Apidologie 35 (2004) S82–S93

© INRA/DIB-AGIB/ EDP Sciences, 2004 82

DOI: 10.1051/apido:2004045

Botanical species giving unifloral honey in Europe

Livia PERSANO ODDOa*, Lucia PIANAa, Stefan BOGDANOVb, Antonio BENTABOLc,

Panagiota GOTSIOUd, Jacob KERKVLIETe, Peter MARTINf, Monique MORLOTg,
Alberto ORTIZ VALBUENAh, Kaspar RUOFFb, Katharine VON DER OHEi
a
Istituto Sperimentale per la Zoologia Agraria, Sezione di Apicoltura, Roma, Italy
b Federal Dairy Research Station, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Liebefeld, Switzerland
c Casa de la miel, Tenerife, Canarias, Spain
d Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Crete, Greece
e Inspectorate for Health Protection and Veterinary Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
f Honey International Packers Association, London, UK
g Bernard Michaud S.A., Jurançon, France
h Centro Regional Apicola, Guadalajara, Spain
i Niedersächsisches Landesinstitut für Bienenkunde, Celle, Germany

(Received 20 February 2004; revised 11 May 2004; accepted 17 May 2004)

unifloral honey / Europe / botanical species

In Europe more than one hundred botanical
species can give unifloral honeys. Most of them
have only a local importance and are thus mar-
keted on a limited scale, but have also been
described in the literature.
To complete the information relating to
European unifloral honeys (Persano Oddo and
Piro, 2004), the International Honey Commission
(IHC) carried out an extensive survey of all
these botanical species, partly collecting data
from bibliographic references and partly using
information directly provided by the IHC mem-
bers (the authors of this study).
All the botanical species giving unifloral
honeys in Europe are listed in Table I, where
the scientific name is reported together with
local names in 6 European languages. Information
is given on their respective importance for
honey production in the various European
countries, following a subdivision into 3 classes:
abundant, medium and rare. In some cases the
information relating to a country is extended to
a wider surrounding geographical area. Where
possible, references are given for each botanical
species, where the reader can find data on the
production and properties of the respective
honey types.
Honeys from different species belonging to
the same botanical genus have sometimes sim-
ilar characteristics, and they were considered
together in the descriptive sheets (Persano
Oddo and Piro, 2004). Here, as far as possible,
all individual species are considered.
The honeydew honeys need special attention.
Chemically they form two main groups: honey
from honeydew produced by Metalfa pruinosa
(Say) and other honeydew honeys (Persano and
Piro, 2004). Actually, honeydew honeys are
produced by many different aphids and insects
on a big variety of plants, mostly trees (conif-
erous and latifoliae). The main coniferous hon-
eydew honeys are produced from fir, spruce and
pine trees. They are highly valued in different
European countries and are marketed with spe-
cific denominations. Latifoliae honeydew honeys
form a rather large group. Most of them, with
the exception of French oak honey (Gonnet and
Vache, 1998) are not characterised and are mar-
keted in central Europe as “forest” honey, often
mixed with honeydew honeys from coniferous
trees. There are good overview references on
their production (Kloft and Kunkel, 1985; Liebig,
1999) and properties (Maurizio, 1965; Crane
and Walker, 1985; Maurizio, 1985).

* Corresponding author: livia.persano@apicoltura.org

Table I. List of botanical species giving unifloral honeys in Europe.
Legend: A = Austria; AL = Albania; B = Belgium; BG = Bulgaria; BI = British Islands; CH = Switzerland; D = Germany; DK = Denmark; E = Spain; East-Eu = Includes: Czech Rep, Slovak
Rep, Hungary, part of Romania, part of ex Yugoslavia; F = France; GR = Greece; HR = Croatia; I = Italy; L = Luxembourg; NL = Netherlands; P = Portugal; PL = Poland; Fenno-Scand =
Includes: Finland, Norway and Sweden; SLO = Slovenia; South-East Eu = Includes: Bulgaria, part of Romania, part of ex Yugoslavia.
* = Produced in the Canary islands.

