Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

1. INTRODUCTION
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or ‘fossil’ diesel. Biodiesel can
be produced from straight vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow, castor oil, and waste
cooking oil. The process used to convert these oils to Biodiesel is called
transesterification. This process is described in more detail below. The largest possible
source of suitable oil comes from oil crops such as jatropha rapeseed, palm or soybean.
Most biodiesel produced at present is produced from waste vegetable oil sourced from
restaurants, chip shops, industrial food producers such as Birdseye etc. Though oil
straight from the agricultural industry represents the greatest potential source it is not
being produced commercially simply because the raw oil is too expensive. After the
cost of converting it to biodiesel has been added on it is simply too expensive to
compete with fossil diesel. Waste vegetable oil can often be sourced for free or sourced
already treated for a small price. (The waste oil must be treated before conversion to
biodiesel to remove impurities). The result is Biodiesel produced from waste vegetable
oil can compete with fossil diesel. More about the cost of biodiesel and how factors
such as duty play an important role can be found here.
Biodiesel has many environmentally beneficial properties. The main benefit of
biodiesel is that it can be described as ‘carbon neutral’. This means that the fuel
produces no net output of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2). This effect
occurs because when the oil crop grows it absorbs the same amount of CO2 as is
released when the fuel is combusted. In fact, this is not completely accurate as CO2 is
released during the production of the fertilizer required to fertilize the fields in which
the oil crops are grown. Fertilizer production is not the only source of pollution
associated with the production of biodiesel, other sources include the esterification
process, the solvent extraction of the oil, refining, drying and transporting. Biodiesel
is rapidly biodegradable and completely non-toxic, meaning spillages represent far
less of a risk than fossil diesel spillages. Biodiesel has a higher flash point than fossil
diesel and so is safer in the event of a crash.
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) defines biodiesel as a mixture of
long chain monoalkylic ester from fatty acids obtain from renewable resources, to be
used in diesel engine. Blends with diesel are indicated as B100 or blended with fuel
diesel, designated as BXX, where 'XX' represent the percentage of biodiesel in blend.

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

The most common ratio is B20 which represent 20% biofuel and80% diesel. In
consequences, B100 indicates pure biofuel. Biodiesel is produce from the triglycerides
conversion in the oils such as those obtain from palm oil, soyabean, rape seed,
sunflower and castor oil, waste cooking oil, in methyl or ethyl esters by
Transesterification way. In these process the three chains of fatty acids of each
triglyceride molecule reacts with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to obtain ethyl
or methyl ester. major problems associated with the use of biodiesel are lower engine
power, higher BSFC due to their lower calorific values, higher densities and
viscosities. NOx emission also increases with the use of biodiesel for higher fuel
bound oxygen. To overcome some of these difficulties use of ethanol, n-butanol or
diethyl ether in small proportion as additive has come out with great potential recently
India has the potential to be a leading world producer of biodiesel, as biodiesel can be
harvested and sourced from non-edible oils like Jatropha Curcas, Karanja, Neem,
Mahua etc. India is focusing on Karanja which can grow in arid and waste lands as oil
contents in their seeds is 30-40%. Non-edible oil can be used as alternate fuel in
present diesel engine without any kind of modification, just by improving the
properties of the fuel by the addition of base catalyzed transesterification with alcohol.
Performance can also be improved by increasing the compression ratio from 16:1 to
20:l. There are several reasons for applying hydrogen as an additional fuel to
accompany diesel fuel in compression ignition (CI) engine. Firstly, it increases the
H/C ratio of the entire fuel. Secondly, injecting small amounts of hydrogen to a diesel
engine could decrease heterogeneity of a diesel fuel spray due to the high diffusivity
of hydrogen which makes the combustible mixture better premixed with air and more
uniform. It could also reduce the combustion duration due to hydrogen's high speed of
flame propagation in relation to other fuels. It was observed that the use of additives
significantly reduced the emission of particulates and carbonaceous particle.
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) are the most commonly
used alkali additives but higher yield has been reported with KOH. Methanol and
ethanol are the alcohols generally used in trans-esterification process. However,
methanol was preferred for the biodiesel production due to its low cost and higher
reactivity compared to ethanol.

