LAB EXERCISE 5 - ANATOMY OF THE EYE AND EAR,

LYMPHATIC AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS

REQUIRED:
 In addition to the standard items needed for each lab, bring in your laptop/notebook.
Make sure you have access to PhysioEx 9.1, Laboratory Simulations in Physiology.
 For online access to PhysioEx 9.1, go to http://www.physioex.com/login.html.
 PhysioEx 9.1 and laptops will not be provided.

Reading required:
 Laboratory manual: Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual with Rat Dissections, 3rd
Custom Edition for St. John's University, 2017. Read below for specific Exercises & Activities.

 Lab Guide - Laboratory Exercise # 5 (printout).

Personal Protective Equipment and required materials:

 White Lab coat (full knee length & long sleeves)
 A dissecting Kit
 Well fitted gloves
 Goggles

PRE LAB ASSIGNMENT:

 Memorize the names of the eye structures and lymphatic and endocrine glands (spelling counts).
 Read the introduction to PhysioEx Exercise 4 on pages PEx-59 to PEx-74.
 Understand the various vision and hearing tests that you will be encountering today including:
Snellen Chart, Astigmatism Chart, Hyperopia, Myopia, Rinne Test, Weber Test, Sound Localizatin
Test.

In today’s lab, you will be provided with:

1. Your preserved white rat (You will use the rat for lab exercises #5 through #6).
2. A dissecting tray, pins, a bench-top mat and a lamp
3. A Spray bottle with preserved specimen conditioning fluid (shared).
4. A preserved sheep’s eye
5. A human eye model
6. Functional human eye model (Rubin’s Eye and Vision)
7. An Astigmatism testing chart
8. An ear human model
9. Three tuning forks (75-100 Hz., 1000 Hz. & 4000 to 5000Hz.).

Storage of your Dissected Rat:

1. Discard the animal tissue remains, in a biological waste container, NOT in regular garbage.
2. Spray your rat with the preserved specimen conditioning fluid.
3. Rinse the trays in the sink.
4. Do not throw the papers inside the biological waste container.
5. Wrap the rat with paper towel.
6. Place it inside a plastic bag.

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I. THE EYE
Read Exercise 23, pages 361-372, See Figures 23.1-23.6 and Table 23.1 & 23.2
Follow the dissection instructions on page 365 & 366, Figure 23.3 (Human) and Figure 23.5 (Sheep
eye) to identify the following structures on the Human sectional Eye Model:

Table 1A: Anatomy of the eye, See Figure 23.3 & 23.5.
Name Comments Notes
External Cornea
Sclera The white of the eye
Optic nerve

Table 1B: Anatomy of the eye, Figure 23.3 & 23.5.

Iris
Internal Pupil
Choroid coat Blood-rich layer. Appears iridescent in the sheep eye
Retina The innermost sensitive layer
Optic disc The point at which the optic nerve enters the eye ball
Mucous membrane lining the anterior surface of the
eyeball and posterior surface of the lids.
Conjunctivitis – is the inflammation of the
Conjunctiva conjunctiva commonly called “pink eye.”
Ciliary body
Connected to the ciliary body by suspensory
Lens ligaments
Aqueous humor
Vitreous humor
The area of Macula lutea sometimes degenerates in
elderly people causing loss of sight in the center of
the optical field seeing only the periphery.

Notice in the models that it is marked with a yellow

dot. It is surrounded by an oval area of sensory retina

Macula lutea Fovea Centralis: the focal point of light on the retina
where the image is formed.
Visual Tests & Experiments:
Read Exercise 24, pages 373-381, See Figures 24.1-24.6
o Use the functional eye model to demonstrate myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism and corrective lens.
o Read Activity 8, Ophthalmosopic Examination, pg. 378.
o Perform Activities starting on pg. 373, excluding the test for color blindness, Activity 5.
o Perform Activity 1, Demonstrating the Blind Spot, pg. 373.
o Perform Activity 2, Determining Near Point of Accommodation, pg. 374.
o Perform Activity 3, Testing Visual Acuity, pg. 375.
o Perform Activity 4, Testing for Astigmatism, pg. 376.
o Perform Activity 6, Testing for Depth Perception, pg. 377.

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II. THE EAR
Read Exercise 25, pages 383-398, See Figures 25.1-25.9 and Table 25.1

Use Activity 1, Figure 25.1, pg. 384, Figure 25.2, pg. 385 to identify the following in the Human Ear
Model:

Table 2: Anatomy of the ear, Figure 25.1 & 25.2.

