Journal of Science and Technology

ISSN: 2456-5660 Volume 4, Issue 6, Nov-December 2019, PP 24-31

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Different Characteristics and Methods of Biofuel Production -
Renewable Energy Source: A Review

Supriya Jadhav1, Sameer Sharma2

1,2
(Department of Biotechnology, Indian Academy Degree College, Bangalore, India
Sameer21.97@gmail.com)
______________________________________________________________________________
Abstract: Biofuels are the fuels which are obtained exclusively from plant materials, biomass. Biofuels are
renewable source of energy, not like fossil fuels like petroleum, gas, and coal. Nowadays, Biofuels industries are
vastly growing with an auspicious role in producing renewable energy and affect global climate change. The term
nano-technology has wide potential to realize cost effectiveness & process efficient biofuel industries. Many types
of nano-materials are developing with exclusive properties for better and improved production of biofuel. Mainly,
bio-diesel fuels commonly contain alkyl carboxylic acid or fatty acid chains, short-chain alcohol of esters, solvent
(methanol or ethanol). Different types of methods are reported for the assembly of biodiesel from edible fat or
vegetable oil such as micro-emulsification, pyrolysis, transesterification and many more. Among these,
transesterification is an attention-seeker & broadly accepted process. Biodiesel fuel may be a renewable alternative
method for petroleum fuel because it has very mutual characteristics but it has lower exhaust diffusion.
Keywords: Biodiesel production, FAME, Catalytic & Non-catalytic Transesterification.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
I. Introduction

Fuels, established from biological feed stocks, are describe as “biofuels.” particularly, biofuels allowed to be in
wide area classified into first-generation fuels and 2nd-generation fuels. First generation biofuels are usually derived
from sugar, starch, and vegetable oil supply. Yet, second-technology biofuels are consisting of continuous
feedstocks. A fossil gas is a gasoline shaped and it is created by using herbal method, such as anaerobic breakdown
of covered dead organisms. Fossil fuels include high amount of carbon and surrounded by petroleum, coal, and
natural gas. fossil fuels are generally used as transportation and machinery power supply due to its high heating
electricity, availability and best agitation quality, still it's regulates in daily supply. After first attempt (Rudolf), the
engine designed respect to run on vegetable oil [1] conceivably vegetable oil used as an another gasoline in a diesel
engines, vegetable oils, in which pyrolysis technique passed through from biodiesel production and changes
extremely in cetane range, low viscosity, and coffee sulphur content when it includes an insufficient quantity of ash
and carbon content [2] An each other gasoline machine used for transportation is a motor vehicle that runs on a
gasoline, other than common petroleum fuels. Now a day’s diesel-powered vehicles produces about one-0.33 of the
motors present in Europe and in the US and its dealing with expected income of diesel. Petro diesel used in the
transportation is one-fourth; biodiesel can easily appear as the important answer for environmental troubles. First, it
does but now it does not require any Engine adjustments; second it decreases greenhouse gasoline (ghg) diffusion
considerably and finally it also develops lubricity. Those factors acquire biodiesel to present the day strength
scenario for utilization of extra adaptable and attractive manner , which can be guarantee to the strength protection,
environmental sustainability and also to boost rural improvement by the way of transferring of energy from petro to
agro-industry, Together. Collected oil fuels are essential for holding the arena's energy desires, Most people
accounting for (more than 80%) of the global number, electricity consumption, and recently predicted research,
advanced by using the idea (2017) and BP (2018), shows an ongoing growth in fossil gasoline request, nearby to
destiny, thinking about an extremely large area of things together accompanying for, technology development,
presumption of coverage settlement so as to decrease greenhouse gas diffusion (ghg), as nicely, as modifications in
the local construction facility. Biodiesel produced from virgin vegetable oil through transesterification is higher than
the fossil gasoline, due to high raw cloth value. To extent the biofuel fee, in recent day’s waste cooking oil is used as
feedstock. Catalysts used in this technique are typically acids, base, and lipase. due to that fact lipase stimulates
complete high-priced, the use of lipase in biodiesel production is limited [3-5] mono alkyl esters is one type of a
renewable diesel, gasoline derived from some of vegetable oils or animal fats. As a renewable gasoline, biodiesel
as been advertised to reduce petroleum intake. The biodiesel fuels are palm methyl ester (pme), jatropha methyl
ester (jme), coconut oil methyl ester (come), 20% blends of pme with diesel gas and 20% blends of jme with diesel
gas. The ordinary diesel gas changed into used for contrast purposes [6-10] biodiesel also can be mixed with mineral