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

1.1 Problem Statement

Since last few decades there is an enormous growth in conventional fuel consumption
due to globalization. Increase in fuel consumption led to various environmental
problems. To overcome this conventional fuel consumption can be substituted by
biodiesel. Thus number of Feed stock can be used in preparation of biodiesel.
Feedstock such as edible and non-edible oil. Out of which waste cooking oil can be
used as feedstock to produce biodiesel blends. Experiments are carried out on single
cylinder VCR diesel engine to analyze performance and emission characteristics using
waste cooking oil biodiesel blends.

1.2 Aim and Objective

 To study the basics and progressive development in biodiesel field.
 Selection of principle biodiesel blends from waste cooking oil that replaced
diesel fuel at respective conditions.
 Quality testing of biodiesel as per standards such as calorific value, density
viscosity etc.
 Performance and Emission analysis of biodiesel and it’s blends on Single
cylinder CI engine.

1.3 Current scenario of fuel usage in India -

In view of the fast depletion of fossil fuel, the search for alternative fuels has become
inevitable, looking at huge demand of diesel for transportation sector, captive power
generation and agricultural sector, the biodiesel is being a natural substitute of diesel.
The present energy situation has demanded active research interest in non-petroleum,
renewable and nonpolluting fuels. Biodiesel has excremental effect on HC and CO
emissions. Food Authority’s regulations to monitor quality of ‘Used Cooking Oil’ has
come into force on 1st July, 2018. Prolonged reuse of Cooking Oil for deep-frying is a
potential health hazard and can lead to many diseases. Repeated frying of Cooking Oil
leads to changes in physiochemical, nutritional and sensory properties of edible oil.
Use of Cooking Oil for repeated frying leads to the formation of ‘Total Polar
Compounds (TPC)’ making it unfit for human consumption. There is evidence to

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

suggest that TPCs above the set level cause hypertension, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer’s
disease, liver disease etc. In the interest of safeguarding public health, the Food Safety
and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has notified the Food Safety and Standards
(Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses), First Amendment Regulations,
2017. These regulations prescribe the limit for Total Polar Compounds (TPC) to be
maximum 25% beyond which the Cooking Oil is not suitable for use. From 1st July,
2018 onwards, all Food Business Operators (FBOs) would be required to monitor the
quality of oil during frying by complying with the said regulations. FSSAI has also
established the method to estimate the Total Polar Compounds (TPC) in Edible Oils
and Fats based on AOAC Official Method 982.27 vide Order dated 20.02.2018. For
rapid on-site testing by food businesses themselves, small handheld devices are now
available that check the ‘Total Polar Compounds’ in the oil during frying. Currently,
Used Cooking Oil is either not discarded at all or disposed of in an environmentally
hazardous manner, thereby, choking drains and sewerage systems. Also, Used
Cooking Oil reportedly finds its way to small restaurants / dhabas and road-side
vendors. Given that Used Cooking Oil is a potential feedstock for biodiesel, it’s use
for making biodiesel will be environmentally safe and prevent diversion of used
cooking oil to small restaurants/roadside vendors. The Authority is already in
discussions with Indian Biodiesel Association to establish a nation-wide ecosystem
for collection of Used Cooking Oil and its conversion to bio-diesel. National Policy
on Biofuels, 2018 released in May this year has categorized biodiesel as First
Generation (1G) bio-fuel. The policy encourages setting up of supply chain
mechanisms for biodiesel production from Used Cooking Oil. Commenting on this
issue, CEO, FSSAI, Pawan Agarwal stated that “Effective implementation of Used
Cooking Oil standards is a Win-Win-Win for all three, the Public Health, the
Environment and the Energy Security”. He added that “this would however, require
‘Triple E Strategy’ and a coordinated effort. First ‘E’ in the ‘Triple E Strategy’ is
‘Education’ that is educating both the consumers and food businesses about public
health consequences of spoiled ‘Used Cooking Oil’. Second ‘E’ is ‘Enforcement’,
particularly amongst large food processing plants, restaurants and fast-food joints that
are frying food in large quantities; and the third ‘E’ is developing an ‘Ecosystem’ for
collection of Used Cooking Oil and producing biodiesel from it”. He further added

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

that the Food Authority is advising the State Food Safety Commissioners to take up
awareness and education programs, surveillance and enforcement activities in this
regard. Further, Small quantities of Used Cooking Oil is already being collected from
food businesses either through a barter arrangement or at cost, but there a huge scope
for expanding this ecosystem. Annually, about 23 million MT Cooking Oil is
consumed in India. There is potential to recover and use about 3 million MT of this
for production of bio-diesel. This will have an estimated value of Rs.18000 crores per
year. Used Cooking Oil is viewed as the most reasonable and advisable feedstock for
biodiesel production. Bio-diesel is non-poisonous and biodegradable fuel with better
burning emission profile and high flash point therefore easy to transport. Thus, time is
right for India now to take up large scale bio-diesel production using Used Cooking
Oil as feedstock through a coordinated effort.