Latin name English French Italian German Spanish Finnish Abundant Medium Rare References

Ailanthus altissima Tree of Maurizio and Schaper, 1994;

Ailante Ailanto Götterbaum Ailanto Jumaltenpuu I, E, D, F
(Miller) Swingle heaven Persano Oddo et al., 2000
Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Gemeine E, D, NL, CH,
Allium cepa L. Onion Oignon Cipolla Cebolla Sipuli Maurizio and Schaper, 1994;
Zwiebel I, F
Persano Oddo et al., 2000

Minor unifloral honeys

Indaco I, South-East Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998;
Amorpha fruticosa L. Bastard indigo Bastardindigo Falso índigo Sulkapensas
bastardo Eu Persano Oddo et al., 2000
Anthyllide Gonnet and Vache, 1998; Sáenz Laín
Anthyllis cytisoides L. Wundklee Albaida E
faux-cyprès and Gómez Ferreras, 2000
Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1985, 1998,
2003; Prota et al., 1997; Persano
Lännenmansi
Arbutus unedo L. Strawberry tree Arbousier Corbezzolo Erdbeerbaum Madroño I, F, AL, HR E, GR Oddo et al., 2000; Sáenz Laín and
kkapuu
Gómez Ferreras, 2000; Clément,
2002
Maurizio and Schaper, 1994;
I, DK, NL, D,
Asparagus spp. Asparagus Asperge Asparago Spargel Espárrago Parsa Persano Oddo et al., 2000;
F, CH, HR
Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998; 2003
Prota et al., 1997; Gonnet and Vache,
Asphodelus microcarpus
Asphodel Asphodèle Asfodelo Affodill Asfodelo I 1998; Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998;
Salzm. et Viv.
Persano Oddo et al., 2000
I, E, NL, F, Crane et al., 1984; Maurizio and
Bourrache
Borago officinalis L. Borage Borragine Borretsch Borraja Purasruoho Fenno-Scand, Schaper, 1994; Quayle, 1997;
officinale
BI Persano Oddo et al., 2000
Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
CH, NL, East Louveaux, 1970; Crane et al., 1984;
Eu, D, B, DK, I, South-East Maurizio and Schaper, 1994; Persano
Brassica napus L. Rape Colza Colza Raps Colza Rapsi E
Fenno-Scand, Eu Oddo et al., 2000; Sáenz Laín and
L, BI, F Gómez Ferreras, 2000; Clément,
2002; Piazza and Persano Oddo, 2004

S83
 S84
Latin name English French Italian German Spanish Finnish Abundant Medium Rare References

Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;

Louveaux, 1970; Gonnet and Vache,
Callune, E, NL, D, DK,
1998; Persano Oddo et al., 2000;
Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull Heather Fausse Brugo Besenheide Biercol Kanerva Fenno-Scand, F I
Sáenz Laín and Gómez Ferreras,
bruyère BI, PL
2000; Clément, 2002; Piazza and
Persano Oddo, 2004
Sáenz Laín and Gómez Ferreras,
Carlina salicifolia (L. f.) Cav. Cabezote E 2000; Ramos et al., 2002

