Reproductive Health

A population comprises of the considerable number

of people of similar species possessing a particular
geological zone at a given time. It positions subordinate to
species. A species may have a solitary population or
numerous populations limited to unmistakable zone. The
primary cause of high rate of population explosion is an
extending crevice between birth rate and death rate,
increased food production and improvement of public
health. The developing urban population made numerous
issues for urban zones and rural zones.
Population Explosion Effects
In Urban Territories
1. It has prompted to the capacity of sustenance, crude
materials and extensive variety of products.
2. It has prompted to contamination and ecological
imbalance.
In Rural Territories, the urban developing population has
prompted to
1. To diminish in the woodland areas.
2. Left pernicious impact on soil fertility.
Importance of Population Control
The main advantage of population control seems to be the
increase in economic stability and better living conditions,
while the most common disadvantages are the difficulty in
enforcing such a policy and the lack of success because of
this according to a report published by the University
of Omaha.

Reproductive Health
The term Reproductive Health basically alludes to healthy
reproductive organs with typical functions. In any case, it
has a more extensive point of view and incorporates the
emotional and social parts of proliferation moreover. As per
the World Health Organization (WHO), reproductive
health implies an aggregate prosperity in all parts of
reproduction, For Example: Physical, emotional, behavioral
and social. Thusly, a general public with individuals having
physically and functionally ordinary reproductive organs
and typical emotional and behavioral associations among
them in all sex-related viewpoints may be called
reproductively healthy. A total viewpoint of human
reproductive health is fundamental to individual thriving
and not withstanding interpersonal associations.
Youths are dynamic, delicate and inclined to
experimentation and hazard taking, accordingly they are the
most defenseless population to the extent reprobate conduct
and state of mind is concerned. Each choice has its own
particular outcome. Any wrong choice can prompt to
grievous outcome, which thus can demolish one's life. Sexual
alteration is a piece of aggregate identity conformity. Self-
regard is the way to sexual development.
Expansive based community and support of various
institutions for reproductive health is the key.

Adolescence Reproductive and Sexual

Health (ARSH)
 Points are to be dealt with to disperse the myths and
misguided judgment about this imperative perspective
with concentrate on:
 Reducing dangerous conduct
 Theories which clarify what impacts individuals' sexual
decisions and conduct
 Reinforced message about sexual conduct and hazard
diminishment
 Providing exact data about, the dangers connected with
sexual movement, about contraception anti-conception
medication, techniques for conceding or avoiding
intercourse
 Dealing with associate and other social weights on
youngsters; giving chances to practice correspondence,
transaction and attestation aptitudes
 Uses an assortment of ways to deal with instructing and
discovering that include and draw in youngsters and help
them to customize the data
 Uses ways to deal with instructing and realizing which are
suitable to youngsters' age, encounter and social
foundation
Population Explosion and Birth Control
(a) The rapid increase in human population size over a
relatively short period is called human population-explosion.
(b) Population growth rate depends on factors like fertility,
natality, mortality, migration, age and sex structure.
(c) Increased health facilities and better living conditions are
the cause behind population explosion.
(d) Out of 6 billion world population 1.3 billion populations
is of Indians.
(e) Rapid decline in death rate, Maternal Mortality
Rate (MMR) and Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) are major
cause of population growth.
(f) Growth rate of Indian population is around 1.7 percent.
(g) Most of the urban people are uneducated.
(h) The regulation of conception by preventive methods or
devices to limit the number of offsprings is called Birth
Control.
(i) A birth control method which deliberately prevents
fertilization are referred to as contraception.
(j) Contraceptive methods are preventive methods and are
of two types – Temporary and Permanent.