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oil [11]. even the wastes (byproducts) produced from biodiesel construction can be used for power production [12]
transesterification is an esterification system of long chained triglycerides of vegetable oils into fatty acid methyl
esters (fame) that's known as biodiesel. Various vegetable oils had been used to produce biodiesel specifically from
peanut, rapeseed, safflower, sunflower, soya bean, palm, coconut, corn, cottonseed and linseed. Hence, biodiesel
production also were given a success from non-fit for human utilization oils like mahua, neem, karanja and jatropha,
which turn out to be buildup within the soft meals as opposed to gasoline battle [13-14] this paper examined the
technology beginning with the direct use or mixing of oils, continuing with micro emulsion and pyrolysis and
completing with an interest on the present day process of first choice, transesterification. Biodiesel can be used in
pure shape (b100) or can be mixed with petroleum diesel at any cost. Biodiesel has extraordinary solvent properties
from petro diesel, and will degrade herbal rubber gaskets and hoses in motors (mainly cars synthetic before 1992),
still those likely to carry out naturally and no doubt already been changed with fkm, that is nonreactive to biodiesel.
Biodiesel has been recognized to break down precipitation within the gas strains wherein petro diesel has been used.
[15] As an end result, a quick transition to pure biodiesel is made. Fuel filters may end up clogged with particulates.
Therefore, it is recommended to exchange the gasoline filters on engines and warmers rapidly after first switching to
a biodiesel combo. [16]
II. Biofuel Feedstocks and Utilization
The two most typically use biofuel types are biodiesel and bioethanol which were derived mainly from
vegetable oils, seeds and lignocelluloses. Biodiesel can be use to alternative diesel and bioethanol may be use in
terms of petrol. Unusual biodiesel feedstock comes from plant oils like rapeseed, soybean, sunflower, palm and
some few non-edible oils like Neem, Pongamia, Jatropha, Animal fats like beef tallow and used cooking oil can also
be used as biodiesel after refining, while new sources like algae is taken into consideration to be the third generation
of biofuel. There are numerous social, economic, environmental and technical issues with biofuel production and
use, which have been discussed in the famous media and scientific journals. Those include: the effect of moderating
oil costs, the "food vs. fuel" debate, food costs, poverty reduction potential, energy ratio, energy requirements,
carbon emissions levels, sustainable biofuel production, deforestation and soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, [17]
effect on water sources, the feasible changes important to run the engine on biofuel, as well as energy stability and
performance [18].

III. Deconstruction and Fractionation

To convert biomass into a biofuel, it need to first be interpreted into its chemical components. We will usually
discriminate between deconstruction procedures through the temperature at which they take local area. A growth of
in between may be shaped depending on the conditions used in this procedure. After analysis method of
deconstruction can be divided into two categories:
High-temperature deconstruction- refers to procedures completed above 200°c and includes deconstructive
processes consisting of pyrolysis, hydrothermal and solvent liquefaction, and gasification.
Low-temperature deconstruction- refers to procedures accomplished below 200°c and includes deconstruction
processes consisting of enzymatic and acid hydrolysis.

IV. Synthesis and Upgrading

Intermediates generated following deconstruction can include crude bio-oils, gaseous collection, and other
creating chemical blocks. Those products are enhanced by using various methods to provide a completed product.
Real build up and separation procedures will change essentially in maintaining with the identification of the average
spills. Spills with compact chemical classifications might also require less complicated strategies than spills
regarding different compounds. Chemical rearrangement into the final fuel product may be involved in organic or
chemical processing. Microorganisms can ferment sugar or gaseous intermediates into fuel product and chemical
compounds. Sugars and other spills such as bio-oil and artificial gasoline can be processed catalytically to reduce the
effect of reactive compounds to improve the deals with home and garages. The completed sale product may be fuels
or bioproducts supplied to promote into the industrial marketplace and intermediates suitable for completing in a
petroleum refinery or chemical manufacturing plant.