Carline Carline Carlina Gewöhnliche Clément, 2002

Carlina vulgaris L. Cardo Lännenkurho E, F
thistle vulgaire comune Golddistel

Carlina xeranthemoides L. Malpica E*

L. Persano Oddo et al.

Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Louveaux, 1970; Crane et al., 1984;
Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1985, 1998;
Sweet AL, I, E, CH, F, South-East Eu,
Castanea sativa Miller Châtaignier Castagno Edelkastanie Castaño Jalokastanja A, B, D, GR Persano Oddo et al., 2000; Sáenz
chestnut East Eu BI, DK, NL
Laín and Gómez Ferreras, 2000;
Clément, 2002; Piazza and Persano
Oddo, 2004
Centaurée du Spino giallo, Crane et al., 1984; Ricciardelli
Yellow Sonnenwend- Cardo Keltaorakau-
Centaurea solstitialis L. solstice, Calcatrep- I, F D’Albore, 1998; Persano Oddo
star-thistle Flockenblume estrellado nokki
Chardon doré pola et al., 2000
Bleuet, Crane et al., 1984; Maurizio and
Centaurea cyanus L. Blue bonnet Fiordaliso Kornblume Ruiskaunokki E Schaper, 1994
Fleurdelise
Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998;
Carob, Johannis Johanneksen-
Ceratonia siliqua L. Caroubier Carrubo Alagarrobo E I, GR, F Persano Oddo et al., 2000; Sáenz
locust bean brotbaum leipäpuu
Laín and Gómez Ferreras, 2000
Sprossender Escobón,
Chamaecytisus proliferus L. E*
Zwergginster tagasaste
Creeping Cirse des Cardo Acker- Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Cardo negro NL, E Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998
thistle champs campestre Kratzdistel
Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Louveaux, 1970; Maurizio and
Citrus,
Azahar, Schaper, 1994; Persano Oddo et al.,
Citrus spp. orange, Agrumes Agrumi Zitrusfrucht Sitruspuu I, E GR F
cítricos 2000; Sáenz Laín and Gómez
lemon, etc.
Ferreras, 2000; Clément, 2002;
Piazza and Persano Oddo, 2004
Latin name English French Italian German Spanish Finnish Abundant Medium Rare References

Cilantro,
Coriandrum sativum L. Coriander Coriandre Coriandolo Koriander Korianteri South-East Eu, D Ivanov, 1978; Crane et al., 1984
culantro

Crambe spp. Sea-kale Meerkohl NL

Maurizio and Schaper, 1994; Sáenz

Aubépine à un Eingriffeliger Tylppäliuskao-
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Hawthorn Biancospino Espino albar E F Laín and Gómez Ferreras, 2000;
style Weißdorn rapihlaja
Clément, 2002
Lingua di Maurizio and Schaper, 1994
Cynoglosse Gebräuchliche
Cynoglossum officinale L. Hound's-tongue cane, Cinoglosa Koirankieli NL
officinal Hundszunge
Vellutina
Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Daucus carota L. Carrot Carotte Carota Möhre Zanahoria Porkkana E, F, D, DK Maurizio and Schaper, 1994; Sáenz

Minor unifloral honeys

Laín and Gómez Ferreras, 2000
Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Diplotaxis -
Diplotaxis erucoides White wall Ruchetta (or Rukenähnlicher Maurizio and Schaper, 1994; Persano
fausse Jaramago Hietasinapit E I, F, P
(Torner) DC. rocket sanacciola) Doppelsame Oddo et al., 2000; Sáenz Laín and
roquette
Gómez Ferreras, 2000
Mijediega, Sáenz Laín and Gómez Ferreras,
Dorycnium pentaphyllum Dorycnium à Fünfblättriger
Trifoglino boja caña- E I 2000
Scop. cinq folioles Backenklee
mera
Echium brevirame Kurzästiger Sáenz Laín and Gómez Ferreras,
Tajinaste E* 2000
Sprague et Huch. Natternkopf
Maurizio and Schaper, 1994;
Vivorera,
Purple viper’s- Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998; Bocquet,
Echium spp. Vipérine Erba viperina Natternkopf chupamieles Neidonkieli E I, NL, F
bugloss 2001; Persano Oddo et al., 2000; Sáenz
sonaja
Laín and Gómez Ferreras, 2000

Echium virescens DC Tajinaste E*

Epilobe à Epilobio, Maurizio and Schaper, 1994;

Rosebay Wald-Weiden-
Epilobium angustifolium L. feuilles garofanino Maitohorsma Fenno-Scand Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998
Willowherb röschen
étroites maggiore
Louveaux, 1977; Gonnet and Vache,
Bruyère 1998; Persano Oddo et al., 2000;
Erica arborea L. Tree heath blanche ou Erica arborea Baumheide Brezo blanco E I, F, HR GR Sáenz Laín and Gómez Ferreras,
arborescente 2000; Clément, 2002; Ricciardelli
D’Albore, 2003
Brezo rojo or Sáenz Laín and Gómez Ferreras,
Erica australis L. E 2000
rubio

