Biodiesel

Name of the student: Shaik Sameer Ali

ID No: B172213

07/09/2021 DEPT. OF CHEMICAL ENGG. RGUKT BASAR 1

 Abstract
As the fossil fuels are depleting day by day, there is a need to find
out an alternative fuel to fulfill the energy demand of the world.
Biodiesel is one of the best available sources to fulfill the energy
demand of the world. More than 350 oil-bearing crops identified,
among which some only considered as potential alternative fuels
for diesel engines.

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Contents
Introduction
What is Biodiesel
Production Biodiesel
Benefits of Biodiesel use
Biodiesel blends
Reference

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 Introduction :
The petroleum fuels play a very important role in the
development of industrial growth, transportation, agricultural
sector and to meet many other basic human needs. However,
these fuels are limited and depleting day by day as the
consumption is increasing very rapidly. Moreover, their use is
alarming the environmental problems to society.

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Hence, the scientists are looking for alternative fuels. India is
importing more than 80% of its fuel demand and spending a
huge amount of foreign currency on fuel. Biodiesel is gaining
more and more importance as an attractive fuel due to the
depleting nature of fossil fuel resources.

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Biodiesel emits fewer pollutants over the whole range of air–fuel ratio
when compared to diesel. Biodiesel can produce by using different
techniques such as ultrasonic cavitation, hydrodynamic cavitation,
microwave irradiation, response surface technology, two-step
reaction process etc.

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Experiments had been conducted for different types of
combustion chambers. It was found that spherical combustion
chamber gives better results than other type of combustion
chambers.The scientists tested a number of different raw and
processed vegetable oils like rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, palm
oil, soybean oil.

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What Is Biodiesel?
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or ‘fossil’
diesel. Biodiesel can be produced from straight vegetable oil, animal
oil/fats, tallow and waste cooking oil. The process used to convert
these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification.The largest possible
source of suitable oil comes from oil crops such as rapeseed, palm or
soybean.

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 Most biodiesel produced at present is produced from waste
vegetable oil sourced from restaurants, chip shops, industrial food
producers. Waste vegetable oil can often be sourced for free or
sourced already treated for a small price. (The waste oil must be
treated before conversion to biodiesel to remove impurities). The
result is Biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oil can compete
with fossil diesel.

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Production of biodiesel :
Biodiesel is commonly produced by the transesterification of the
vegetable oil or animal fat feedstock, and other non-edible raw
materials such as frying oil, etc. There are several methods for
carrying out this transesterification reaction including the common
batch process, heterogeneous catalysts, supercritical processes,
ultrasonic methods, and even microwave methods.

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 Chemically, transesterified biodiesel comprises a mix of mono-
alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids. The most common form
uses methanol (converted to sodium methoxide) to
produce methyl esters (commonly referred to as Fatty Acid Methyl
Ester – FAME) as it is the cheapest alcohol available, though ethanol can
be used to produce an ethyl ester (commonly referred to as Fatty Acid
Ethyl Ester – FAEE) biodiesel and higher alcohols such
as isopropanol and butanol have also been used. Using alcohols of
higher molecular weights improves the cold flow properties of the
resulting ester, at the cost of a less efficient transesterification reaction.

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A lipid transesterification production process is used to convert the base oil to
the desired esters. Any free fatty acids (FFAs) in the base oil are either converted
to soap and removed from the process, or they are esterified (yielding more
biodiesel) using an acidic catalyst. After this processing, unlike straight vegetable
oil, biodiesel has combustion properties very similar to those of petroleum
diesel, and can replace it in most current uses.The methanol used in most
biodiesel production processe . A by-product of the transesterification process is
the production of glycerol. For every 1 tonne of biodiesel that is manufactured,
100 kg of glycerol are produced. Originally, there was a valuable market for the
glycerol, which assisted the economics of the process as a whole.

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However, with the increase in global biodiesel production, the market
price for this crude glycerol (containing 20% water and catalyst
residues) has crashed. Research is being conducted globally to use
this glycerol as a chemical building block.Usually this crude glycerol
has to be purified, typically by performing vacuum distillation. This is
rather energy intensive. The refined glycerol (98%+ purity) can then
be utilised directly, or converted into other products.

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Benefits of Biodiesel Use :
1. Biodiesel Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
2. Biodiesel Reduces Tailpipe Emissions.
3. Biodiesel Improves Engine Operation.
4. Reducing the use of fossil fuels.
5. Biodiesel Is Easy to Use.
6. Reducing of atmosphere pollution.
7.renewable source.

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 Biodiesel Blends :
Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based
diesel are most commonly distributed.factor to state the
amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix:
•100% biodiesel is referred to as B100
•20% biodiesel, 80% petrodiesel is labeled B2
•5% biodiesel, 95% petrodiesel is labeled B5
•2% biodiesel, 98% petrodiesel is labeled B2

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Blends of 20% biodiesel and lower can be used in diesel equipment with
no, or only minor modifications. Biodiesel can also be used in its pure
form (B100), but may require certainengine modifications to avoid
maintenance and performance problems. Blending B100 with
petroleum diesel may be accomplished by:

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1.Mixing in tanks at manufacturing point prior to delivery to tanker truck
2. Splash mixing in the tanker truck (adding specific percentages of biodiesel
and petroleum diesel)
3. In-line mixing, two components arrive at tanker truck simultaneously.
4. Metered pump mixing, petroleum diesel and biodiesel meters are set to X
total volume.

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 Reference
1.U.S. department of energy : Biodiesel handling and use guide (5th edition)-2016
2. Tabatabaei, Meisam, Aghbashlo, Mortaza : Biodiesel: From Production to Combustion-
2018
3. Rafael luque and juan A.melero :Advances in Biodiesel Production: Processes and
Technologies-2012
4. Ahn E, Koncar M, Mittelbach M, Man R. A low-waste process for the production of
biodiesel. Separation Science and Technology- 1995
5. Cvengro J, Povaz AF. Production and treatment of rapeseed oil methyl estersas
alternative fuels for diesel engines. Bioresource Technology- 1996.
6. www.sciencedirect.com

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 Thank you

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