1.4 Need of biodiesel

The main reason for the need of alternate fuels for IC engines is the emission problems.
Combined with other air polluting factors, the large number of automobiles is a major
contributor to the air quality problems of the world. Diesel engines are highly preferred
for transportation since they are highly efficient and durable in the long run. However,
because of lack of crude oil reserves, fuel cost and emission norms, alternative fuels
are of high interest to replace the diesel fuel in diesel engines. Many alternative liquid
fuels for diesel engines such as bio-diesel, alcohol have been introduced in the recent
past. Today Most of the alternative fuels are biomass derived and easily available.
Many alternative fuels blends have been introducing in past and they gave very
satisfying results. Therefore, in this work the waste cooking oil which is high octane
biomass derived fuel is blended with diesel in different proportions by volume and
used as fuel in four stroke single cylinder diesel engine. The performance and emission
characteristics of the engine were studied. The results show the reduction in
consumption of fuel as the brake specific fuel consumption was formed to decrease.
The improvement in brake thermal efficiency is also observed. While the emission
parameters were also improved, emissions were significantly reducing as the load was
increasing compared to the other biodiesels.

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

1.5 Methodology
From the literature survey, it is found that the properties of waste cooking oil biodiesel
are compatible to diesel and it can be used as a feedstock for biodiesel preparation.
For preparation of biodiesel, waste cooking oil and experimental study following
procedure is followed:
 Data collection.
 Selection of Waste Cooking oil as feedstock for Biodiesel.
 Purification of Oil by Transesterification process.
 Study of properties of biodiesel made by Waste Cooking oil.
 Making of blends of Biodiesel with pure diesel.
 Testing of different blends on single cylinder diesel engine
 Analysis of performance characteristics of different blends with different
compression ratio

Data Collection
Biodiesel has properties similar to that of diesel, thus can be used as an alternate fuel
was studied from various research papers. Edible and non-edible oils can be used as
biodiesel such as vegetable oil, animal fat oil, algae oil, fatty acids etc.

1.5.1 Selection of Waste Cooking oil as feedstock for Biodiesel

Biodiesel production from waste oils is an attractive option to produce biodiesel
economically. Present investigation deals with the utilization of waste cooking oil
(WCO) for the production of biodiesel. Transesterification was done in the presence
of alkali catalyst (KOH) and Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was 94% in the
presence of 1% catalyst at 50 °C. Alkali catalyzed transesterification was an efficient
method to produce biodiesel form WCO. Results revealed that the waste cooking oils
can be converted into biodiesel as an energy source along with environmental pollution
reduction.

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

1.5.2 Purification of Oil by Transesterification process

Transesterification is a process of exchanging organic group of esters with organic
group of alcohol catalyzed by acid or base. The major components of vegetable oils
and animal fats are triglycerides. To obtain biodiesel, the vegetable oil or animal fats
subjected to a chemical reaction termed transesterification. The majority of the alkyl
esters reduced today is done with the base catalyst reaction because it is the most
economic for several reasons
 Low temperature (65 ° C) and pressure (20 psi) processing
 High conversion (98%) with minimal side reactions and reaction time
 Direct conversion to methyl ester with no intermediate steps
 Exotic materials of construction are not necessary
Alkalis used for transesterification include NaOH, KOH, Carbonates, and alkoxides
such as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, sodium propoxide and sodium butoxide.
Alkali-catalyzed transesterification proceeds approximately 4000 times faster than
catalyzed by the same amount of an acidic catalyst and is thus most often used
commercially. Chemical reaction and procedure for transesterification is given below.

O O
|| ||
CH2 – O – C – R CH3 – O – C – R CH2 – OH
O O
|| catalyst ||
CH – O – C – R’ + 3CH3 – OH CH3 – O – C – R’ + CH – OH
O O
|| ||
CH2 – O – C – R’’ CH3 – O – C – R’’ CH2 – OH

Triacylglycerol Methanol Fatty acid methyl esters Glycerol

(Triglyceride)

Figure 1.1 Transesterification Process

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

I. Filtering
Filter the vegetable oil to remove solid particles from it. You may have to
warm it up a bit first to get it to run freely; 35 o C should be enough. A
Cartridge filter is used for the same.