S85
 S86
Latin name English French Italian German Spanish Finnish Abundant Medium Rare References

Bruyère
Erica carnea L. Spring heather Erica carnea Erika F Crane et al., 1984
carnée

Brezo
Louveaux, 1977; Gonnet and Vache,
Bruyère nazareno, Harmaakello-
Erica cinerea L. Bell heather Erica cinerea Grauheide E F, BI P 1998; Sáenz Laín and Gómez
cendrée brezo gris, kanerva
Ferreras, 2000; Clément, 2002
ceniciento

Erica manipuliflora Salisb. AL, GR, HR Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1985, 2003

Louveaux, 1977; Persano Oddo et al.,

Erica Vielblütige Bruguera, 2000; Sáenz Laín and Gómez
Erica multiflora L. E HR I
multiflora Heide cipell Ferreras, 2000; Ricciardelli

L. Persano Oddo et al.

D’Albore, 2003
Bruyère à Brezo de Sáenz Laín and Gómez Ferreras,
Erica scoparia L. Scopa E 2000
balai escobas
Quiruela, Sáenz Laín and Gómez Ferreras,
Erica umbellata L. E 2000
mojariza
Bruyère Erica Louveaux, 1977; Sáenz Laín and
Erica vagans L. Cornish heath Wanderheide Rugón E F Gómez Ferreras, 2000
vagabonde vagabonda
Panicaut Calcatrep- Cardo
Eryngium campestre L. Field eryngo Feld-Mannstreu E AL Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1985, 1998
champêtre pola corredor
Crane et al., 1984; Persano Oddo
Eryobotrya japonica Loquat, Japa- Néflier du Nespolo del Japanische
Níspero Japaninmispeli I, E et al., 2000; Sáenz Laín and Gómez
(Thunb.) Lindley nese medlar Japon Giappone Wollmispel
Ferreras, 2000
Louveaux, 1970; Ricciardelli
D’Albore, 1998; Persano Oddo et al.,
Eucalyptus spp. Gum tree Eucalyptus Eucalipto Eukalyptus Eucalipto Eukalyptus I, E, P GR, F 2000; Sáenz Laín and Gómez Ferre-
ras, 2000; Piazza and Persano Oddo,
2004
Euphorbe faux Euforbia Zypressenblät- South-East
Euphorbia cyparissias L. Milk weed Tarhatyräkki Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998
cyprès cipressina trige Wolfsmilch Eu
Fagopyrum esculentum Grano Echter Trigo D, NL, A, F, Crane et al., 1984; Bocquet, 1999b;
Buckwheat Sarrasin Tattari East Eu, PL
Moench saraceno Buchweizen sarraceno Fenno-Scand Clément, 2002
Cardota,
Galactites tomentosa Cardo,
cardo I E Persano Oddo et al., 2000
Moench scarlina
cuajaleches
Latin name English French Italian German Spanish Finnish Abundant Medium Rare References

Glycine max (L.) Merrill Soya Soja Soia Sojabohne Soja Soijapapu I Crane et al., 1984

South-East Crane et al., 1984; Ricciardelli

Gossypium hirsutum L. Cotton Coton Cotone Baumwolle Algodonero GR D’Albore, 1998
Eu, E
Maurizio and Schaper, 1994; Gonnet
and Vache, 1998; Persano Oddo et al.,
Hedera helix L. Ivy Lierre Edera Efeu Hiedra Muratti I, E, F, HR
2000; Clément, 2002; Ricciardelli
D’Albore, 2003
Crane et al., 1984; Ricciardelli
French Sainfoin à Hedísaro, D’Albore, 1998; Persano Oddo et al.,
Hedysarum coronarium L. Sulla Süßklee Punanätkin I, E F
honeysuckle bouquets sulla 2000; Sáenz Laín and Gómez
Ferreras, 2000
Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1985, 1998;

