mors est et hominis vivi sepultura, Leisure without literature is death, or rather the burial of living man. —sENeCA Forms — ‘THE THIRD DECLENSION All nouns and adjectives whose genitive singular ends in -is belong, to the third declension Nowinanwe fer Gesmve = ftis sori Dari fevih sono i fAcevsarive; —fvieem —soro'rem ABATE fee sonore NOMINATE sone bari soro'tbus ACCUSAIVE fates sorte heuer: Vsibas Sors'sbus “bus ‘The vocative ofthe third declension is like the nominative —Vocabulary — cole'rits, celerit'tis, £, mater, mats, f, mother ssf, speed miles, mils, m. salier con'sul, consuls, m., consul pater, pats, father ddux, duis, m. leader Pex, gis, m. King er, fetes, m., noe so'ror, sorts, f, sister imperi'tor, imperstaris, m.,—— Gatecta, ‘immander, general re impe'rium, impe’r, n., command, —P! ‘iltary power, goverment mox, adverb, soon—Word Study — Imperiam. Oxiginaly Rome was ruled by a king, who alone held the wer to rule, This power was called the imperium, and was sym- Bolized by the fasces, 2 bundle of rods tied around an axe, repre- senting the king’s right to inflict corporal or capital punishment. Consul, After the overthrow of the monarchy (500 B.C.) the imperium wwas given to elected officals, the consuls. Two consuls were elected annially. The word imperium came more and more to mean “the power to command armies," since the officials who held it also served as generals in war time Imperator. Since Roman armies were led by consuls or pravtors, Latin hhas no separate word for general. However, when a consul or a praetor by his successes showed dearly that he held the imperium {which ‘was thought of almost as a magical power), he might be acclaimed speritor, welder ofthe imperium, by his troops. He was allowed to lise imperitor as a ttle with his name. This title was later taken as a name by the Roman emperors, For convenience, imperator may be translated merely as general or commander.— Exercises — A, Decline cbnsul bonus miter mea ux novus B, Translate 1. Ducés novis milités in castra mox voctbunt, 2, Lagatus la dlvit cOnsulls figs. 3, Pater megs amicus erat consulum in Italia, 4. Mites in agro post castra dia pugndbant. 5. Narr, Tilia, G@bulam tua frth parvo, —6. Ubi imperitor cOpias Galliae superivit? 7, Mult ct pulchra déna dederimus nostrae sor 8, Post proclium exit novus imperator. 9, Fama dé nostr imperi- taris bond fortna late longéque volaverat. 10. In villa, mater, Toliams exspecta; acl oppidum ambulabs. ©. Translate. 1, The books of the great poet pleased my brother well. 2. Marcus is the leader of many soldiers. 3. The consuls sisters were look= ing at many bioad fields, 4, Lucius called (his) brothers and Sisters from the wide forest into the town. 5. The general used to fight in battle with (his) soldiers. 6. The people used to give the military power to the consuls. 7. Where was the consul’s father? 8, The teacher gave (his) lite sister beautiful gifts. 9. We shall soon sail to the kingdom of the great king. 10. The boys ‘were praising (their) fathers and mothers. — Reading — Read aloud and translate ‘TURNUS ASSEMBLES THE RUTULIANS ‘Turmus, dx Rutulbrom, in magno oppido Arde cam patre Daun ef sorore Kita habitat, Tur alts et magna in aged Laind Ardea Stabat, Posted oppidum parvum erat, sed Romans sacrum. Saepe insults Roman dona pullva dels Ardeae dabant. ‘Ubi Acneadae io ltaham navigaverant, fama dé Troiandram fugh longé atégue per Ialiam volavert, sed Turnum non délectvit. Dax Ratularumm popilim convocivi, animds miitum confirmavit et bel- Jum paravitThird Declension, Neuter Ablative of Manner82 Materiam superabat opus. ‘The workmanship wus better than the subject matter —ov1D —Forms — ‘THIRD DECLENSION NEUTER Neuter nouns of the third declension, lke all neuters in Latin, have ‘the same form in the nominative and the accusative, the nominative and accusative plural ending in =a. Nowa noimen tr temps Grams ndminis—iW'nevis tem’ por Dari ine tempos! ‘Accusative! ier tempus Seuss nee tempore se Sowmanwe amine nea tempore corse itineram — tem'porum bare itineabus —tempo'rbus Acelsarwe —no'mina—inera| Asuarive:——nomi'nibus —itine'sibus —Syntar— ABLATIVE OF MANNER ‘The manner in which an action is performed is expressed by the ablative with cum. Ifthe noun is modified by an adjective, eum may be omitted; if itis used, the word order must be: adjective, cum, Liters cum dligeatisparvits He prepara the ltr i cae Liters magnd dligenta pari. He prepared the leter Litters magn cum dilgenua pariit, | wth grat cre.Do not confuse the Ablative of Manner with the Ablative of Means. (Cum audaeia pugnavist, You fought wit fdas (ASLATIVE oF ANNE) ‘Tells pugnavits You fugit si seapos, (aacarive OF MEANS) Stotars rm Pompe. Note the mova weights inte shapes of ‘ini’ heads. 83,Vocabulary — Cac'sar, Cae'saris, m., Caesar Germanus, -a, um, German caput, capitis, ned Grae’cus, -2,-um, Greek car'men, car!minis,n., So, Hispa’mus, -a, -unn, Spanish poem Réma’nus, -a, -um, Reman, of cor'pus, corporis, n., body Rome ef, ilignce, care flu'men, fms, m., oer, stream er, ineris,n., march, journey rte tempus, tem’ por, m, time vvul'aus, vul'nenis,n., ound —Wordl Study — ‘Caesar. Most Roman men had three names, the praendmen, the nO men and the cognomen, The praenomen is the frst name oF ten hme, eg, Lichas, Marcus. The ndmen isthe family name, e-g., Kaus, ‘The cogndmen is a kind of nickname, designating the branch of the family to which the man belonged. It often described some physical charocteristic or commemorated some famous deed. Caesar is a cog- nomen of the Julius family; the full name of the famous Caesar was Gaius Julius Caesar. Romanus. The genitive of Roma is not used to indicate possession; Rome's or of Romte is expressed by the adjective Romanus: titles Rominus a sir of Rome opine Raminae the forts of Rome Populus Romanus means either the Roman nation as a whole, or the common people as distinguished from the senatorial nobility: Decrees, fetc,, were issued in the name of the Senate and the Roman People {Senitus Populusque Romanus, abbreviated 5.P.Q.R.). — Exercises — A. Decline the following, corpus magnum, carmen vérum caput mounB, Read the Latin and translate 1. Caesar erat imperitor magnus in Galli 2. Germant magna cum auclacia nostra castra oppugnabunt. 3, Miités cum diigentia, in oppid® arma parabant. 4. Matrum carmina filias delectave rint._ 5. NautaeGraecinénindvigsbant magna celertate. 6, Nonne flamen erat latam et longum et pulchrum? 7. Lie Ili Caesaris filige ndmen ert Ialia.&. Populus Romanus imperium consulious sgrité-dedit. 9. Corpora Ramandrum magna non erant, 10, Post bellum némen novum eénsuli dabimus. . Translate 1, The teachers didnot often look at the boys with great friendli- ness. 2. Men of Rome, fight with great diligence! 3. Did the messenger give the battle signal on a trumpet? 4. There was a horse's body on the road, 5, The Spanish allways ased to fight with great boldness. 6. A great king in Germany was a friend and ally of the Roman People. 7. The German forces had fought In the camp of the Romans. 8, The journey to the Spanish town, is long, bat we shall walk with great speed. 9. The troops of Rome atlacked the German camp with long weapons. 10. Why lid you carry the grain to town in a wagon, Marcus? —Reading — Read aloud and translate. ROMAN SCHOOLS 1 Judo Romano erant puert sed non multae puellae. Si 1adus bonus tat, pues magistrd pectniam dabant. Magister saepe erat servus fidus. Docebat’ puerds grammaticam, hétoricam, arthmeticam, LLaudatst puerds s discipull bon’ erant. Puerds maids et non studios0s castigabat. Paedaggus puerds exspectabat et libros portabat, Fortuna pueroruim nén mala erat si pues! bont erant Puellae domi evant. Matrés puellds artes domesticis doctbant. Nonne vita puellaum bona erat? Hodié in patna nostra pueri et pueliae in Idd sunt, In multi lads ‘ives libros comparant, Fortina vestra bona est. Nune magna copia librorum bonorum est sed turn libri pauci erant16 Third Declension, I-Stems87 © praeclarum custodem ovium lupum! ‘An excelent protector of sheep, the wolf!— cicero Was tablet from Pompei —Forms — ‘THIRD DECLENSION F-STEMS ‘A group of nouns which have -ium instead of -um in the genitive plural are called i-stem nouns of the thd declension. Also some new- fer nouns of the thied declension have -1 in the ablative singular in- stead of -, and -ia in the nominative and accusative plural. stems Include the following, Masculine of feminine nouns 1. ending in -@s ori in the nominative singular and having the same ‘number of syllables in the genitive singular hosts, hosts, enemy acd, cae, murder 2. ending in -ns or -15 in the nominative singular mor, mors eth 3. of one syllable in the nominative singular whose base ends in two consonants row, noctis, £.night Neuter nouns Neuter nouns ending in -al or -e in the nominative singular (ike animal and mare): these show the -i- of the stem in the ablative singular -i, the nominative and accusative plural -ia, and the genitive plural -iam,DECLENSION OF I-STEMS siNcutar Me NET. Nounearivel gina wba cane ures banve ube ecusarE ‘bem starve uwbe Sownanive —ignts urbe cave we bia atv: ius necisarive: gins bes feanive,—iginibus ur bibs Vocabulary — a’rimal, animals, n,, animal ig’, ig'nis, m., fre vis, d'vis, m. oF fy dizen, {fellow citizen Vis, Wis, m., end, Boundary ‘nes, f'nium, ma, terlory ‘gens, gen'tis,f, family, clan, ation oss, hos'tis, m., enemy ‘méns, mon'tis, m., mountain, hill mors, mor'ts,f, death ni’vi, na'vis,f, ship p¥'nis, pa'nis, m., rend pons, pon’ts, m., bridge turbs, urs, f, cly —Word Study — Hosts, Both hostis and inimicus (the adjective used as a noun) mean nom. Hosts is an enemy ofthe state or a public enemy, and inimicus isa personal enemy. In English we often use “enemy” in the singular asa collective noun, to designate a hostile army oF nation. Such a ‘collective use should be translated by the Latin plural ‘The enemy is tacking the ton ‘Hostés oppidum oppugnant. { ‘The enemy are attacking the town.Exercises — A. Decline, ‘mare nostrum, sds alas navis longa B. Read the Latin and translate 1. Per multas terras mariaque portavimus nostros deds ad It am, 2. Nonne dederas pinem multis cvibus Romanis? 