II. Removing the Water

Heat the oil first to remove the water content. Waste cooking oil will
probably contain water, which can slow down the reaction and causes
saponification (soap formation). Raise the temperature to 100 ° C, hold it
there and allow water contents to boil off. Steer to avoid steam pockets
forming below the oil and exploding, splashing hot oil or drain water
puddles out from the bottom as they form, you can save oil that comes out
with the water later. When boiling slows, raise the temperature to 130 ° C
for 10 minutes and allow cool to it.

III. Acid Esterification

Oil feedstock containing more than 4 % Free Fatty Acids go through an
acid esterification process to increase the yield of biodiesel. This
feedstock's are filtered and pre-processed to remove water and
contaminants, and then fed to the acid esterification process. The catalyst,
sulphuric acid, is dissolved in methanol and then mixed with the pre-treated
oil. The mixture is heated and stirred, and the Free Fatty Acids are
converted to biodiesel. Once the reaction is complete, it is dewatered and
then fed to the transesterification process.

IV. Some feedstock must be pre-treated before they can go through the
transesterification process. Feedstock with less than 5 % Free Fatty Acid,
do not require pre-treatment. When an alkali catalyst is added to the
feedstock's (With FFA > 5 %), the Free Fatty Acid react with the catalyst
to form soap and water as shown in the reaction below:

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

Up to about 5% FFAs, the reaction can still be catalyzed with an alkali catalyst but
additional catalyst must be added to compensate for that lost to soap. The soap created
during the reaction is either removed with the glycerol or is washed out during the
water wash. When FFA level is above 5 %, the soap inhibits separation of the glycerol
from the methyl esters and contributes to emulsion formation during the water wash.

Fig. 1.2 Fuel In Different Stages

1.5.3 Preparation of blend of Biodiesel

At present, the amount of biodiesel available is less than that of diesel. The biodiesel
blended with diesel by volume as B15 (15% WCO & 85% diesel fuel), B30 (30%
WCO & 70% diesel fuel), B40 (40% WCO & 80% diesel fuel), B50 (50% WCO &
50% diesel fuel). Then the samples were proceed for their property testing's.

1.5.4 Testing of different blends on diesel engine

Blends of waste cooking oil were prepared and were tested on VCR single cylinder
diesel engine with compression ratio 15, 16 and 17 with variable load 0. 3, 4, 8 and
12kg.

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

1.5.5 Analysis of performance and Emission characteristics of

different blends with different compression ratio

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Sahar et al. (2018) they examined that how WCO was successfully converted into
biodiesel production. The FFAs of WCO were esterified using mineral acid
pretreatment. Among the different mineral acids, H2SO4 was found to be promising
for the efficient esterification of FFAs with 88% conversion efficiency. The acid
pretreated WCO was subjected to base catalyzed transesterification to produce
biodiesel. 94% FAME yield was achieved with 1:3 methanol to oil ratio, 1% catalyst
dose and 60 °C reaction temperature. The quality of biodiesel was evaluated through
various physio-chemical properties and compared with ASTM standards for biodiesel.
Oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid and stearic acid were the main components of
biodiesel produced. Results revealed that acid pretreatment followed by base catalyzed
reaction of WCO is viable process for biodiesel production as well as utilization of
waste oil to lessen the energy crises and environmental pollution issues. [1]

Table 2.1. Literature survey of different processes used for the conversion of oils
into biodiesel
S. No Feedstock Catalyst FAME Yield

1 WCO CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 83.08%

2 WCO Lipase 88%
3 WCO H2SO4 90%
4 WCO KOH/Al2O3 91.7%
5 WCO CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 83%
6 WCO CaO/KI/γ-Al2O3 97.8%
7 WCO Purolite D5081 94%
8 WCO Novozyme 435 90%
9 WCO H2SO4 80% FFA reduction
10 WCO Ferric suplhate+acid catalyzed 81.3%
11 WCO Acid catalyzed FFA reduction
12 WCO KOH 94%

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

Table no. 2.2 Fuel properties of biodiesel produced from waste cooking oil (WCO).