Minor unifloral honeys

Persano Oddo et al., 2000; Sáenz
Auringon- I, E, F, East and AL, GR,
Helianthus annuus L. Sunflower Tournesol Girasole Sonnenblume Girasol D Laín and Gómez Ferreras, 2000;
kukka South-East Eu Fenno-Scand
Clément, 2002; Piazza and Persano
Oddo, 2004
Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Hirschfeldie Senape
Hoary mustard Graukohl Relinchón E*
Lagr.- F. grisâtre cornuta
Sáenz Laín and Gómez Ferreras,
Hypecoum sp. Cornacchina Zadorija E 2000

Woody Inule Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998,

Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton Enula Alant Inula I, E Persano Oddo et al., 2000
fleabane visqueuse
Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Lavandula angustifolia Lavanda vera
Lavender Lavande vraie Echter Lavendel Lavanda Laventeli E F Maurizio and Schaper, 1994; Persano
Miller (o spigo)
Oddo et al., 2000
Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Louveaux, 1970; Maurizio and
L. x intermedia Emeric ex English Lavanda South-East Schaper, 1994; Ricciardelli
Lavandin Lavandin Lavandín F E, HR
Loiselieur lavender ibrida Eu D’Albore, 1998, 2003; Persano Oddo
et al., 2000; Clément, 2002; Piazza
and Persano Oddo, 2004
Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Lavandula latifolia Lavande à Louveaux, 1970; Maurizio and
Spike lavender Spigo Großer Speik Espliego E
Medikus larges feuilles Schaper, 1994; Sáenz Laín and
Gómez Ferreras, 2000
Persano Oddo et al., 2000; Sáenz
French Lavande Lavanda
Lavandula stoechas L. Schopf-lavendel Cantueso E, P I, F Laín and Gómez Ferreras, 2000;
lavender stechas selvatica

S87
Clément, 2002
 S88
Latin name English French Italian German Spanish Finnish Abundant Medium Rare References

Ligustrum spp. Privet Troène Ligustro Liguster Aligustre Likusterit NL Maurizio and Schaper, 1994

Common Lavande
Limonium vulgare Miller Limonio Strandflieder Limonio NL, D
sea-lavender de mer
Maurizio and Schaper, 1994;
Lotus, bird’s- I, P, F, HR, Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998, 2003;
Lotus spp. Lotier Ginestrino Hornklee Corazoncillo Keltamaite E
foot-trefoil Fenno-Scand Persano Oddo et al., 2000; Sáenz
Laín and Gómez Ferreras, 2000
Tarhaomena- I, E, NL, D, F, Crane et al., 1984; Persano Oddo
Malus domestica Borkh. Apple Pommier Melo Apfelbaum Manzano BI
puu Fenno-Scand et al., 2000
Crane et al., 1984; Ricciardelli
Alfalfa, E, D, D’Albore, 1998, Persano Oddo et al.,
Medicago sativa L. Luzerne Erba medica Saat-Luzerne Alfalfa Sinimailanen I, F

L. Persano Oddo et al.

Lucerne Fenno-Scand 2000; Sáenz Laín and Gómez
Ferreras, 2000; Clément, 2002
Maurizio and Schaper, 1994; Sáenz
Mentha spp. Mint Menthe Menta Minze Menta Mintut E NL, D Laín and Gómez Ferreras, 2000

Mesembryanthemum Common Erba Barrilla,

Mittagsblume E*
crystallinum L. ice-plant cristallina escarchada
Ne m’oubliez Non ti Vergissmein- No me B, NL, DK, BI, Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Myosotis spp. Forget-me-not Lemmikit
pas scordar di me nicht olvides D, A, CH, F, I Maurizio and Schaper, 1994
Common
Myrtus communis L. Myrte Mirto Braut-myrte Mirto Myrtti I, F Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998
myrtle

Nicotiana tabacum L. Tobacco Tabac Tabacco Tabak Tabaco Tupakka South-East Eu Crane et al., 1984; Ivanov, 1978

Odontites spp. Bartsia Perlina Zahntrost Odontites Sänkiö I Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998