3, In ‘mari _multae naves framentum ad insulam portabant. 4. In ‘mine erat pons ab insula ad urbem. 5, Enunt semper Caesaris proeliorum memoriae in Gallis. 6, In agnd Romind erant viae a ‘montibas ad mare, 7. In hostium casts erant mull cives vest. 8. Est semper in proelid periculum mortis.. 9. In Galliae finibus erant multf popull. 10. Suntne malta animalia in mari? C. Translate 1. There is a long bridge on a beautifel river in Germany, 2. Horses are good and fetendly animals, 3. The ehipe were sail ing through the sea toward the land. 4. There was « beautiful city in the teritory of the Greeks. 5. On the bridge was a soldier ‘ona white horse. 6. The mountains in Gaul are high and beat- fitful. 7, Marcus often used to call our fellow citizens into the city. 8, The soldiers will carry (theif) weapons from the gates of the city. 9. They attacked the enemy's city with fire. 10. Were yu (p.) looking atthe fies on the mountain? —Reading — Read aloud and translate APPIUS CLAUDIUS Olim erat vir Romanus, Appius Claudius ndmine. Magnum et longum ‘aquaeductum eedifcivit, Romani aquaeductum ab nomine Appi ap- pellavérunt. Aguaeductus bonam aquam in urbem Romam portvit, Appius Claudius etiam longam et bonam viam ad oppidum Italiae Cepuam aedificivit. Romant viam “Appian” appelliverunt. rant ‘multae alae vige in Italia sed Via Appia praceipue cara erat 89lo In Vid Appia multi tabant et amicos sali | puelae, cum amis in mmini ambulabant. Agricolae frimentum por- sbant, Inter feminas et virOs erant puert et lamabant, Magnus numerus agrcolarum In vilis prope Viam Appiam habitibat. Did labérabant, et multum framenturn cars ad villas portabant. Vita agricolsrum erat bona, ‘Appius Claidivs patriam amatat et curs hostibus Romandrum sem per pugnabat, Via et aquaeductus in Italia hodie manent. ‘An ofc pres from Poop. The ves wore raise in aml. Te il frm fret pressing ans ted for pss an cont fr #8 seo, coking from the Hd Tintin.1 Tarditas et procrastinatio odiosa est. Delay—putting things of until tomorrow—is hateful, CICERO REVIEW 4& csssonss.10 —Vocabrilary Drill — A, Give the genitive, gender, and meaning of the following nouns, animal igentia——hava pans faput ux hosts mons gina amen pista gis ‘more me causa ‘bala imperitor —nlvis soe certs fins impenum nomen tempus avs lumen iter pants uss consul eter mare ater vlimas copes gen mater pectin B. Give the nominative singular forms, and the meaning, of the following adjectives, aibas srtus niger params C. Give the meanings ofthe following words. amet sprite dlects Trimice vere —Drill on Forms — A. Give the following forms ‘woitve singular: Marcus, tempus, Talus genitive singular: imperium, vulnus, navis ‘ative singular: deus, diigentia,celeritas ‘accusation singular iter, vir, du ablative singular: mare, gs, pectnia92, 6. toaative plural: nantivs, animal, flamen 7. genitive plural: cvis, mater, fabula 8, dative plural epistula, gladius, rx 9, accusative plural caput, imperator, causa BB, Give a synopsis in the active indicative and imperative (where applicable), with meanings of: lets inthe third person singular 46 n te thi person plural sum inthe second person singular vvulerd in the sean perso: plural td the fist person plural . Decline throughout, ‘animal nigeum ex amicus celertis nova —Drill on Syntax — translate the words in ales, giving the reason for each case, ‘The sailors are in a ship, We cattied our grain to Africa iva ship. ‘The messenger gave the signal on a frum. ‘The messenger gave the signal on the mountain ‘The Germans fought with boldness The Germans fought with weapons. ‘They gave gifts to te cities. ‘They enered water fo the cites. ‘The road to Germany is long. Where are you, son? Exercises — A. Translate 1, Gives gladis in proeli contra milités pugnavérunt. 2. Puont Raman magna cum diligentia hodiv epistulas parant. 3. Pulchrae erant Bie nosttimperatdrs, 44. Rex bonus servis pecdiniam dOnaque dabat.93, 5. Captives Romans in casts servis 6 Cet, rter nig rns mare ad patiam nest 4 Occupivistine equim meu in tinee? Post procli mitts cum eeleite ad easra ama Borers dics i vit dia ambush 10, Imperator spect host casein monte, ‘Translate ‘ 1. The songs of the soldiers in the Roman camp pleased the leaders. 2. Will the Roman peopfe soon give a new name to our king? 3. Where did you seize my friend's new horses? 4. The envoy will carry to the German king the message about the danger of war 5. The journey from Germany to Italy is long 6. Carry your swords to the camp now, Marcus and Lucius 7. Caesar often used to fight against the enemy in Gaul 8. We walked toward the wide river for a Tong time. 9. Have yrut nat looked at the many weapons ofthe liewtenant? 410. Our camp is always in a larg field TNONIYSHERACLIO Saraphagus of P. Nonius Zeus, a miler, showing grain mil erked bya | tty es mers bt oop | et) ats nn po nea at f(Quos amor verus tenuit, tenedit, Those whom true love has held, it will go on holding SENECA. —Forms — ‘THE SECOND CONJUGATION Verbs whose present stem (found by dropping -re from the second principal part) ends in @ belong to the second conjugation, They are conjugated lke moned, monére, monui, monituns, advise, warn PRESENT TENSE Tao "pont mas ‘moins montis smo'net smo’ nent INPRRHBCT TENSE mone bam, ee Tmontba’ mus, et ‘mondbo, ete ‘mone bimus, et ‘mene oe TmonaTimas, PLUPERFECT TENSE ‘ponuleram, oe Tmonuea mus, cic monwter, et ‘monueimas, ete ene Thane'te 95Notice that moned is conjugated in exactly the same way as voc, except that the stem vowel is not dropped, but only shortened, before 0 in the present active indicative first person singular moned. Vocabulary — Helve'tius, -2, -um, Hetvetian, ofthe Hetvetians habed, habs're, haba, ha’bitom, hoe hold sma'ned, mané’re, man’si, main’sum, stay, remain ro'nes, moné're, mo'nu, mo’nitur, warm advise, inform mo'ved, move're, mo'vi, md'tum, move castra movére, fo brenk camp se'deo, sedi're, s8di,ses'sum, sit tenes, tens're,te'nul, ten‘tum, hold Wmed, time're, tel, —, fear, be afd vides, vide're, i'd, v'sum, ee Exercises — ‘A. Analyze each form and translate 1. vidBbam, vidi, videbunt, videratis 2. timémus, timuimus, te ‘met, timuit 3, seed, séderant, manserat, manébunt 4. tentbat, tenuenit, movit, movet 5. portabitis, laudavists,timebatis, adn averss 6, patat, Vidi, dedi, appellivit 7. timuisti, tenuistis, habui, videbamus 8, es, cOnfirmaverd, monébat, mansérunt ‘9, oppugnabimess, convocivit, dat, sédimus 10. habuit fit, ha- buerat, tenuerimus 1B, Translate 1. we were warning, they had warned, he will see, 2. I shall feat, you had seen, they will have 3. we have sat, they have sat, [ St 4 we were holding, they remain, I shall have sat 5. you had, you will have, they will have 6. he was, you will remain, they had wamed 7. she has seen, they had feared, we are mov- ing) 8. ill you give? will they not stand? they were not calling, were they? 9, he announced, we shall have stood, you have Saved. 10, he had moved, we shall have moved, they will remain . Give synopses in the indicative, with meanings, of the following:1, maneO in the first person singular 2. vided in the third person singular 3. habeo inthe third person plural D. Read the Latin and translate 1, Miltés ducem tendbunt in oppid6, 2. Imperstor Romanus cas- ‘ya crasmovébit, 3. Populus Romanus impetium semper tenebat. 4, Consulas monsbo dé belli periculd, 5. Stite, vir, in via et ducem exspectite, 6, Post proelium mised! eaptivi mortem t= ‘muerunt. 7. Saepe navem pulchram vidimus. "8. Did sedebant in villa frites agricolae. 9. Materne tua in urbe manébit? 10. Nonne paratis, puellae, nunc libros nowds? . Translate 1, We stayed on the mountain for a long time. 2. The soldiers will soon break camp, 3. Lucius, are you holding the small ani mal?) 4. Girls, warn the farmer, there isa fire in the farmhouse 5. Our father saw along river in Spain. 6. My brother is siting ‘on the small bridge. 