Characteristics of an ideal contraceptive are:

(a) User friendly
(b) Easily available
(c) Nor or least sideeffects
(d) No way interferes with sexual drive
Types of Birth Control
 Continuous abstinence

 Natural family planning/rhythm method

 Barrier methods

o Contraceptive sponge

o Diaphragm, cervical cap, and cervical shield

o Female condom
o Male condom
 Hormonal methods
o Oral contraceptives — combined pill ("The pill")

o Oral contraceptives — progestin-only pill

("Mini-pill")
o The Patch
o Shot / Injection
o Vaginal Ring
 Implantable devices
o Implantable Rods

o Intrauterine Devices
 Permanent birth control methods
o Sterilization Implant

o Surgical Sterilization
 Emergency contraception
The above mentioned ways are discussed in details as
follows:
Continuous abstinence: This implies not engaging in sexual
relations at any time (vaginal, oral, or anal). It is the main,
beyond any doubt approach to counteract pregnancy and
secure against Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs),
including AIDS.
Natural family planning/rhythm method: This strategy is
the point at which you don't have intercourse or utilize a
barrier technique on the days you are most fruitful (destined
to end up getting pregnant). A woman who has a normal
menstrual cycle has around at least 9 days every month
when she can get pregnant. These prolific days are around 5
days before and 3 days after ovulation, and in addition the
day of ovulation.
Barrier methods: Utilize a block, or boundary, to keep
sperm from penetrating the egg.

These barrier techniques hinder the sperm from entering

the cervix (the opening to your womb) and achieving the
egg.
 The diaphragm is a shallow latex container.
 The cervical cap is a thimble-molded latex glass. It
regularly is called by its brand name, FemCap.
 The cervical shield is a silicone glass that has a one-way
valve that creates suction and helps it fit against the
cervix. It regularly is called by its brand name, Lea's Shield.

Female Condom
Female Condoms are the barriers worn by the woman
inside their vagina. It keeps sperm from getting into their
body and fusing with egg. It is made of thin, adaptable,
synthetic elastic and is bundled with a lubricant.

Male Condom
Male Condoms are a thin sheath put over a penis in an erect
position to keep sperm from entering a woman's body.
Condoms can be made of polyurethane, latex, or
"regular/lambskin". The regular types do not ensure against
STIs or STDs. Condoms are the best option when utilized
with a vaginal spermicide, which leads to the sperm killing.
Also, you have to utilize a new condom with every sex
demonstration.
Hormonal Methods:
Pregnancy is prevented by meddling with ovulation,
treatment, or potentially implantation of the fertilized egg.

Oral contraceptives — combined pill ("The pill")

The pill contains the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
It is taken day by day to keep the ovaries from discharging
an egg. The pill additionally causes changes in the coating of
the uterus and the cervical bodily fluid to keep the sperm
from fusing with the egg.
A few women incline toward the "extended cycle" pills.
These have 12 weeks of pills that contain hormones
(dynamic) and 1 week of pills that don't contain hormones
(dormant). While taking amplified cycle pills, women just
have their period three to four times each year.
The Patch
Likewise called by its brand name, Ortho Evra, this skin
patch is worn on the lower abdomen, bottom, external arm,
or abdominal area. It discharges the hormones progestin and
estrogen into the circulatory system to prevent the ovaries
from discharging eggs in to the fallopian tubes. It
additionally thickens the cervical bodily fluid, which keeps
the sperm from joining with the egg. You put on another
patch once every week for 3 weeks. You don't utilize a patch
the fourth week to have a period.
Women ought to hold up three weeks after delivery before
utilizing conception prevention that contains both estrogen
and progestin. These strategies increment the danger of
perilous blood clots that could frame in the wake of
conceiving an offspring. Women who had a cesarean
segment or have other hazard variables for blood clots, for
example, history of blood clots, obesity, smoking, or
preeclampsia, ought to hold up for six weeks
Shot / Injection
The contraception shot frequently is called by its brand
name Depo-Provera. With this strategy you get infusions, or
shots, of the hormone progestin in the rear end or arm at
regular intervals. Another sort is infused under the skin. The
anti-conception medication shot prevents the ovaries from
discharging an egg in numerous women. It additionally
causes changes in the cervix that keep the sperm from
joining with the egg.
The shot ought not be utilized over 2 years as a part of a line
since it can bring about an impermanent loss of bone
thickness. The misfortune expands the more extended this
strategy is utilized. The bone starts to develop after this
technique is ceased. Yet, it might expand the danger of
fracture or osteoporosis if utilized for quite a while.
Vaginal Ring