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Figure 1

V. Biodiesel Summarization

Biodiesel’s characteristics strongly depend upon diverse plant feed stocks, growing climate conditions, soil
type, fitness and plant maturity upon harvest. These parameters disturb the physical and chemical properties, which
also have a relationship with overall performance and diffusion of the engine [19] Vegetable oils and animal fats are
mainly composed of triacylglycerols (TAG) containing long chain fatty acids chemically bound to glycerol (1, 2, 3-
propanetriol) backbone. The chemical manner with the aid of which biodiesel is prepared and known to be trans-
esterification reaction, which involves a TAG reaction with a short chain monohydric alcohol normally in the
presence of a catalyst at rises in temperature to form fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE) and glycerol [20, 21] There are
numerous characteristics analyzed for biodiesel as oxidation stability, cloud point, flash point, viscosity, and cetane
number, copper strip, water content and acid number.

Table 1: Characteristics of Bio-diesel.

Viscosity of Biodiesel Gasoline viscosity is the main assets that play an important position in the combustion of
gasoline. The direct injection inside the open combustion chamber over the nozzle and
pattern of gasoline spray decides the convenience of combustion and thermal
performance of the engine. To low viscosity can result in immoderate inner pump leakage

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while system pressure reaches an unacceptable level and could have an effect on injection
all over the spray atomization. The effect of viscosity is demanding at low speed or light
load circumstances. The viscosity of biodiesel is usually higher than that of petro-diesel
frequently with the aid of a, the viscosity increases as the proportion of biodiesel
increases. Viscosity will increase with chain length of either the fatty acid or alcohol
moiety in a fatty ester or in an aliphatic hydrocarbon [22-24].
Scintillation of The scintillation of biodiesel is used as a process to ceiling the level of un-reacted alcohol
Biodiesel remaining in the cultured fuel. According to scintillation process, the safety precautions
indulged in fuel handling and repository. And it is normally specified to meet the fire
modulation [25] and the scintillation point of pure biodiesel is considered more than
specified restriction but can also reduce very vastly with increased residual alcohol. As
these two criteria are high correlated, scintillation process is used as a conveyance for
categorizing the transport and repository fuels with various thresholds from area to area,
so aligning the standards would possibly need a corresponding alignment of conveyance
[23].
Sulphated cinders of Cinders (ash) are a measure of the quantity of metals and other inorganic compounds
biodiesel contained in the fuel. Ash precursors might be exist in 3 forms (a) abrasive solids, (b)
soluble metallic soaps, and (c) enduring biodiesel catalyst; when it comes to oxidized in
case of combustion, these materials form cinders. Cinders or ash has been joined to
engine deposits and dribble plugging, and metallic soaps can devote to store in the fuel
system. After injection, abrasive solids and biodiesel catalyst materials also cause
increased wear of internal fuel system engine components expressed to fuel [26].
Obscurity of In terms of melting point, biodiesel output depends on degree of saturation & chain length
biodiesel in which long chain of saturated fatty acid esters showing un-favorable low temperature
behavior [27].
Copper erosion of Erosion analyses indicate the potential compatibility issues between fuels and fuel
biodiesel process components derived from various metals. Erosion outcome from biodiesel could
be lured by some sulphur compounds or by acids. Hence, this parameter is inter-
connected with acid number [28].
Cetane number of Cetane number used as a fuel’s ignition and candescence element characteristics. Fuel
biodiesel which is having less numbers of cetane that will leads to complex initiating, rough
regulation, and increased smoke opacity. Generally, biodiesel has a little higher cetane
numbers than fossil diesel because increasing length of ester groups & fatty acid chain,
and it is inversely proportional to the number of double bonds [28].
Water activity and The fuel should be clear in appearance and free of visible water and total contamination.
biodiesel debris Water accelerates oxidation, dramatically increases corrosivity and promotes microbial
growth. Fatty Acid Methyl Ester or FAME is able of consuming significantly more H 2O

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than petroleum fuel, and it is mainly important to dehydrate Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
during production and to diminish the potential to produce free H 2O during blending.
Another level of H2O cleared is within the solubility level of H2O in fuel & doesn’t
represent free H2O molecules. Esterification and refining method along with feedstock
identification leads to develop various types of contamination, such as through soap. Poor
fuel handling processes may produce undesired components that aren’t soluble in Fatty
Acid Methyl Ester. Lesser amount of such components will leads to fuel filter plugging
and injector reposes and must be well‐controlled to skip harmful effects [26].
Carbon silt of Carbon silt is defined as the quantity of carbonaceous materials remained after
biodiesel completion of evaporation and pyrolysis of a fuel under controlled conditions. Although
this type of silt is not only made up of carbon, the term “carbon silt” is noted in all 3
standards due to its commonly used [28].