Common eve- Onagre Zweijährige Hierba del

Oenothera biennis L. Enagra Iltahelokki NL
ning-primrose bisannuelle Nachtkerze asno
Crane et al., 1984; Louveaux, 1970;
I, A, East and
Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998; Persano
Onobrychis viciifolia Esparcette, South-East
Sainfoin Lupinella Saat-Esparsette Esparceta Esparsetti E Oddo et al., 2000; Sáenz Laín and
Scop. Sainfoin Eu, L, F, D,
Gómez Ferreras, 2000; Clément,
CH, BI
2002
Origanum virens Sáenz Laín and Gómez Ferreras,
Marjoram Origan Origano Oregano Orégano E* 2000; Ramos et al., 2002
Hoffmanns. & Link
Latin name English French Italian German Spanish Finnish Abundant Medium Rare References

Crane at al., 1984; Ricciardelli

Paliurus spina-christi Christ's thorn, Paliure épine- Espina de I, GR, South-
Marruca Christdorn HR D’Albore, 1998, 2003; Persano Oddo
Miller Jerusalem thorn du-Christ cristo East Eu
et al., 2000
Crane et al., 1984 ; Sáenz Laín and
Persea americana Mill. Avocado Avocat Avocado Avocado Aguacate Avocado E
Gómez Ferreras, 2000
Phacelia tanacetifolia Aitohuna- F, Fenno- Crane et al., 1984 ; Gonnet, Vache
Phacelia Phacélie Facelia Büschelschön Facelia East Eu D, NL, B 1998; Persano Oddo et al., 2000
Bentham jakukka Scand

Phlomis sp. Sage Salvione Brandkraut Candilera Paloyrtit GR

Pimpinella anisum L. Anise, aniseed Anis vert Anice Anis Anís Anis GR Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998

Minor unifloral honeys

Persano Oddo et al., 2000;
Prunus avium L. Cherry Cerisier Ciliegio Kirsche Cerezo Kirsikka I, F
Clément, 2002
Prunus dulcis (Miller) Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998;
Almond Amandier Mandorlo Mandelbaum Almendro Manteli E D
D.A. Webb Persano Oddo et al., 2000
Cerisier de Ste Ciliegio
Cerezo de Veikselinkir-
Prunus mahaleb L. St. Lucie cherry Lucie, Faux canino, Felsen-kirsche I Persano Oddo et al., 2000
mahoma sikka
merisier marasca
Arbres frui- Crane et al. 1984; Maurizio and
Prunus spp. Fruit-trees Fruttiferi Steinobst Tuomet EU Schaper, 1994
tiers
Réséda des Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998; Sáenz
Reseda luteola L. Weld Reseda Färber-Reseda Gualda Värireseda E D
teinturiers Laín and Gómez Ferreras, 2000

Retama sphaerocarpa L. Retamastrauch Retama E

Alder Neprum Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Rhamnus frangula L. Frangola Faulbaum Avellanillo Paatsama F Fenno-Scand
buckthorn bourdaine Bocquet, 1999a ; Clément, 2002
Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Louveaux, 1970; Crane et al., 1984;
Rhododendron spp. Rhododendron Rhododendron Rododendro Alpenrose Rododendro Alppiruusu I, F, A E, CH, D Maurizio and Schaper, 1994; Persano
Oddo et al., 2000; Clément, 2002;
Piazza and Persano Oddo, 2004
Louveaux, 1970; Crane et al., 1984;
Maurizio and Schaper, 1998;
Acacia,
Black locust, Acacia, East, South-East Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998; Persano
Robinia pseudacacia L. Robinier faux Robinie Falsa acacia Valeakaasia E, F CH, B
false-acacia Robinia Eu, I, D, A Oddo et al., 2000; Sáenz Laín and
acacia
Gómez Ferreras, 2000; Clément, 2002;
Piazza and Persano Oddo, 2004

S89
 S90
Latin name English French Italian German Spanish Finnish Abundant Medium Rare References

Louveaux, 1970; Crane at al., 1984;