Properties Unit Biodiesel from Biodiesel

WCO Standards

Specific gravity - 0.8743 0.86 – 0.9

Viscosity mm2/sec 5..83 1.9 – 6
Calorific Value Kj/g 37.2 >35
Cloud Point ºc 10.5 -3 to 12

Pour Point ºc 1 -15 to 10

Acid Value mgKOH/g 0.6 < 0.8

Saponification mgKOH/g 280 < 312
Value
Iodine Value gI2/100 g oil 63.5 < 120
Cetane Number 51.48 > 47

Ashraf Amin et al. (2017) their study is to investigate the key properties (density,
kinematic viscosity and flash point) of palm oil, palm oil methyl ester in a blend with
diesel fuel. The properties of palm oil biodiesel blends showed that there is no
significant difference in fuel properties of the blends up to 30% volume of oil biodiesel
of palm oil. The experimental data were correlated as a function of volume fraction of
oil/biodiesel in the blend. Different correlations were developed to predict the
properties of the oil bio-oil-diesel blends based on experimental results. The developed
correlations were validated by comparing the correlation prediction with experimental
data in literature. A good agreement was found between modeled equations prediction
and experimental data in literature. The developed equations can be used as a guide
for determining the best blending mixture to be used for diesel engines. [2]
Kanaveli et al. (2017) they analyzed that the viscosity is one of the most important
properties of biodiesel and conventional diesel fuels derived from petroleum. In this
work twelve mixing rules, which were developed for predicting the viscosity of
petroleum-based fuels were tested for their predicting accuracy in oxygenated blends.

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

In order to test these models in diesel/biodiesel blends with adequate experimental

data, three different diesel fuels and seven biodiesels were blended in eleven different
volume fractions, giving 231 samples whose viscosities were experimentally
measured. Early observations made evident that for the prediction of viscosity of
petroleum mixtures the simple linear law was never exactly obeyed and experimental
viscosities were uniformly being lower than those obtained by linear law. In present
study, twelve equations predicting the viscosity of oil/biodiesel mixtures were
examined. The overall conclusion was that the majority of mixing rules tested,
produced similar results and managed to predict viscosity with poor accuracy. The
modified equations gave reasonable predictions for viscosities for oxygenated
mixtures. The results were in closer agreement with the experimental data and
accuracy was of R2 >99.6%. [3]
S.C. Kongre et al. (2017) they examined that variety of research papers reviewed to
understand effects of various proportion of additives on different conditions of engine
performance and exhaust emissions. The review concludes that the use of additives in
biodiesel is need of hour to get better engine performance and emission characteristics
for CI engine. The fuel consumption of a CI engine fueled with biodiesel was higher
than diesel fuel due to the loss of heating value and BSFC increases with the increase
in the biodiesel content. Brake specific fuel consumption depends on the ethanol
content present in the blend with the increase in ethanol content, the brake specific
fuel consumption increases. The addition of hydrogen along with biodiesel assists in
increasing engine performance and emission reduction in CI engine due to hydrogen's
high speed of flame propagation in relation to other fuels. BTE was higher for biodiesel
with the addition of additives and hydrogen along with biodiesel as compared with
pure diesel. [4]
Sukasem et al. (2017) they investigated that biodiesel which produced from palm and
other plants at 6.1 ratio of methanol oil, transesterification at 65oC for 2 hour, by using
co-catalyst of calcined and NaOH at 0.75:0.25 were the potential on biodiesel
production. The advantages by using heterogeneous were not only easily separated
from transesterification solution but it was also decrease the step of washing. [5]
C.G. Lopresto et al. (2015) The transesterification reaction catalyzed by immobilized
lipase was studied in this work, in order to verify the possibility of using it for the

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

production of biodiesel from suitable wastes, such as vegetable oils. In particular,