7. The enemy do not fear our men, 8, The captives do not have much money, do they? _9. The consuls will have warned the citizens of the danger, 10, Tell the boys a story about Julies Caesar. —Rending — Read aloud and translate A BRAVE WATER BOY Liu, legit Caesars, n vil agile ami sedabat ot agricole fis abla ce bel Calico nara. “Era cum nostis cps puer Gallus, In roel ad mitts aguam ‘Sbumque pervs card portbat. Mortem aon tonbet In casts Cam niiibuslaborabat “Did in fins Aeduram ménsins, Nosts cBpids Cacsar in castes a fle Arai teat. Cum Helos pugtdbat et ostes expecta “Hts cps ftmen naibustneporibent. In fmine non eat pons. Ubi de Momsine puer agoam poriba, signa Heletioram sit ft nostrds d® perclo magna cum celete mont, Helvell astea ‘osira oppugaverant, sed port rims, Puerum Caesar audi: Est hod cvs Romnnas”Third Declension, Adjectives Ablative of AccompanimentPatria est communis omnium parens. (Our native land is the common parent of us all. —cicERO —Forms — ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION ‘These adjectives are declined lke third declension iestem nouns. Like the neuter i stems, they always have - in the ablative singular. ‘Third declension adjectives of three terminations end in -er in the masculine nominative singular, -is in the feminine, and -e in the neuter. They are declined lke celer, sift, Now coer cen. celetis ber celle ‘Acc. collerom Am celle wleis coors ‘és ew'lerés eole'ria celevis celeris cel'riim celeriom cele’ celed Gee! celebs ‘eens celerem celere celerés clea cele cele) cele'rbus colebus “Adjectives of two terminations end in isin both the masculine and the feminine nominative singular, and in -e in the neuter (brevis, breve). Adjectives of two terminations are declined like adjectives of three terminations, except that they have no separate form for the masculine nominative and vocative singular MER ®. brevis breve bre'sis brevis bret bei bre'vem breve bre bre ME x, reves brevia bre’viam bream brevvibus —bre'vibus reves bre'via bre'ibus — brevibus Adjectives of one termination have the same form for the nominative and vocative singular of al three genders. All third declension adjec- tives which do not end in -er oF «i fn the masculine nominative singular are adjectives of one termination100 Me &e. s ‘NOMINATION audv@s—audi'ca extive sedi'cum —ds'cum Dative: fauda‘cbus — auda'eibus secur avdi'esanda'o ‘sauarive faudi‘cbus auda’eibus ‘THE ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT Accompaniment is expressed by the ablative with cum, vith, along ‘with, company wt. Puella cum matee est. The sn 1 wie her moter Do not confuse the ablative of accompaniment with the ablative of ‘means or the ablative of manner. COppidum cum socis oppagzdvcunt, They tack het te tales, TamLarive oF accosrantaN2) COppidum ts oppugniverunt, They ace the Coun ith weapons [ASLanve oF StEANS) COppidum cum ausdics oppugnaverant. They atekal the tx with Bones, (Gsuarive oF MANNE) Vocabulary — acer, His, Sere, sharp, flece Gallus, a, -um, Gallic au'dax, auda'cis,* bold, daring gravis, gra've, exey severe, bre'vis, bre’ve, short serious Britan’nus, -a, -um, British fom’nis, om'ne all, every celles, ce'leris,celere, swift ——_po'tins, poten’tis,* powerful fils, fatale, eney similis, smile, like, similar for'ts, forte, brave ‘Teoia'nus, -a, am, Troan the yentive sigur of adjective fone termination must beamed ee the base ‘not be foun from the nominative sing.—Word Study — Adjective Prefixes. Used with an adjective the prefix in means not; inimicus = in + amicus, not friendly: therefore, unfriendly. The prefix per means very. What are the meanings of the following adjectives? perlonges, 2, am fngritus, permagus, a, -umn pergrsts =a) -um perms 3, “um ‘The Suffixes ia and -tia. An abstract noun is often. made from an adjective by the addition of -ia or -tia (ess, -ship) to the base or stem ‘of the adjective. Amicitia (riniship, friendliness) is formed from the adjective amicus in this way. ‘The Suffix -tas. The noun celerits is derived fom eeler. The suffix -lis, statis, feminine, performs the same function of making an ab- sacl noun from an adjective. Like -ia and ta, it may be translated “ness, What would be the meanings of the following nouns? brevis, brevis, & state, gatioe ‘avis, prvi, ‘nimi inimicia,f — Exercises — |A. Decline the following. animus doer regina fortis regnum poténs BB. Read the Latin and translate 1. Mater cum fiié forti manabit. 2. REx polis et regina cum flbus sedent. 3. Friter consulis tub patn tela dabit. 4. Breve est iter ad_oppidum, et magn’ cum celeritite _ambulimus 5. Omngs insulom in flamine Britanno spectabant. 6. Dax audax tensbat in castris cnsulem cum fratribus sorGribusque, 7. Omnés soci cum Caesare pugmabant. 8, Nostitlis gravibus hostés val- heriverint. 9. Ducts fortés cum omnibus copis oppida magna ‘oppugnaverant. 10. Vidi omnia in casts, 101102 ‘Omnés and omnia, when used as nouns, are usually translated everyone and everything. Remember that these words are plural in Latin. Suntne omnis in nave? Is everyone onthe ship? C. Translate 1. The sons of the consul remained in the flelds with the men 2. The women are sitting on the bridge across the viver. 3. The brave messenger warned the citizens about the dangers. 4. The ‘small girls were afraid of everything. 5. The beautiful songs of ‘the Brilsh girls pleased the Roman soldiers. 6. The weapons of the bold lieutenant are heavy. 7. Everyone was looking at the powerful soldier. 8. The road from our farmhouse to your ety {s not short. 9, Look at the wounds on the body of the horse, father. 10, The Trojan soldiers fought with heavy swords —Rending — CORTOLANUS Coriolanus malus cvis erat sed bonus miles. Romani ndllum frcmer tum habébant et timébant magnam famem. lan r8x in Sicilia Romani ‘multum framentum dederat sed Coriolanus frimentum pauperibus ‘non dabat, Itaque pauperés Coriolanum ex urbe exturbaverunt. Posted Coriolinus dux Volscorum erat et cum miltibus Roman's pugndbat, Rominds multis pugnis superavit. Romint clamaverunt: "Mox Coriolanus Romam occupabit.” ‘Tam mater Coriolini et uxor ot fii filiaeque ex urbe properavérunt. Miter Coviolanum érivit et obsecrivit: “Di, fil, saltem Romae.” Responsum Coriolani erat: "Salitem, mater, ‘dabo urbi-meae ‘Servavistt Romam sed tuum fllium posthac numquam videbis.” Tum Coriolanus cum miltbus ab urbe properivit,Passive Voice, First Conjugation Pont du Gand, France, Rome Agueuct ar Bridge, 19 B.C104 ‘Amor tussisque non celantur. Love, and a cough, are not conceated.—ov1o —Forms — ‘THE PASSIVE VOICE ‘When the subject of the verb is not performing the action, buts being, ‘acted upon, the verb is in the passive voice. In the present system the passive is conjugated like the active, but swith a different set of personal endings. st FeRsos 7 In eeason mini 3p piasox cntur PRESEN PASSIVE INDICATIVE wo'cor, Tamale voci’mar, weave called vootris, you are ciled —voci/mini, yo are called vocs'tur, evel’) Socan'tur, hey ar calet vocibar, Pe Weng lla 3 yo were eng alot hows bing called see ere Beng called ou ore bing elled Thay ore eng ale [FUTURE PASSIVE INDICATIVE Voa'bor, Isle allel voc bimae, we sal fe ald oci'beris, you wil be called sweabi’min, you will fe ald voubitur, evil becaled — woeabun'tor, Hey wll called PRESEN PASSIVE IMPERATIVE vou're, bec! Vou'mini, tesla‘THE PERFECT TENSES IN THE PASSIVE ‘Perfect tenses in the passive are formed by combining the perfect passive participle (made from the last one of the principal parts) with forms of sum for the perfect, eram for the pluperfect, and er6 for the fature perfect. Persect I have bven (vas) called, ete —Syntax — AGREEMENT OF PERFECT PASSIVE In the perfect system the perfect passive participle must agree with the subject in gender, number, and case (the ease wil, of course, be nominative). uve voc est, The by has be led. The bey was called Puella wocita erant. The gil fa Bo called, —Exercises— A. Analyze each Latin form and translate 1. paravit, niintidbitur, Tbersta est 2. convoctbimur, dn firmavistis, vocatum erat 3. data erunt, appellaberis, ami bantur 4 dantur, dabuntur, dedimus "5. vulneratus es, 105106 vulnerabamini, exspectaberis 6, amabimini, superati erimus, amitae erant 7. occupata sunt, occupita est, servatur 8 pugnavimus, vulneribunt, pugnaverimus 9. portiberis, por- ‘tum erat, portor 10. spectantur, ludati sumus, parivt B. Translate. 1. you are being wounded, it will be announced 2. they were being called, I had been praised 3. she will be exrred, they have been saved 4. he has been defeated, we are being freed 5. they were being carried, you will be praised 6. The fields had been seized. 7. The women have been praised, 8. The boys have been called. 9. The money had been given. 10. The mothers will be loved. (it From the Statin Bats, Pompei. (ight Hot Room,. Read the Latin and translate, 1. Militum anim sign6 proeli cinfirmstiexant. 2. Multa et pul cra dona réginae potenti dantur. 3. Caesar's mors cvibuts miserisnintiatur. 4. Cir fortes amici non laudati sunt? 5. Bonae Feminae semper amatae sunt. 6. Civés Romani saepe ad campum convocibantur. 7. Pons longus in urbe Britannis et Gals de Onstrabtur. 8, Servi Helveti eas Hbersbuntur. 9, Fabslae dé tO audaci semper narrdbuntur. 10, Castra magna cum au acta oppugnata sunt . Translate. A. Why are the letters not being prepared with care? 2, The wretched captives were being kept in the town. 3, Everyone has been called to the mountain. 4. Tomorrow the city will have been captured; soon we shall break camp. 5. The camp was being attacked with many weapons. 6. The death of the general will be reported far and wide, 7. The brave soldier had been wounded with a heavy weapon. 8. Haven't the enemy been defeated in Gormany? 9. Everything was carcied into camp. 10, The fekde of the good farmer have been seized, —Readding — ALEXANDER’S HORSE Alexander Magnus, 18x Macedoniae, equum fortem et celerem hab? bat. Bacephats appellatus est. Rogem in proclium semper portabat. Aris signdgue proeli delectabstur, Ubi milites «gis Bacephalum ‘audicem inter hostés vidsbant, anim confirmabantur et visi dama Dont, “Bacephalus non est animal, sed similis deo.” Fibula de equd memoria di tenebatur. Alexander cym potenti duce Indorum pugnabat. Rex miser® aborabat. Bicephalus multi tis hos- ium vulneratus erat. In corpore equi erant gravia vulnera, Mors ad~ ‘erat, sed animal forle non timabat. Alexandrum sine init ad castra portvit. Tum snimam exspiravit Posted in fnibus Ind6rum stabat oppidum Macedonicum, Nomen i erat Bucephala 10720 Second Conjugation, Passive Ablative of Personal Agent Moxa, Terme Museum, Rome‘A cane non magno saepe tenetur aper. A boar is often held by a not-so-large dog.