Acid number of According to acid number, it’s measure the presence of acids in the fuel. These types of
biodiesel acids produce from two sources: (a) acid leads to the production of biodiesel that aren’t
fully removed in the production mechanism, (b) used as a byproduct for degradation
through oxidation. The acids are estimated in terms of specific amount of potassium
hydroxide needed to neutralize a gram of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester. Normal oxidation
mechanism will change according to the time in biodiesel blending process and recently
studies has exposed that this change is a good source for B100 stability. Presence of acids
in the fuel might be harming injection process & other metallic compounds [28].
Biodiesel through Glycerin act as a byproduct of the chemical reaction that generates biodiesel after the
Glycerin ester gets separated. Glycerin also can disperse out from the liquid during storage after
any type of methanolic process, which serves as a solvent hassolvent. Once separated, the
glycerin will settle down and attracts like polar compounds such as water, mono-
glyceridesmono‐glycerides & soaps that can inhibit filters, destructive injectors, also can
cause injector coking & many other engine deposits [29].
Total Glycerol of Total glycerol is defined as the addition of the concentration of free glycerol and bounded
biodiesel glycerol like mono-, di- and triglycerides. The concentration of glycerol depends on the
production strategies and fuels that don’t meet these specifications are prone to choking
coking. Thus, it can cause the formation of storage on the injector nozzles, valve, and
pistons [30].
Alkali metals of Use of sodium and potassium to enhance the production of biodiesel should retain these
biodiesel metals before conceding the biodiesel to stop the production process. Continuing alkali
metals may form deposits in the fuel injection process & poison emission control process.
Sodium and potassium are also correlated with cinder formation [30].

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VI. Methods for Production of Bio-diesel from Triglycerides

Catalytic Transesterification
One of the foremost process accustomed reduce oil viscosity within the biodiesel production is termed as
transesterification. Transesterification or Alcoholysis is that the reaction of a fat triglyceride with an alcohol to make
ester and glycerol because of the reversible reaction & excess alcohol is employed to change the merchandise side.
According to catalytic transesterification process, the catalyst is dissolved into the solvent (methanol) by stirring into
a small reactor. A complete transesterification will produce two liquid stages which are ester & crude glycerin [31].
In crude glycerin, the heavier of the two liquid, will collect at bottom after several hours of settling. Sometimes,
completion of settling phase may take as long as 20 hour. After the settling process is done, water is mixed with the
methyl ester of oil followed by stirring for five min before the glycerin is conceded to settle [32]. After that, there is
a two step washing process, which must be administered with extreme care. Alcoholysis or transesterification is
usual conversion method accustomed convert triglyceride of oil to fatty acid methyl esters by displacing alcohol
from an ester by another solvent [33-36]. Among the various sort of catalyst used such as alkali, acid & enzyme
based), alkali based catalyst are common utilized in industrial processes because it is simpler and fewer corrosive to
the economic equipment [37].
VII. Non-catalytic Super-Analytical Methanol Transesterification
The major variables affecting the process of methyl ester product during transesterification process are molar
ratio of alcohol to edible fat & reaction temperature. And the viscosities of the methyl esters from the edible fat or
vegetable oils were slightly above from the normal fuel. And the higher molar ratio end with greater ester production
during a shorter period of time. The super-analytical methanol process is non-catalytic in nature, indulges simpler
purification in shorter time period. Although, super - analytical method could be simpler and efficient than the
normal commercial process [33]. The influencing parameters to methyl ester production are pressure, temperature,
water content, molar ratio, and free fatty acid contents. It was already noted that during temperature rising,
especially in super-analytical conditions, had a positive effect on the outcome of ester conversion. The outcome of
the alkyl ester increased when the molar ratio of oil to alcohol was significantly increased. Within the super-
analytical alcohol transesterification process, the outcome of conversion increases 60% to 95% in the initial 10
minutes. For traditional catalytic transesterification of oil, water content is the primary source of process [38] &
conventional transesterification of fats & edible oils for biodiesel production [33].
VIII. Renewable Energy Source