laboratory tests were carried out with the aim of evaluating the influence of some
factors on reaction yields. They found to be very interesting in transesterification of
fresh and waste vegetable oils. Moreover, the possible problems that occur in the
transition from refined vegetable oils to waste oils were studied and it was observed
that the yields in ester s did not vary significantly. Finally, it was verified that the
biocatalyst can be used for multiple reaction cycles, even if it requires more
investigations in order to evaluate and distinguish the effects of deactivation caused
by washing and use in the reaction system. [6]
Alireza (2014) they studied the present work of a literature review on combustion.
Performance and emission characteristics of diesel and biodiesel blend with additives.
According to the results of the review. Additives are an effective method for obtaining
the reduction in the PM, CO, C02 and UHC emissions but minimum increase in the
NOx emission. If the additives are added in diesel and biodiesel at approach
proportion. It will improve the engine combustion and performance characteristics. [7]
Nabanita et al. (2013) they studied that how to convert used vegetable oil into
biodiesel
I) Used vegetable oil collected from shops selling fritters can be used to
produce biodiesel as it is not a food source and is mostly thrown away.
II) Used vegetable oil has good potential as an alternative fuel. But cannot be
used directly in the engines because of high viscosity and low volatility.
III) Maximum yield of biodiesel prepared from used vegetable oil obtained
was 94%.
IV) The cost of production of biodiesel is higher than that of conventional fossil
fuel. This is due to the fact that biodiesel is generally produced from refined
vegetable oil. The cost of production can be reduced if low cost feedstock
is used such as used cooking oil collected from shops selling fritters. [8]
Anand et al. (2012) they explained that the true fact that everyone has to accept for
search of alternative fuels apart from petroleum products is biodiesel for many reasons.
Mainly increasing demand and scarcity of petroleum products and to preserve the
wealth of nature to be used for coming generations. The reason of non-implementation
of biodiesel in day to-day) life is because of few limitations. Many scientists are in

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

progress for a new dimension of research in biodiesel plantation. Cultivation and its
usage in engines. This paper highlights the importance of biodiesel production
techniques such as super critical methanolysis. Ultra sonication method and
microwave technique by which maximum biodiesel can be produced. The new
approach of using Nano particle in biodiesel shows very good results in reducing the
level of pollutant gases in the engine exhaust and increased performance without any
engine modification. [9]

Daming et al. (2012) they investigated and concluded that biodiesel production is set
to rise drastically in the coming years. Biodiesel offers the promise of numerous
benefits related to energy security, economics, expansion of the agriculture sector and
reduction of pollutant emission. Despite its many advantages as a renewable
alternative fuel, biodiesel presents a number of problems that must be resolved before
it will be more attractive as an alternative to petroleum diesel. One way of reducing
the biodiesel production costs is to use the less expensive feedstock containing fatty
acids such as non-edible oils, animal fats and oils, recycled or waste oil and byproducts
of the refining vegetable oils, microalgae. These oils have great potential for
supplementing other conventional feedstock. [10]

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

3. Experimental Setup

Figure 3.1 Experimental setup for preparation of Biodiesel

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

Table 3.1 Parts of experimental setup

Part no Part name

1 Stirrer motor with chuck and stand

2 Glass rod with Teflon stirrer

3 Condenser

4 Stuffing box

5 Funnel

6 Four neck round bottom flask

7 Thermometer

8 Stopper box

9 Heating machine

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Experimental investigation of waste cooking oil Biodiesel on single cylinder VCR CI engine

REFERENCES

[1] Sahar Sana Sadaf, Javed Iqbal, Jan Nisar in their paper “Biodiesel production from
waste cooking oil : An efficient technique to convert waste into biodiesel” May 2018
[2] Ashraf Amin A.K.EI Morsi Diwani “Study On Characteristics Of Palm Oil-
Biodiesel-Diesel Fuel Blend” March 2017
[3] Ioanna-Panagiota Kanaveli, Maria Atzemi, Evripidis Lois “predicting viscosity of
diesel / biodiesel blends.” Feb 2017
[4] Atul G. Londhekar, S. C. Kongre "Effects of Different Additives on Performance
and Emission of Biodiesel Fueled Compression Ignition Engine'' Feb 2017
[5] Natthanicha Sukasem, Siriwan Manophan. “The Development of Biodiesel
Production from Vegetable Oils by Using Different Proportions of Lime Catalyst and
Sodium Hydroxide” May 2017
[6] C.G. Lopresto an, S.Naccarato, L.Albo a, M.G.DePaola, Chakraborty, S.Curcio b,
V. Calabro “Enzymatic transesterification ofwastevegetableoiltoproduce biodiesel”
March 2015
[7] AlirezaValipour “A Review on Effect of Fuel Additives on Combustion,
Performance and Emission Characteristics of Diesel and Biodiesel Fueled Engine” Jan
2014
[8] Nabanita Banerjee, Ritica Ramakrishnan, Tushar Jash “Biodiesel production from
used vegetable oil collected from shops selling fritters in Kolkata” 2013
[9] Prabu, A.,Anand, R.B. “Production and Application of Biodiesel-A Case Study”
July 2012
[10] Daming Huang, Haining Zhou, Lin “Biodiesel: an Alternative to Conventional
Fuel” 2012

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