—ovin —Forms— ‘THE PASSIVE OF THE SECOND CONJUGATION Im the second conjugation the passive is formed in the same way as in the first conjugation, tont'ie EPERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE ‘mond’bar, ete ‘monsbamar, ets FUTURE PASSIVE INDICATIVE ‘mond’ber, et ‘mone Bimur, et ‘mon, -a-un evam, ele -mOTN, ae, a eras, et, Tpovnitas, a, -am eB, 6 mall -ae, a @imas, Ce ontiee mone min 109110 Syntax — ‘THE ABLATIVE OF PERSONAL AGENT ‘With a passive verb the person by whom the action is performed! is expressed by the ablative with the preposition & or ab. A or ab in this case is always translated by. Puer bonus 2 pate laudatus est ‘The gn by toss proied by fei athe. Do not confuse the ablative of agent withthe ablative of means The ablative of agents usually = person and ls preceded by #or tbr Theablawve ol eaneiswtaly amet ands sed without 2 prepoaion A ile vlrtus et Hes mound by ava na) 1 vues “ire bap amare or wan)‘THE PREDICATE ACCUSATIVE ‘A verb of making or naming may take a predicate accusative in ad- dition to its dieect object. Vocavit ium Marcum. He ila his son Marea. In the passive such verbs may take a predicate nominative. Puce voeitur Marcus, The by allo Marc Vocabulary — css, nests, summer pbs, pes, f, pence Iivems,hiemis, f winter fa'los, salts, f, safety, welfare ix, ies, igh Vor, voles, fice e'bed, dabe're, débu, dbitum, owe: ought do‘ced, doct're, do' eu, doc’ tum, teach show prohi’bed, prohibe're, prohi’bui, proh’bitum, prevent, kp... from respon’ ded, respondé're, respon’, espon’sum, reply, ansver 1etneo, retine’re, retin, reten’ tum, lb back terre, terre, terU, tr'etum, fighten —Word Study — ‘The Prefixes pr6- (por-) and re- (red), The prefix pro- oF por means infront, forced, fort, oF or. probibed = pro + habed, 1 hol ut in front = hol off = 1 prevent ‘The prefix re- oF ed- means tack, agai, aginst retined = re + toned, 1 hold back Notice that in compounds the -a and -e of habed and tene® are changed to, Here are some verbs compounded with these two prefixes: prodlims, 1 shout forth removed, I move back Prmoved, Tino fara Femintio, 1 bring Back « Provides, I foresee, T pride for imesage rovoed, Tall forth repugns, fight aginst emanes, sty bohind tall ack mi12 Exercises — |A, Analyze each form and translate 1. habémur, monétur, datne stint 2. viderunt, videntur, retiné- tur 3, tenébatur, euerant, retinul 4, movi, mOtus est, move- bitur 5. habebas, imueris, servabit” 6 movit, vidit, dedit 7. moverint, moti eximus, timuerimus 8. mOtam est, dabuntar mmonitisumus 9, vulneribitur, Hberdta eris, wocati eratis 10, fuimus, eritis, fuerant ‘Teanslate. 4. he had been moved, Tam held 2. you were held, they will be seen 3, they will have been frightened, she was warned 4. itis Shown, they were being held 5. he has been held back, it has been prevented 6, they are warned, she has been moved 7. he hhad been held back, he will be seen 8. he is frightened, you have ‘been defeated 9, he will be called, I shall be saved 10. they were moved, we were feed C. Read the Latin and translate 1. Hiemés in Africa brevés sunt. 2. Tuam fliam 8 flimine retinu inus. 3. Pucllae a pueris in eguis tersitae sunt, 4. Hostés & ducibus videhantur. 5. Nostei magna cum celeritate 4 nGintid vo- abantur ex eastiirum ports. 6. Dé periculd hiemis in Germani& fbamico bond monebeds, _7- Copiae Romanae bellum paréverant ‘et multa oppida in Gallorum finibus occupabant.8, Roma & Gall jgentibus dit pppugnita erat. 9, Multam pecciniam vests amicis Sabemus, 10, Multae et pulchrae urbis in Hispania & nostris amicis visae sunt D. Translate 1. The farmer's daughter was waiting for her mother on the bridge. 2. Many large cities had been seized by the forces of the Roman consul, 3. The king's sisters were carried by a wagon to the ship, 4, The German camp was seen by the brave fieuten- fant. 5, The horses in the field were frightened by the boys’ voices. 6. The wretched slaves owed money to their master. 7. Now I shall give the battle signal on my trumpet. 8. They ‘wounded many soldiers of the enemy with weapons and savedRome. 9, The dangers of a winter on the sea were reported to the Roman sailors. 10. The general had been warned about the fire on the mountain, —Rending — ALEXANDER AND PORUS Alexandet et copidrum Graccirum magnum iter erat per finés Persi- ‘rum Indoramue. Graecl ad fldmen Hydaspem ab imperstore promot rant. Ibi flamen istum hostés Graecs prohibuit. Trans flimen stabant lites Indi, vir ingentés. Multae eran odpise, Parus, réx Indoram, in proelium elephanto portabstur et magna pulchraque arma tenebat Tum Aleander milites trins flimen movit. Omnes Grace, ubi ‘rOgem IndOrum Viderunt, ferd animd et corpore magné territi Sunt. “Acriter pugnatum est. Ft Porus et Alexander forster pugnavit. Sed POrus superdtus est et posted erat socius Alexandr Plano he Baths of Caracal, desicnted1216 A.D, N Main Entre 2 Shope & Nympho Rooms opening on cloned Hest Roms Usvares (Grek and Latin) Set Water Tanks ‘Aquedit Extranet the baths Dressing Rooms Papuan Coit Ha Tepantm 5. clin GPa F Bae Sond E Lecture Hal4 Non est ad astra mollis e tertis via, ‘There is no easy way from the earth to the stars. SENECA REVIEW 5 wassoxs v2 —Vocatrutary Drill — A. Give the genitive, gender, and meaning of the following nouns. sess lox salts, lems pix vox B. Give the other nominative singular forms (or the genitive singular, for adjectives of one termination) and the meaning of the following, adjectives coe bros on avis potine audax eer foris ais ‘Smile . Give the principal parts and meanings of the following verbs, abeo ‘moned responded tenes sdoces moves retined terre habe prohibes sede timed maned vides —Drill on Forms — A. Give the following forms 1. genitive singular: pax, hiems, salis 2, datce singular: sas, Helvetius, aestis 3, accusative singular: Ix, vox, Gallus 44. ablative singular: brevis, potens, grave 5, nominative plural: pix, Troianus, audax 6 2 8 genitce plural: celer, similis, oer fatce plural facilis, fortis, omnis crusatoe plural: vox, salls, breve—Drill on Syntax — ‘Translate the words in italics, giving the reason for each case. ‘They gave money tothe citizens ‘They carried water fo the citizens He was wounded by an enemy, Hie was wounded by # sword We attacked the town ith great speed We attacked the town with our als. We attacked the town sith many weapons. Tealled may son Lucius ‘My son is called Lucius —Exercises — A. Translate 1. Bona fortina nosttram nautirum divibusndnbabitur. 2. Signum. datum cat; tum milits castra hostium oppugnivi- runt. 3. Ignem vestrum, miltes, porlate ad hostium urbés, 4, Poena inimicacum gentium erit gravis. 5, Misera animalia in vis oppidi sedébent, 6, Multae navés in famine visae sunt sub pponte ltd, 7, Num multi puesi visi crant in magna nave? 8, Urbis § multis Gvibus cum ducibus oppugndbantur. 9. Cum gato fort erant consulés audicés, 10, Est longa via & med op- pido ad vestram tsbem, B. Translate 1, Because of the lack of bread the sailors were not staying in the town, 2. Everything on the ships was seen by everyone. 3. The brave citizens stayed in camp with the soldiers for « long time 44. Many ships used to sail fo the enemy's tertory. 5. The moun tains in Htaly are not high, but they arv beautiful. 6. The death the general was anounced to the wretched soldiers by the Tieutenant. 7, Lucius, see the fires on the mountain and in the forests! 8. Caesar had wamed the citizens about the dangers of winter. 9. The long bridge was seen by the brave boys. 10. They hnad called the boy Marcus Julius; the gist was called JuliaNumeralsEtiam capillus unus habet umbram. A Event one hair has @ shadow.—PoBLELivs SYRUS —Forms — Unus, Duo, and Trés Unus, one, is declined like malus except in the genitive and dative singular, ararve’a0 Duo, feo, is declined as follows: NOMINATN ‘are ‘crv: ‘8u0'rum bari uorbus AecusanvE au soar #00"bus ‘Tres, three, is a segular tied declension adjective except that it has, ‘of course, no singular. The endings are added to the base t-. Me. s Nowiwanwe oe ea tras snus ees ia tras ‘bus119 ‘CARDINAL NUMERALS iru, . Translate. 1, hope to sail to Italy next summer; [hear thatthe cities there are very beautiful. 2. The leaders know that the enemy’ is ap~ proaching and that many soldiers have left the camp from fear of death. 3. We understand that the best wines by far are always placed on the table at Marcus's house. 4. The people hoped that the consuls would lead the army around the enemy's camp that day. 5. We ssid to him that we were unable to sail because of the large waves. 6. We all believe that many good books have been written by that poet; but which of us has read them? 7. Bveryone knows that Rome has always been and is now a very ‘great city. 8. We bade out comrades farewell and said to them that we hoped to see them within a few years. 9. He himselt says thatthe ambassadors have been sent t0 the Gauls. 