Name Comments Notes
External Auricle (pinna) External structure surrounding the auditory canal
Ear External acoustic
meatus Also known as the external auditory canal.
Middle Area for the auditory ossicles. Malleus
Ear (hammer), incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup)
Tympanic cavity
Eardrum
Tympanic membrane
Pharyngotympanic Known as the
Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx
(auditory tube) eustachian tube.
Internal
Ear Semicircular canals
Vestibule
(Labyrinth)
Cochlea
Vestibular nerve
(Vestibulocochlear
nerve) Balance nerve
Cochlear nerve Hearing nerve

Ear Tests

Perform Exercise 25, Activity 4, Conducting Laboratory Tests of Hearing, pg. 387.
Perform Exercise 25, Activity 7, Conducting Laboratory Tests on Equilibrium, pg. 391.

Note: you will be responsible for the definition of Nystagmus and Vertigo, pg. 391, 392.

III. THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

Read Exercise 35, pages 529-540.

The lymphatic system is difficult to study in preserved specimens because it collapses at death. It
consists of lymph capillaries, lymph, lymph nodes, lymph organs and tissues. Lymph vessels lead to
regions of the body where lymph nodes cluster- groin (inguinal region), neck, thorax and abdomen.

Human –
Note the circulation and primary nodes, cisterna chyli, collections of lymph nodes are found in the
inguinal, axillary and cervical regions of the body. Within the lymph nodes are macrophages that
destroy bacteria, cancer cells and other foreign matter.

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 Lymphoid
Name Comments
Organs
Primary Thymus In thorax. T- cells differentiate
(production of
lymphocytes) Bone marrow B - cells differentiate
In pharyngeal region – First line of defense for
Tonsils ingested and/or inhaled pathogens.
Secondary Lymph nodes
(maturation of Left side of the stomach
Spleen
lymphocytes)
Peyer’s patches In intestine
Appendix

Rat - Review Figure 13 (page 18) and Figure 14 (page 19) in the end section of the Lab Manual to
identify the following:

Name Comments Notes

Thymus
Spleen

IV. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Read Exercise 27, pages 407-418, See Figures 27.1-27.3 and Table 27.1-27.4

The endocrine system consists of individual glands that produce and secrete chemical messengers
known as hormones. Hormones travel to target organs via the blood.
Familiarize yourself with the functions of each hormone from each endocrine gland.

Human – Perform Exercise 27, Activity 1, Identifying the endocrine organs, Figure 27.1, pg. 408.

Name Comments Notes

You will identify this part in the sheep’s brain in the
Pituitary gland neuroanatomy lab
You will identify this part in the sheep’s brain in the
neuroanatomy lab
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Pancreas
Adrenal gland
Ovary Female gonad
Male gonad
Testis

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Rat - Review Figure 14 on page 19 in the end section of the Lab Manual to identify the following:

Table 6: Page 19 – Figure 14: Endocrine System

Name Comments Notes
Thymus gland
Pancreas
Adrenal gland
Ovary
Testis

Endocrine System Physiology: Computer Simulation

Using your Human Anatomy & Physiology Laboratory Manual and laptop. Begin on page PEx59,
Exercise 4, Endocrine System Physiology: Computer Simulation.

 Perform Activity 1: Metabolism and Thyroid Hormone

o Part 1: Determining the Base Metabolic Rates, pg. PEx-61 & 62.
o Part 2, Determining the Effect of Thyroxine on Metabolic Rate, pg. PEx-62.
o Part 3, Determining the Effect of TSH on Metabolic Rate, pg. PEx-62 & 63.
 Perform Activity 2: Plasma Glucose, Insulin, and Diabetes Mellitus
o Part 1: Developing a Glucose Standard Curve, pg. PEx-65 & 66.
o Part 2: Measuring Fasting Plasma Glucose Levels, pg. PEx-66 & 67.

Answer all the questions in the post-lab assignment and the Lab Manual for the lab activities above.
You will be responsible for this information on the quiz and the mid-term exam.
Note: The post-lab assignment will be graded.

Think Questions:
1. What is the structure on the skull that allows the passage of optic nerve?
2. What is conjunctivitis?
3. What is cataract? What structure in the eye will be replaced during a cataract operation?
4. Compare opthalmoscopic examination of normal eye and disease condition such as macula
lutea degeneration, vasculature damage, optic disk damage.
5. What is the function of lymphatic system? What will happen when lymph nodes blockade
occur, such as in lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)?