This is a thin, adaptable ring that discharges the hormones

progestin and estrogen. It works by preventing the ovaries
from discharging eggs. It likewise thickens the cervical
bodily fluid, which keeps the sperm from joining the egg.
It is ordinarily called NuvaRing, its brand name. You press
the ring between your thumb and pointer and embed it into
your vagina. You wear the ring for 3 weeks, take it out for
the week that you have your period, and afterward put in
another ring.
Women ought to hold up three weeks after delivery before
utilizing conception prevention that contains both estrogen
and progestin. These strategies increment the danger of
perilous blood clots that could frame in the wake of
conceiving an offspring. Women who had a cesarean
segment or have other hazard variables for blood clots, for
example, history of blood clusters, obesity, smoking, or
preeclampsia, ought to hold up for six weeks.
Implantable Rod
This is a matchstick-measure, adaptable rod that is put
under the upper arm skin. It is regularly called by its brand
name, Implanon. The rod discharges a progestin, which
causes changes in the coating of the uterus and the cervical
bodily fluid to keep the sperm away from penetrating an egg.
Less frequently, it prevents the ovaries from discharging
eggs. It is powerful for up to three years.
Intrauterine Devices or IUDs
An IUD is a little device molded like a "T" that goes in your
uterus. There are two sorts:
 Copper IUD — The copper IUD passes by the brand
name ParaGard. It discharges a little measure of copper
into the uterus, which keeps the sperm from coming to
and fusing with the egg. On the off chance that
fertilization occurs, the IUD keeps the egg from
embedding in the coating of the uterus. A specialist
needs to put in your copper IUD. It can remain in your
uterus for five to ten years.

Hormonal IUD
The hormonal IUD passes by the brand name Mirena. It is
often called an intrauterine system, or IUS. It discharges
progestin into the uterus, which keeps the ovaries from
discharging an egg and causes the cervical bodily fluid to
thicken so sperm cannot reach out for the egg. It additionally
influences the capacity of a fertilized egg to effectively
embed in the uterus. A specialist needs to put in a hormonal
IUD. It can remain in your uterus for up to five years.

Permanent Birth Control Methods:

For individuals who are certain they never need to have a
youngster or they don't need more kids.

Sterilization Implant (Essure)

Essure is the main non-surgical strategy for disinfecting
ladies. A thin tube is utilized to string a minor spring-like
gadget through the vagina and uterus into each fallopian
tube. The gadget works by bringing about scar tissue to
conform or wrap around to the coil. This hinders the
fallopian tubes and prevents the egg and sperm from joining.
It can take around three months for the scar tissue to
develop, so it's imperative to utilize another type of
contraception amid this time. At that point you will need to
come back to your specialist for a test to check whether scar
tissue has completely hindered your tubes.

Surgical Sterilization
In women, surgical disinfection shuts the fallopian tubes by
being cut, tied, or fixed. This prevents the eggs from being
fertilized by preventing them going down to the uterus. The
surgery should be possible in various ways. Once in a while,
a woman having cesarean birth has the technique done in
the meantime, in order to abstain from having extra surgery
later
For men, having a vasectomy (vuh-SEK-tuh-mee) keeps
sperm from heading off to his penis, so his discharge never
has any sperm in it. Sperm remains in the framework after
surgery for around 3 months. Amid that time, utilize a
reinforcement type of anti-conception medication to
counteract pregnancy. A basic test should be possible to
check if all the sperm is gone; it is known as a semen
investigation

Emergency contraception:
Utilized if a woman's essential strategy for anti-conception
medication fizzles. It ought not to be utilized as a customary
technique for contraception.
Emergency contraception can be taken as a solitary pill
treatment or in two dosages. A solitary measurement
treatment acts and in addition two dosages and does not
have more reactions. It works by preventing the ovaries
from discharging an egg or keeping the sperm from joining
with the egg.
A solitary pill measurement or two-pill dosage of emergency
contraception is accessible over-the-counter (OTC) for
women ages seventeen and older.
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