10. Our native land is ike our mother, tor which reason we think that we ‘ought to fight on her behalf, —Reading — FABIUS APPOINTED DICTATOR Ubi in urbe nantiatum est Ramands graviter superitds esse, multitidd {eminacum in Ford stabat circum eds qui a proclio vénerant et niintium «0 viris et fis petebat, Sed nihil cert cognoverunt. Id tempore patr’s Q. Fabium Maximum dictitarem ob periculum facere cOnstituérunt. Fabius divit civés Romanos multa sacra deis fa- cere debére, Hace ili fecerunt Fabius nova cénsilia bell cepit. Nam seivit Hannibalem esse imper- atdrem melidrem quam cOnsulés Romands. Itaque exercitum RO- ‘minum proelium cum hostibus committere prohibebat; iinera in summis montibus magna cum cra facisbat. Hee autem consiia cvibus non grata erant, Multi enim Romani existimabant Fabium hostés proeid superare posse, et exerctum RO: ‘™iinum in collés fugere videre non cupigbant 227Reflexives Dative of Reference Dative of Purpose Double Dative Enperor Mareus ua, 2nd entury, A.D, RomeIn alio pediculum, in te ricinum non vides. ‘You see a louse on someone else, but not a tick om yourself —Forms — [REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS ‘The thizd person reflexive pronoun is declined as follows: ome Sh oe ocoranie: SE (or) s8's@ 5 (on) Sst MUAnve | S8(0H) 8 8 (00 S58 ‘The reflexives of the first and second persons are supplied from the declension of ego and ti; mei, of myself, tu, of yours, and so on. ‘When cum is used withthe ablative of reflexive pronouns i is attached to them, as itis to personal pronouns: mécum, técum, sécum, ec — Syntax — ‘The reflexive pronouns refer to the subject of the sentence or of the clase in which they stand. ‘The reflexive ofthe third person serves for all genders and numbers. ' vulierivit. He wound his indi il vine, uid tat shed se it. But Bum yulneriei. 1 sounded hn ut eae vidoe i. thnk that he fs 8 [REFLEXIVE ADJECTIVES ‘The reflexive adjective is suus, sua, suum. It is declined like magnus. Is used to tofer back to the subject of the cause in which i stands, ‘0 to the subject of the main verb ofthe sentence. It is rarely used in the nominative case. When the English his (or her) is not reflexive, the genitive of the pronoun is, 3 229230 SSuum equum in agram dust. Held his hor io the eld ‘Suds Migs nd oppiciam misirunt, Thy seu ter sonst he tu. Bat lus equum in agra cnt, [Ua is horse ito the fd Ebrum fos ad oppidam diximus. We fok thir sonst the tn. DATIVE OF REFERENCE ‘The dative is used to show to whose advantage or disadvantage the action of the verb is performed. abl tb illu praemumn, —Kesp that endfor goursl DATIVE OF PURPOSE; DOUBLE DATIVE A dative expressing purpose is sometimes coupled with a dative of reference inva constriction rvhich is called the double dative Dus lpidnts pracsidid oppido requ He let fe legions ws a gard (br guard) forthe to. quites Caesan aus eran. "The cvaty secede am ad (ee fora id o Caer. ‘The words most commonly used as datives of purpose are: iho, or an ait proesidio, for guard ree, fora care, worry Subwidis, fora support impediments, fora hindrance su, foram aluanage Vocabulary — actor, abors, fee senior, senat'is, m., senator cols, coli, ml Si, sis m., sim Supt, cupid, 6, greed, stella, ac, star desire tur, urn, f,fover* "ra 30, fame, glory vents, im, wind ‘beri, -O'rum, m. pl, children Jana, -ae, f, moon ‘mo'ra, ae, delay rego'tium, nego's, n., Hrouble; su, sii, 8, (eel. pron.) himself task, business herself its, themseoes uu, -2,-um, (tefl. poss, ad.) his, hey, its, their + Tarts keeps the + stem in dhe secosative singular: tarsi.—Word Study — Cupiditas is frequently used with an objective genitive. pits potestiis ude fr per Liber children. This is merely the adjective liber used as a plural rnoun. It came to mean chiliren because a Roman houseold was composed of the father, the mother, free persons, and slaves, and the free persons were of course the children ofthe family. Recipid, used with a reflexive pronoun for its object, means fo take oneself back, return, retro. sb recpid, I retirn reps, gow return se rect, he returns Solis oceasus (the going down ofthe sun) means sumst, either asa time (Gundown) or a direction (west. — Exercises — A. Translate 1. Cum suis sociis venit, 2. Suum amicum vidit._ 3. Putimus eum id factirum, 4. Negavit s® posse venire. 5. Bius soror hoc it. 6 Suae matri vin dedit, 7. Fius mat dedi cibum. 8, Sus cOpiis hie duit. 9. Borum libri relict sunt, 10. Putat sé debere discédere B. Translate 1, We know that she is present. 2. He thinks that he can do it. 3. [ believe that they have found it. 4. They sent theit letters hhere. 5. They said that he had been sent there. 6. Have you seen his horse? 7. We came with them, 8, The boys praised themselves, 9, Theie father was wounded. 10. The senator said that he would come. ©. Read the Latin and translate 1, Consul dixit illum senatirem sécum ad Afvicam navigatirum, rmulta do Kind ot sole, alter dé ventis et luctibus Tibrum legés? 3. Visi optim == non lasdant, 231‘he Roman Forum with the Temple of Saturn4. Helveti nantium mistrunt magnam suarum cdpiarum partem © finibus excessisse. 5. Suae mitt s® peedniam invenire non ppotuisse dixit. 6. Solis occist prima acies & Iegats in casita re ‘ducta erat, 7, Galli et Germant qui trans flimen habitant inter contendunt. "8. Licios| " inguit, “ausilid cupid esse in urbe.” 9. Puella sliterasab ips posta accepisse dist. 10, Puri nihil videre poterant, nam nox sine stellis aut Kind erat D. Translate 1. As soon as they saw his horse, they began to retreat. 2. The senator was saying that he desired to read that poet's baoks, 3. We hope that the men from Britain will arrive in our land tomorrow. 4, He hesitated to say to his father that there would. bbe a delay, 5. I have heard that the winds are very strong, end T do not think that we shall reach the island, 6. My business today is very dificult, but [hope to se you after noon. 7. "Fight as bravely and as fiercely as possible,” said the general to his troops, “and we shall defeat our enemy today.” 8. Eagerness for money has compelled many men to do unfair things. 9, The bravest foot soldier had been sent from the town as an aid to the ‘messengers. 10. As soon as they realized that the enemy was approaching, the soldiers ran to the top of the tower. —Rending — MINUCIUS LEFT IN CHARGE Hannibal sé trans eollés recdperat et Fabius sOhis in urbem Romam dliscesserat et exercitum cum magistrd equitum, nomine Minucd, religuerat, qui s® in aged Larinan tenebat et praesidio.Bnitimis ‘oppidis eral. Sed Minacius, quod non erédbat consiia Fab vietoriae esse idonea, ob cupiditatem gldriae suds mites contd hostés édicere constitu Castra ROmandrum in colle altd et #8 loc’ posita erant, Salis jccist ea Minucius in campos proximés hostibus mavit, Hannibal ‘pse intelext sé proelium commisstirum nan cum eddiem duce; castes Sua propius hostés mavit et proelium parSbat. Alter exercitus videbat lterum aciem instruere et magna erat cupiditis pugnae [Nocte Hannibal equites ad castra Romana mist, 11as cOpias autem lequestres nil negatio suis castris Romani prohibuérunt. 233Nec verbum verbo curabis reddere fidus interpres. ‘Asa true translator you will take care not to translate word for word. HORACE REVIEW 10 cassoxs x19 Vocabulary Drill — |A. Give the genitive, gender, and meaning of the following nouns. arbor liver senator tors is Jona a vents ‘opiate more stella victor ‘pia negotium Subsidium bers toe B, Give the other nominative singular forms, and the meanings, of the following adjectives and pronouns. aligns ipse quisque torus tus neuter ius alos ser silus suns ter der uterque . Give the principal parts and meanings of the following verbs. accéds frango Jado recipio odd Intros egs remit sogntsco relegs nesei3 removed ered sido ‘brine S20 ‘tesco sung pertingd send ‘esis Taw premo pero ‘abi Teas rab rahi sist pa wales D, Give the meaning of apud eo ‘rcum nde pacer tindiqueMake a copy of the following box, and fill in the blanks with the proper forms of the infinitives of lave, obtined, traho,recipid, and sent TNS ACTIVE PASSE 235 —Drill on Forms — Give the following forms. genitive singular: ney Avge singular: sui, coli, sokas accusative singular: sl, idem, tues ablative singular: arbor, ipse, sui nominative plural: negotium, vietor, uterque genitive plural: sendtor, collis, totus ‘dati plural: ventus, arbor, su accusative plural steia, sus, toga —Drill on Syntax — \- Translate, identifying the use of each infinitive 1, Did you decide to close the door? 2. He was not able to diag, the cart, 3. Do you think that they have learned this? 4. They: ‘ordered the soldier not to kill the women, 5. We believed that hhe had been sent back. 6, He hoped that 1 would read the book. 7, think that the childzen have grown. 8, We know that they are being sent back. 9. They ought to believe you. 10. He hesitated to retreat - ‘Translate the italicized words, 1. Hie children came. 2. Treported it to their fiends. 3. He said that he sas able to do it, 4. Caesar led his troops to the town236 5.1 saw fier army. 6, We knove that hey will see us. 7. They say that they desire is, 8. He finished his business. 9, Their friends were coming. 10.1 hope that you will do it Exercises — A. Translate 1. Existimd 08 ad hoe appidum tribus dishus vents esse. 2 Intellego vos putare nds non posse venire. 3. Omnés spérimus ‘nostram exercitum fortem hostés barbards in Gallia et Germania Superatirum. 4, Propter inopiam feimenti Caesar ibi totam aes- tatem manére non poterat. 5. Imperator sus militibus s& 110 di pugnire cupere dint. 6, Se multa dé sole et Ina et stelis cog hovisse dictbat, 7, Sum ftrem mult fortiorem mes patre esse putabat. 8. Caesar parvam peditum manum praesidid. ponti Foliguisse dicitur. 9. Solis oceasti barbari sé ad summium colfem recipere coicti sunt. 10, Neseivéruntne hi eves suam cupiditatem, rerum aliznarum iniquem esse? B. Translate 1, We knew that they had put the money in the ships and that the sailors were preparing to sail 2. The small girl hesitated to I play with the larger childzen. 