Maurizio and Schaper, 1994;
Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998, 2003;
Rosmarinus officinalis L. Rosemary Romarin Rosmarino Rosmarin Romero Rosmariini E I, F, HR Persano Oddo et al., 2000; Sáenz
Laín and Gómez Ferreras, 2000;
Clément, 2002; Piazza and Persano
Oddo, 2004
Crane et al., 1984; Ricciardelli
D’Albore, 1985, 1998; Maurizio and
Zarza, AL, I, NL, D,
Rubus spp. Blackberry Ronces Rovo Himbeere Vatukka Fenno-Scand E, P Schaper, 1994; Persano Oddo et al.,
zarzamora CH, BI, F
2000; Sáenz Laín and Gómez
Ferreras, 2000; Clément, 2002
Crane et al., 1984; Maurizio and
E, HR, Schaper, 1994; Persano Oddo et al.,

L. Persano Oddo et al.

Salix spp. Willow Saules Salice Weide Sauce Paju NL, CH, D, F
Fenno-Scand 2000; Clément, 2002; Ricciardelli
D’Albore, 2003
Crane et al., 1984; Maurizio and
Salvia officinalis L. Sage Sauge Salvia Salbei Salvia Ryytisalvia HR GR Schaper, 1994; Ricciardelli
D’Albore, 1998, 2003
Crane et al., 1984; Maurizio and
Sariette des Santoreggia Winter- Schaper, 1994; Ricciardelli
Satureja montana L. Winter savory Ajedrea Talvikynteli E I, F, HR
montagnes montana Bohnenkraut D’Albore, 1998, 2003; Persano Oddo
et al., 2000
Crapaudine Stregonia
Sideritis montana L. Berg-Gliedkraut F
des montagnes montana
Persano Oddo et al., 2000
Sideritis syriaca L. Stregonia Sideritide I, E, GR

Moutarde des Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;

Sinapis arvensis L. Charlock Senape Acker - Senf Rikkasinppi Maurizio and Schaper, 1994
champs
Maurizio and Schaper, 1994;
Solidage, Gewöhnliche
Solidago virgaurea L. Golden rod Verga d'oro Vara de oro Kultapiisku I, E, F Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998,
verge d’or Goldrute
Persano Oddo et al., 2000
Sorbier des Sorbo degli Serval de los
Sorbus aucuparia L. Rowan Eberesche Kotipihlaja Fenno-Scand
oiseleurs uccellatori cazadores
Spartocytisus supranu- Retama del
E*
bius [L.] Webb & Berth teide
Annual yellow- Epiaire Erba uggia, Einjähriger Maurizio and Schaper, 1994;
Stachys annua L. Estachis Keltapähkämö I, E Persano Oddo et al., 2000
woundwort annuelle erba strega Ziest
Latin name English French Italian German Spanish Finnish Abundant Medium Rare References

Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;

Maurizio and Schaper, 1994; Persano
Diente de I, CH, B, D, F, Oddo et al., 2000; Sáenz Laín and
Taraxacum officinale group Dandelion Pissenlit Tarassaco Löwenzahn Voikukka E
león A, Fenno-Scand Gómez Ferreras, 2000; Clément,
2002; Piazza and Persano Oddo,
2004

Teucrium marum L. Germander Maro Katzenkraut Teucrio I Persano Oddo et al., 2000

Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;

Teucrium spp. Germander Germandrée Maro Gamander D Maurizio and Schaper, 1994
Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Louveaux, 1970; Maurizio and

Minor unifloral honeys

Thymus capitatus (L.) Timo Tomillo Schaper, 1994; Ricciardelli
Thyme Thym Thymian GR AL, I, HR E
Hofmgg. et Lk. arbustivo cabezudo D’Albore, 1985, 1998, 2003;
Persano Oddo et al., 2000; Piazza and
Persano Oddo, 2004
Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Thymus serpyllum Breckland Thym Tomillo Kangasaju- Maurizio and Schaper, 1994;
Timo serpillo E, I, F
(sensu lato) thyme serpolet serpol ruoho Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998; Persano
Oddo et al., 2000; Clément, 2002