Renewable energy is defined as the energy produced from sources that do not deplete or are often replenished
within a human period of life cycle. And the foremost common example includes geo-thermal energy, solar energy,
biomass, and hydropower. Generally, it is accepted that the crops accustomed to produce them are often replenished
much faster than fossils fuels [39].
IX. Use of Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats in Fuel Engines
The technical and economic aspects of using components of the usage of vegetable oils as alternative sources for
diesel fuels were studied considerably during the past two years, Although the fact that lot of recent researches and
improvement for such replacements and the ability for their production is more in developing nations. This report
will review a number of the outcomes acquired from the use of vegetable oils and their derivatives as fuel in
condensation combustion engines and take a look at opportunities for their broader manufacturing and use, the
overall performance of various oils, basic potential in diesel fuel, environmental considerations, and different studies
opportunities. vegetable oils will no longer completely disturb petroleum as a supply of diesel fuel. There are,
technical, economic, and environmental concerns that may result in their wider use in this utility [40]. There are 4
special ways of modifying vegetable oils and fats to use them as diesel gas, which includes pyrolysis (thermal
cracking), dilution with hydrocarbons (blending), emulsification and transesterification. The most typically used
process is transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats. The transesterification reaction is impacted for the
molar ratio of glycerides to alcohol, agitation, temperature, time and free fatty acids (FFA) and water content of oils
or fats. In the transesterification, free fatty acids (FFA) and water content usually produce negative effects, because
of that reason presence of free fatty acids and water causes soap formation, consumes catalyst and reduces stimulant
product formation, all of which result in a low production. Biodiesel has over the double charge of diesel. the high
charge of biodiesel is in large component because of the to much charge of the feedstock [41]. Tobacco seed is a

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byproduct of tobacco leaves which is manufacturing in Greece. This oil seed studied, as a renewable and potential
source of energy. A study shows that this non edible oil can be the suitable alternative for diesel fuel. The
environmental benefits of tobacco seed oil as a gasoline may be used for precise slot markets inclusive of inner town
vehicles or tractors. On the other hand, tobacco seed oil as a gasoline represents hope for the future of European
tobacco agriculture [42]. Fats and oils are primarily water-insoluble, hydrophobic substances within the plant and
animal kingdoms which can be made up of 1 mol of glycerol and three moles of fatty acids and are typically called
triglycerides [43]. Triglyceride vegetable oils and fats consist of not only edible but also inedible vegetable oils and
fats for human consumption like linseed, and Castor oil. Also more than 350 oil-bearing crops had been identified,
which is soybean, palm, sunflower, cottonseed, and peanut oils are taken into consideration as a possible other fuels
for diesel engines [44, 45]. The oils from neem and rubber have more free fatty acid content & FFAs effortlessly
react with alkaline catalysts to form soap that block/stop the separation of biodiesel and glycerol. The developing
soaps also induce an growth in viscosity and foams and make the separation of glycerol difficult [46] The total
production of oils and fats about 80% is operated for the food purposes 6% is operated in animal feed, and the
remaining 14% supplies the basis of the oleo-chemical industry [47].
X. Conclusion

Currently, for a developing demand of transport fuel for millions of existing automobiles, so we require a
alternative which may be easily adapt with the environment and existing supply and biofuel is a proper candidate for
this problem. Recently studies revealed that the internal combustion engines made for petroleum fuels utilization
which is not applicable for long term operation on biodiesel. Although till date, wind energy, tidal energy, solar
energy are all very prospective type of renewable energy. Hence, a tiny modification may be give a solution for fuel
properties for good engine compatibility. On the contrary, there is no modified present vehicle patent which runs on
bio-diesel, so considering all the perspectives and conclusions that multi-functional fuel properties might be make
biodiesels more engine suitable.
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