3. My friend had been sent by his father as an aid to the lieutenant in Gaul. 4, The woman could not believe that her son had left the camp. 5. We saw that the | Gilizens were frightened by the letter from the consul. 6. They Go not suppose that they are equal to us in courage, do they? 7. The chief of the town thought that that very high tower would fact as @ hindrance (would be for a hindrance) fo our men. 8. Ido hnot believe that this very good boy has mocked the teachers, ."The senators learned thatthe two armies of the Gauls had been joined to each other. 10. Few men thought that a man could walk on the moonEe 6 9 O99 Participles238 ‘Quam se ipse amans—sine rivalit Hiraself loving himself so much—avithout a rival! —ciceRo —Forms — PARTICIPLES ‘There are three participles in Latin, the present and future in the active voice, and the perfect in the passive voice. (There is also a future passive participle, which wil be taken op in a later lesson.) Present Active Pasticiple, The present active participle is formed as follows: 1. Fitst and second conjagations: ada -ns fo the present stem. ocd, present stem vor + ns = voeans, cling rmoned, present stom mone = ns™ monens, wiring 2. Third and fourth conjugations: add -ens to the present stem. rego, present stem reg + €ns = regens, ruling ‘apid, present stem capi + ens = eapins, fuking {tudo present stom audi > és audiens, hing Perfect Passive Participle. The perfect passive participle is the fourth principal part declined as a frst and second declension adjective (like zmalus, -a, um). cat, tm, having Bem called "um, going be warmed om. ving bon alot ur, having be faker suet, “3, -um, fing bern hoor Fature Active Participle. This is formed by adding -arus, to the stem of the fourth principal part, vost, 4, “Um, — about col Imonitiras, um, hou fo rctirs, a sm, about fore feapedzas, 2, “um, about fo take stars,“ um, alu hear ‘Sum has only one participle, the future active, futdrus, -2, -um.‘SUMMARY OF PARTICIPLES: vemsane | vocins aig, while cling smonéns “uartag, while ee seing regins ring, while ruling caplons “king, whe tating audiens Tearing, wile Iaaring rarer ‘ocsts eal faving brn ala rmonitus tania, having te wart tus ral, ang br Fal apts len, having Bren taken uaitos hed, acing fro hod Foruer | vocttirs alow @ all ‘lou fo mare ectirus abut rule aptaras “abou 0 fae fits “abot hear DECLENSION OF PARTICIPLES ‘The perfect passive and future active participles are declined like frst, and seconel declension adjectives. The present active participle is de- clined like a third declension adjective, except that thas =e in the ablative singular. srvcutaR eum ASC. & FEM. NEUTER MASC. & FEM. NPUTER NoMNanvE vocine vordins —vocan's ——-voran’ta Guxrnve:vocan'is, ——wocan'tis vacant vocatitm pave vocan’s oan’) vocan’tibus —— voean’tibus AccUSATIVE Yocan'iem —wa'cine—voran'és, vata nouarme—vocane Vecan'e — vocm’sbus—vocan’tibus 239,240 —Syntax— PARTICIPLES Fanetions, The participle shares the characteristics of two other parts fof speech, A participle is ike a verb in that it expresses an action and has tense and voice. It also takes a direct object if itis active and transitive, It is like an adjective i that it has gender, number, and case, and modifies « noun. ‘Tenses. The tenses of the participle, like those of the infinitive, are relative to the time of the main verb. The present participle describes fn action contemporaneous with that of the main verb, the perfect an faction prior to that of the main verb, and the future an action after that of the main verb, Latin observes these distinctions very carefully TRANSLATION OF PARTICIPLES ‘The basic translations of the participles areas follows: PREseNT ACTIVE: vocins, calling, while calling PenrEct passive: voektus, called, heving een clad FUTURE ACTIVE: Wocalrus, — «boi! fal, going to call, ‘toning to call, destined to cll PARTICIPLES REPLACING CLAUSES Latin makes a much greater use of participles than English, often using a participle where English would use a clause. Consequently ‘we must often translate a Latin participle by a clause Equum inventum red, ‘Whe he hd fund is arse, dit back Since he ad our is ore, dt Bak He ed boc he hore, eh he ad fund. Vocabulary — addi'es, addi’cere, addin, addue'tum, lad to influence Crcumve'nis, crcumveni're, cireamvé’ni, citcumven'tum, surround, ‘ome around commo'ved, commové're, comms'vi, commé'tum, move thoroughly set, alarmcom’pled, comple're, complé'vi, completum, fil up, complete ‘canspi'es, cOnspi’cere, cOnspex, cOnspec'tum, lok at altentively,ob- serve csely defied, defi'cere, d6t@'i, dafecttum, fail; revolt, desert simit’t6, dimit tere, cin’, dimis’sum, let go aouy, send aay, dismiss eniin'tio, Gnantis'e, Granta, EnGnti'tum, report, announce ‘expo'nd, expi'nere, expo'si, expo'situm, se! forth: explain n't, te, -8x, -a'tam, sirup, arouse intermit'6, intermi'tere, interns, intermis'sum, stop, pause inter- pt; ose (time) ocei'd6, occ'dere, ocd", occi'sum, kil, cut dew ‘op'primd, oppri’mere, oppres'si, oppres’sum, crt, overpower ‘wdc, Wadu'core, Adu’, tradue'tum, lead across —Word Study — Daficia, when it means revolt or desert takes the ablative of place from whieh, usally with ab. {Teiddd may ake two objects xerctum flimen tradi, He Ta the amy acs err. Exercises — |A. Translate in as many ways a8 you can. 1, Pueris Kidentés vidi. 2, Equités in proelio vietos ad urbem mist, 3. Erat pugnatinus, 4, Casta oppugnata capientur. 5, Podtam sub arbore sedentom vidimuis, 6, In slvam tact, fs _gere temptant. 7. Imperitor hostes superatos esse putans disces St. 8. Puella hos libros leciza est. 9. Aciem instructam dani {in prolium, 10. Conspectirus sum hane damum. B. ‘Translate, using participles wherever possible. 1. He was wounded while he was fighting in Europe. 2. Having collected the infantry, he led them across the river. 3. Uheard the soldiers who were shouting, 4. Iam about to dismiss him. 5.1 fam about 40 desert from the army. 6. He was about to kill the 241242 C. Read the Latin and translate animal, 7, He carried the money which he had found to the Gay. 8, Fsaw him as he was about to depart, 9. He interrupted the work that had been begun, 10. When he had defeated the fenemy he let them go away (dismissed them), 4, Litters portins ad Caesarem media nocte vénit. 2. In castra vanénunt ducem occ, sed prohibiGi sunt. 3. In medid monte Mabam audigns viros climantés, 4. Cénsul mites timens urbem Felinguere constitit, 5, German fd@lés suum ducem interfec- tum portantts ad oppidum veniunt, 6. Pedes pro castris pugnans fladium amis. 7-Caesar suds cps hostium coma extra. Spprimentes vidit. 8, Terni puer, his verbis commot, s® reci~ pore ad pats cOnstituérunt. 9. Hostés ad urbem accédentés Sppressisi sumus. 10. Prima acids castra oppugnabat, sed se Cunda aciés, in colle instructa, hostés exspectabst (upper) A late republican denarixs (sr eon) of Lngines. Revers, 8 man eps his hal The tet hears the eter U for tl roges, a forale sole ‘rts, Vana, we) Denarau of Quintus Cassius. Revere 1 sie chr tmagita’s honk) a at with Asolo, ao tondemno, Oboes, Liberty.D. Translate, using participles wherever possible. 1, He reported that he had seen near the bridge the bodies of four men killed in the battle. 2, Having observed the camp closely, the decided to attack it, 3. We shal easily be able to surround those soldiers who were wounded in the battle. 4. The leuten= fant, because he had been dismissed by the general, decided to ‘desert from the army. 5. [hope that the little boys who have been frightened by those noises will come to our farmhouse in a short ime. 6, He said that that part of the river was filed up ‘with large stones. 7. The right wing, near the rivet, was equal to the enemy in courage, but the left wing, ighting in the plain, ‘was being overpowered, 8, Having been influenced by the words ‘of the senator, the Roman people praised it faithful generals who were about to depart, 8, Holding the sword with her wounded hand, the brave girl was waiting for her brothers. 10. Atmidnight Caesar gave the letter to the messenger who was standing in front of the camp, —Reading — FABIUS RESCUES MINUCIUS Adductus hie mindte vitoria Minucius, magister equitum, imperium Smile ei dictators Fabit petzbat. A populd convocati hoc imperium ‘Minacio datum est. Hic cum suis muitibus & castris eduetis impetum Hannibalis exspectabat. Fabius tamen suds in castes tenéns rem canspiciabat Collis parvus erat inter castra Romandrum et Poendrum. Hannibal sensit 52 debere eum occupate. laque cum paucis ex militibus ad collem accessit et euim occupavit, Primuny Minucius ipse equitibus* impetum in hostés fect, sed Hannibal labirantibus suis subsidid plurés mist et Romanos circumveniéhat, Deinde Minucius commotus logionds instrdctas in proelium étisit. Hannibal mittens aux pedi tum equitumque mox totam aciem compléverat, Aces Rimina max- ime laborabat. Tum legionés Pabit veut caelo démissae ad aur s® ostendérunt et aclem Poenorum oppressérunt. + Ablative of means; people are often treated as instruments in miliary wetngs. 243,“we beat a liar Lv 4 be 2 ah Ae 2 en, ay cory +, * Uin cory, Subjunctive MoodFacilius per partes in cognitionem totius adducimur. We are more easily led part by part to an understanding of the whole.