Timo Tomillo Sáenz Laín and Gómez Ferreras,

Thymus vulgaris L. Garden thyme Thym vulgaire Thymian Timjami E F
maggiore vulgar 2000; Clément, 2002

Louveaux, 1970; Maurizio and

Louveaux, 1965; Maurizio and
D, NL, PL, Schaper, 1994; Ricciardelli
CH, B,
Tilia spp. Lime Tilleul Tiglio Linde Tilo Lehmus East, South-East I, E, F D’Albore, 1998; Persano Oddo et al.,
Fenno-Scand
Eu 2000; Sáenz Laín and Gómez Ferre-
ras, 2000; Clément, 2002; Piazza and
Persano Oddo, 2004
Trèfle Trifoglio Alexandriner-
Trifolium alexandrinum L. Egyptian clover Trébol Egyptinapila I Persano Oddo et al., 2000
d’Alexandrie alessandrino Klee
Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Trèfle Trifoglio Trébol Maurizio and Schaper, 1994;
Trifolium incarnatum L. Crimson clover Inkarnat-klee Veriapila I, F, East Eu
incarnat incarnato encarnado Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998;
Persano Oddo et al., 2000
Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965;
Trifoglio Trébol de los I, DK, D, GR,
Trifolium pratense L. Red clover Trèfle des prés Rotklee Puna-apila E Maurizio and Schaper, 1994;
violetto prados F, Fenno-Scand
Ricciardelli D’Albore, 1998

S91
 S92
Latin name English French Italian German Spanish Finnish Abundant Medium Rare References

Louveaux, 1970; Maurizio and

E, F, D, HR, Louveaux, 1965; Maurizio and
Trifoglio Fenno-Scand, Schaper, 1994; Ricciardelli D’Albore,
Trifolium repens L. White clover Trèfle blanc Weissklee Trébol blanco Valkoapila I, GR
bianco DK, PL, NL, B, 1998, 2003; Persano Oddo et al.,
L, BI 2000; Sáenz Laín and Gómez
Ferreras, 2000; Clément, 2002
Airelle Arándano
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. Cowberry Mirtillo rosso Preiselbeere Puolukka Fenno-Scand Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965
rouge rojo

L. Persano Oddo et al.

Vicia spp. Bean Vesce Veccia Wicke Veza BI I Maurizio and Louveaux, 1965
Maurizio, 1985; Louveaux, 1970;
Honeydew from Abies European Sapin Saksanpihta
Abete bianco Tanne Abeto blanco CH, D, A, DK I, F, HR Fenno-Scand Persano Oddo et al., 2000; Clément,
alba Miller silver-fir pectiné (mesikaste)
2002; Ricciardelli D’Albore, 2003
Honeydew from Abies Kreikanpihta
Greek fir Abeto GR Karabournioti and Drimjias, 1997
cephalonica Link. (mesikaste)

Honeydew from Picea

Euroopankuusi Maurizio, 1985; Persano Oddo et al.,
abies subsp. abies (L.) Spruce Epicéa élevé Abete rosso Fichte Picea A, D I, F Fenno-Scand
(mesikaste) 2000
Karst.

Mänty (mesi- Karabournioti and Drimjias, 1997

Honeydew from Pinus spp. Pine Pin Pino Kiefer Pino GR F AL, E
kaste)
Maurizio, 1985; Gonnet and Vache,
GR,
Honeydew from latifoliae Lehtipuiden 1998; Persano Oddo et al., 2000;
Oak Chêne Quercia Eiche Encina, roble B, D, E, NL rest of Eu Fenno-Scand,
(mainly Quercus spp.) mesikaste Clément, 2002
East Eu

Persano Oddo et al., 2000;

Honeydew from Metcalfan Clément, 2002; Piazza and Persano
Metcalfa Metcalfa I F, SLO
Metcalfa pruinosa (Say) mesikaste Oddo, 2004
 Minor unifloral honeys
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