—sENncA —Forms — ‘THE SUBJUNCTIVE ‘The subjunctive mood has four tenses, present, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect. ‘The present subjunctive is formed as follows: First conjugation: The -A- of the present stem is changed to -& and the personal endings are added, SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL wo'cem vost voct'mur vorets voces oee' min Second, third, and fourth conjugati are added to the present stem, and the personal endings ‘mo'ness money” monelrle_—_inoned ting segam ——_regi'mas gar rogatmar regis ega'ss remvris—regi'mint rea regant remtur —repan'tur cipam —aplatmes——eapiae capi’ mur @'pas—capatts capa'ris— Gapamint fapiat—eprant capattur — eapaan’tue audiv'mus ——awdisr audio bucks fudiis audi bu'diant suitor sudan Sum and its compounds have an irregularly formed present subjunctive, 245,246 ‘The imperfect subjunctive. All four conjugations, and sum, form the imperfect subjunctive by adding the personal endings to the present active infinitive (with the final -e lengthened). Ter vocem — vooirer voevres Yocu Hs vocitet Yor tue SRD. wgerem caperem capers wegeres ferperes capers reperet exvperetcaper'tur nad oN een ures sets ‘audset eset “The perfect active subjunctive, All verbs form the perfect active sub- junctive in the same way. They add -erl- and the personal endings to ‘he perfect stem, Ist 2xp. 3ep vocs'verim ——monuevim_—— exon” cpm vocs'veris smoneers rovers c/peris voi vent ronu'eat revert pent ee ee ot ae ant som veri fever aud'vens fens sudverit feat “The perfect passive subjunctive. The perfect passive subjunctive is the perfec paosive participle sed as subjective complement wi the present subjunctive of um. ter. 2s0. So. mm Tester dm me's din ctu dm Gp sn auon sm Wate de! moves si nets” capi si sudan sis ood sit mo‘nitus st rietas it capttus sit audltus sit ee e ee. ee ee‘The pluperfect active subjunctive. Add the personal endings to the perfect active infinitive (lengthening the final -). sr, 2x0. 3p, Vociwis'sem monuis'sem —rexs'sem—cépis'sem Yocivi's@s manus russes cEps'sés Yocivie'st — monuia'aet wet cept ot oe ate a ‘suds sem suv sauali'set oe ‘The pluperfect passive subjunctive uses the perfect passive participle with the imperfect subjunctive of sum. Isr, voca'ts es woea'tus esses ro'nitus eves wordt eset ‘nits eset Sao, sm sc'tuses'sem caprtus-es'sem ada er'sem Retusessts cpus e'sts dudes esses eves eset captus eset Suds eset et ee ot. Roti showing jor and series, and spear plating Uo se 247—Syntax— TRANSLATIONS OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE In modem English the subjunctive is seldom used. Many Latin sub- juunctives must therefore be translated by English indicatives or inf nitives. For this reason no standard translation of the subjunctive can be given. You will learn how to translate each kind of subjunctive clause when it is presented, a, shield Fm, tune vals, vals, f,nalley um, arm, epuip tere, con's, cOn’stitum, halt take w stand “Brum, wander; make a mistake pert'c0, pert’cere, per’, perfec tun, finish, accomplish perter're0, perters're, perte' rai, perteritum, terrify ni, (ade) not ‘veT6, in truth, indeed; but autem, (postpositive con.) but, however; and, morevoer e'nim, (postpositive conj,) or vel, (Conj,}or —Word Study — Ferrum is often used to mean sword, swords, or weapons, particularly in the phrase ferret igne, by fre and sword Pilum. This is the heavy javelin of the Roman legionary, which he Inurled during the charge, before the hand-to-hand sword fighting, Scitum: a large rectangular shield, curved like part of a cylinder, it ‘would protect completely a man kneeling behind it, It was made of hide stretched over a wooden frame, with a hemispherical iron boss in the center to deflect heavy missiles Tribanus, The tibainus militum was a Roman officer, commissioned249) by a vote of the people. Unlike the Tegati, who formed the general's slaff, the tribaini were assigned to particular legions, Each legion had six trib, who took turns commanding it Vel, aut. Aut is used when the two terms being joined are contrasted ‘or opposed (or els} Vines aut vincris, Yow will onque, or ee be congue Vel is used when an alternative is offered as a mater of choice ic los est urbe vel oppidum, ‘This place i oly oy, Hf you ke, a fw fora eas tn. Like aut... aut, vel =. vel --. can mean either — Exercises — Give synopses, in the subjunctive only, ofthe following verbs. 1, arms inthe frst person singular, active and passive terre in the second pesom singular, actce and passive ‘duco in he thid person singular, acto wa passive Perficio inthe fist person plural, active and passive 'sentig in the seoond person plural, active and passive ingo inthe third person plural, active and passive sum tthe thied person singular possum inthe fied person plural A ne rom Germany showing a covered gon‘Qui dedit beneficium taceat; narret qui accepit. Let him who has giver a favor be silent; let tim toko has received it tell it —sENucA —Syntax— ‘THE HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE [A command or exhortation may be expressed in Latin by the present ‘subjunctive, usually tanslated in English by lt, The negative in Latin is expressed by ne. CCaptvi hae addlicantur, Let the captives elt to this place [Ne coniclant peites pila, Let the ot solders not tho thir javelin. Vocabulary — cal'mitis,calamittis, ‘or'bis, orbs, m, cre, whee isaster, misfortune potes'tis, potesti'is, f, power conaieid, condiio’nis,f, terms, re'gid, regis f, direction; condition district, region consudti’ds, consuéti'dinis,,sententia, ae, f, opinion habit, custo adi, im, ford, slows sifca's, diiclt’¥s, gue, om, “am, hot ificty ‘gus, um, cold insi'dia, rum, f,trap, ambush, BIAS, BY lot subits, (adv) suddenly i'dicium, iadi'i,n,,juigment, —um’quam, (adv) eer trial —Word Study — (Orbis terrarum (the circle of lands) was the Roman name for the tert= tories Iying around the Mediterranean Sea; the phrase then came to mean tori, in the sense of the inhabited areas of the world. The World as a globe is tellus, tells, f 251252 Exercises — A. Translate 1. Conveniant omnés. 2. N@ pugnémus. 3. Mihi pectniam det 4. Cénsulem audismus. 5.Né frangitur. 6. Ne venire dubitent. 7, Discédamus, 8. N@ equos incitémus. 9. N& ter reitur. 10. Nos ne videat B. Translate 4. Let him hear us, 2. Let them not find it, 3. Let her not hear this, 4, Let him not see them. 5. Let us go away. 6, Let her give them food. 7. Let them not play. 8. Let us announce this. 9. Let's sit here. 10. Let him not fear to come. C. Readl the Latin and translate. 1. Prd pated nostra omnés maxima cum virtite pugnémus. 2. NE ‘umquam audiat vos periculum fUgisse. 3. psi framentum ab ilfus agricolae agris portemus, 4. Discédant i puer in via hi- ddontes. 5, Verbis eis senators noti ne commoveamur, sed nos- tras sententiss dicamus sine timore. 6, Ad hanc vallem né veniant sine aqua et cb, 7. Nosttis condicionés pics accipiant, et ma- neant semper nobis amici, 8, Labor hddie cOnfci8tur; crs enim laborire non cupiémus, 9, I nocte rll vidimus; post enim sols occisuim erat nélla Kix Wnae aut stellirum. 10. Captus est iiles hie veniéns régem interfectirus. D. ‘Translate 1. Let them not ever think that they have defeated me, 2. Let her always believe that her sons were killed in the war. 3. Let us all look at the army as it marches to the camp. 4. Let us hope that the enemy will not surpass us in number of cavalry. 5, Let the tbune not hear that you deserted from the legion. 6. Let the judgments of our famous judge be accepted by all the citizens 7. Thope that your children will learn many things about the world fad its regions, “Let him not hesitate to speak his opinion ‘bout the plot,” said the const 9. Let us halt in this little valley, far from the enemy’s camp. 10, Let that tbune not lead his forces into the territory of the enemy.253 —Reading — ATALANTA {tim in longingua terrd habitibat potens rox, nOmine Schoeneus, Eius fia, Atalanta, celerima omnium mortfium erat, Quod Atalanta tam pulchra erat, multds procos Rabgbat. Fortina autem procBrum mala Prat. Omni proco Schoenes "Si Atalantam,” inquit, “certamine pedum viceris, tam eam in mateiménium dicere poteris; si Atalanta te Yicert, poena mors eri. “Tandem ad régiam Schoenel vBnit Hippomenés, qui Atalantam in initrimdnium diicere cupitbat. Schoeneus ef condiciones proposuit Inde Hlippomenés ausaliam 4 Venere Orivit, quae ei tia aurea poma sdedit. Tum Hippomenes dit s@ ad cetamen esse paratom, Dam haee gerantut, omnés amici regis ad certimen convengrunt. Signum tubs datur. Magno cursd Atalanta et Hippomenés &micant. ‘Alonta autem celeior est ilaque Hippomengs tinam ex tribus poms proicit Atalanta pomum tollt et tum Hippomends prior est. Mox Enmen Atalanta propter celesitatem suam eum superatira est. Hip- ppomengs igtur secundum pomum demitit, sed iterum Atalanta po- Pru tlt et eum coaseynitur, Nuncad meter appropinquant. Oran Shuulium & ded, Hippomends terturm pomum proicit. Atalanta id quo {que tollt sed spatium ad métam brevius est. Hippoments est victor, By poend mortis Hippemenes Atalantam in matrimonium dt Masi fram Terme Csr at Osta showing tuo shee cart ran by mes proba he usual ode of ansporAdverbial Clause of Purpose Relative Clause of PurposeLegum servi sumus ut liberi esse possimus. We are slaves ofthe laws in order that we may be able to be free. ~c1cERO — Syntax — ADVERBIAL CLAUSE OF PURPOSE ‘The subjunctive is used in Latin to express purpose. ‘The present subjunctive is used if the main verb is present, future, or future perfect. The imperfect subjanctive is used if the main verb is in the Imperfect, perfect, or pluperfect. An adverbial clause of purpose is introduced by ut if tis affirmative and ne if it is negative Pugnatbiemss ut urbom defendertms. We ere fighting to deed te cy. fat dee fe city fn order to dfn the cit. that 6 might defend the cin 0 that ee mah dfn te ety. In onder that we might fou the iy. Pognamus né superémr. We are fighting so nt Bo Be defeated ate ayn be deat so that we may not be defeated. In ors that we ay tbe defeat RELATIVE CLAUSES OF PURPOSE The relative clause of purpose is introduced by the relative pronoun instead of by ul. It is used to name the purpose of its antecedent, rather than the purpose of the whole clause. Mist nntide qu regionisconsuetidinéscognoscerent. He sen! messanger o lar the custo ofthe disc. ‘eho were f ler the customs ofthe distri Libr sertbantur quos legis, Books ae write for ws 1 oa: tabi we may rd 255When the purpose contains some comparative idea, the clause is introduced by quo (Ablative of Degree of Difference). Consul appropinguibs quo meliusoritonem audi sl gona oe cons i nde ar His speach Geter... the Beer to hear his Spe, Literally: by white eter my oar his spec, ‘The infinitive is never used to express purpose. —Voeabulary — altit'd6, altta'dinis, (Height, is, iO", m., right, justice, law depth Tanti’, tsi, wide centu'nd, centurio'nis, m., imagniti'd, magniti'dinis, centurion sie, greatness do'lor, dol6'ris, m., grief, pain, mins, men'tis, f, mind sufering merci'tor, mercita'ris, m., f10s, 80'ns, m., lower merchant, trader fossa, -a6,f, dtc o'nus, o’neris,n., burden gevnus, ge'ners, n,,Aind, sort, opus, o'pers,n., work lass, race rat, rations, f, spore hiber'na, -Orum, n., (pl) winter valu, artes 1, rampart —Word Study — - A centurion was the highest ranking non-commissioned officer in the Roman army. As his title implies, he was originally in charge of a hundred soldiers; But in practice centurions’ duties varied widely. A centusion might on occation even be left in charge of a legion. Fossa, vallum, Infortifying a camp Roman soldiers dug atrench (fossa) around the outside of a large square area, throwing the dirt toward the inner side. A palsade of wooden stakes was then set in the top of this long mound of diet; the mound and the palsade together made ‘up what was called the vallum, ‘The adver’ magnopere is a contraction of the ablative of manner rmagno opere, with great efort,— Exercises — A. Translate 4. I shall send a messenger to report this. 2. I sent a messenger to report this, 3, He will have come to hear us. 4, Men were sent to defend the bridge. 5. 1 shall send men to defend the bridge. 6, He has come to see them. 7. He had fled so as not tobe killed, §. They are fleeing so as not to be killed. 9, They ‘will come to look at you, 10. Will you come with me to warn them? B. Read the Latin and translate, 1, Pugnémus fortiter ut duce laudémar, 2. Mercatorés ad nos: fram ‘urbem venérunt ut peciniam facerent. 3. Magna cum diligent aquam in hortum portivit ut fords créscorent. 4. Multis fritionés scripsit quis ali dicerent. 5, Celersimé cacurrt ne 3 S5u6 patre caperétur. 6, Paulo ante naulae missi erant qui ad stanniam cm illd merebtOre navighrent. 7. Niintus ad urbem sus est qui cives de periculls moneret. 8. Ila femina veniet fad srbem non ut lids spectet sed ut ipsa spectétur. 9. Pri lice princeps barbarus ad mediam silvam accesst n@ ab equitibus invenirétur. 10, Hortus twas meum magnitidine superat labs- ‘BG autem ut meum pulcheidrem tuo facam, . Translate 1. We sent the hoys to the town to watch the games. 2.1 had sailed many miles to come to this place because T had hoped to find my brother here. 3. The consuls, departing from the city, Jefta tribune and two thousand soldiers to be (for) a guard to the citizens. 4. [shal give you food toeat and wine to drink. 5. They ought long and fiercely in order to defeat a very powerful army ‘of the Gauls. 6, I shall send my sister to the city to see the king and queen. 7. Lwant to fight bravely so that I may be equal to ‘my father in boldness. §. The messenger man very quickly to report to the centurion that the enemy were approaching the ‘camp. 9, Let my father come as soon as possible to lead me back to my native land. 10. These boys will vad many books in order to learn as much as possible about the moon and stars.258, —Rending — CROESUS AND HIS SON Inter fbulis quae bis triditae sunt dé Croesd rége est hace: Croe- sus, gui maximam régnum et magnam copiam au habébat, nén tamen erat Inetus, quod eis flu Vocem non habebat, Medlicds ad uundique vocabat, sed némo edrum vocem puers misers dare poterat Tandem Croesus ad urbem Delphos ire cOnstituit, ut cOnsiliam ab oricula rogaret. Ad illum oppidum itinere longo pervénit. Fostquam S58 sacra in flimine livit et ad Griculum accessit, tum have verba 3 rage audita sunt: "Ubi puer vocem habbit, hom interfcistur.” Or cclum intellegere semper erat diffclimum, see! multi exstimaverunt flium ragis mox @ vith excessUrum esse. Croesus igitur tistissimus factus est Multis post annis Croesi hosts gum masimis cum cdpils op- pugndbant. Unus ex his hostibus ad rege cucurrit ut eum interti- fetet, Filius perteritus hostem armatum vidit et exclamavit, “Num gem interBiies?” Croesus tamen gladid occsus est. Hoc modd 6x culm probitum est vérum, Printing of landing soneAssiduus usus uni rei deditus et ingenium et artem saepe vincit, A Constant practice devoted fo one subject often outdoes both intelligence and skill. —c1ceRo REVIEW 11. cescons 11-1) Vocabulary Drilt — Give the genitive, gender, and meaning ofthe following nouns, tienda ‘0s rmagnitids potest suum fowsa mins regi tafaritss gems imercitor stam cent Nibema onus sententia conaicio Inside opus taibanus sOnsuetidd —ifdicum = ato stiiutis its orbs dolor Feod> Fn fereum ‘Give the principal parts and! meanings of the following verbs. consist ‘opps ebmepicid perf ence nits penerres limits finermitts ——_radacs entintio ‘sido . Give the meanings ofthe following, autem enim ne ‘emguam caidas frgidus subito vel —Drill on Forms — \- Give a synopsis in the indicative, subjunctive, and imperative of 1. lauds in the fst person singular, active. 2 moved in the sean person singular, passive. 259260 1B, Make a copy of the following box and fill the blanks i i the tied person singular, acti. jai in the fist person plural, passive. innveni i the second person plural, active. sum nthe third person plu proper forms ofthe participles of ineito, habed, died, peri manio. Tae om Passive Passer Penvacr Toro Drill on Syntax — sransiate 1. Lwant to see you, 2.Tcame to see you, 3. It is good to see you, 4. He had come to see you. 5. We are afraid to see you. 6. It pleases me to see you. 7. They ordered him to see you. 8. They will come tosee you, 9. Shewasable tosee you. 10. He sent men to see yOu. — Exercises — A. Translate 1, Tebiinus “Prima lice," inquit, “miités castra muniant fossi villaque,”” 2, Ne putemus nostiis ments melidrés quam Gal- Jorum esse, 3. Navem inventari sumus qua merc rostrum ad patriam portent. 4. Nontid in silvam erratiro fad utbem démonstriville autem mihi nihil dit. 5. Ut mens nobis amica sit, puellae déligantur quae ménsam ex aurd factam ad eam portent. 6, Milites seta pilaque portantss iter ad vadum quam celerrime faciant, né circumveniantur, 7. Magna ‘um celeritate curnt ut ignem in sumo colle videat. 8, In mensi261 expondmus cibis vinaque optima né hie prineeps potentissimus ‘nobis inimicus sit. 9. Ne audiat magister ‘@ id opus optimum intermisisse quod heri incepist 10. Barbar fossam Iapicibus ccomplére incepérunt ut coplis triddcerent et castea occupirent, B, Translate 1. Let us all be friendly to these men, who are here to see our ity, 2, He was wounded as he was about to hurl his javelin at the chief of the barbarians, 3. Let not your grief be to0 grea, for [know that your brother will come to find you. 4. Let the enemy pput their shields and javelins in the ditch ac Tet them surrender themselves to us, 5. The goddess equipped her son witha shield made out of gold, for she was anxious about his safety (his safety was for an anxiety to her). 6. We took a eatt with which to carry our wounded to the eamp. 7. Your grain will be of use (for a use) tus, and we shall make bread for you to . eat. & He will send a messenger to the enemy's camp to carry the terms of peace, 9 It is very difficult to believe that these flowers, chosen with care, will not please your mother. 10. That ‘centurion came to our camp t0 report tothe tribune the wbush of the German army. Mode of harbors at OstiaAppian Wiey—temins ofthe Temple of Hercules and the Vil of Ye QuintExigo a me non ut optimis par sim, sed ut malis melior. T require myself not fo be equal to the best, but 19 be Better than the bad —sEwECA —Syntax— INDIRECT COMMANDS Verbs of asking, advising, and commanding are followed by indice, commands. In English these are usually infnitives. Latin woes the subjunctive in the same tenses as adverbial clauses of purpose (ee Lesson 4). Indirect Commands are also called Substantive Classes of Purpose Cases with Verbs of Asking, Advising, and Commanding, Three different constructions are used for the person asked, advised, oF commanded to do something Dative (indirect object: pero, mando, persuaded. Min persue ut vestem. He pesuade me come Accusative (direct object): moned, 68, r0R6. [ME monuit nvenitem. He oomad me not to come Ablative with a Preposition (place from which): peto, postulo, quaero. Aime pelt ut veniam. He aking met coms Reflexives in Indirect Commands. In an indirect command the reflex- ive pronoun has as its antecedent the subject of the verb of asking, advising, or commanding which govems the indirect command, Ab is petit né 8 vulnerirent. He hgge the aot woud he, —Vocabutary — im'perd, ie, -8'vi,-A'tum, order, command man’ds,

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