Industrial Training Report on

STUDY OF STEEL MAKING

Submitted In

Practical fulfillment for the award of degree of

DIPLOMA
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
By
S.M BALA VARMA [17598-M-028]

R.SIVA KUMAR [17598-M-027]

SK.PEER JAHEER SAHE [17598-M-029]

B.CHINNA REDDY [17598-M-005]

A.SATYA SREENU [17598-M-001]

G.PURNA CHANDRA RAO [17598-M-010]

Department of Mechanical engineering

COASTAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
[APPROVED BY AICTE NEW DELHI &AFFILIATED TO SBTET]
Narapam[village], kothavalsa[mandal],Veerabhadrapuram[p]
Vizianagaram[district] -535183[AP]
2017-2020
 COASTAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

[APPROVED BY AICTE NEW DELHI &AFFILIATED TO SBTET]

Narapam[village], kothavalsa[mandal],Veerabhadrapuram[p]

Vizianagaram[district]-535183[AP]

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the industrial training entitled ‘‘STUDY OF STEEL
MAKING’’ being submitted by S.M BALA VARMA in partial fulfillment for award
of the degree of DIPLOMA in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING is a record of
bonafide work done by them during the academic year 2017-2020

Head of the Department.

B.V.D SAPTHAGIRI
SBTET.diploma
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a privilege for us to present an industrial training report on “JINDAL
STAINLESS {HISAR} LIMITED {FERRO ALLOYS DIVISION}”submitted to
the Mechanical Engineering section in partial fulfillment of the award of ‘Diploma in
Mechanical Engineering’ of State Board Of Technical Education and Training, A.P
.Visakhapatnam. We take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to the sir,
D.BUSHANKUMAR for his close guidance and to the management and for their
co-operation and support throughout the training period.

We would like to express our heart full gratitude and sincere thanks to our esteemed
Training Assessment Officer our Training In charge Mechanical Engineering,
COASTAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Vizianagaram for their suggestions ,inspiring guidance and co-operation in
successfully completing this industrial training. We intent to express our sincere
thanks with obedience to our Head of the Mechanical Engineering Department Sri.
B.V.D.SAPTHA GIRI M.Tech for the cordial assistance render.

S.M BALA VARMA [17598-M-028]

R.SIVA KUMAR [17598-M-027]

SK.PEER JAHEER SAHEB [17598-M-029]

B.CHINNA REDDY [17598-M-005]

A.SATYA SREENU [17598-M-001]

G.PURNA CHANDRA RAO [17598-M-010]

 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the description which is being presented in this report entitled
‘STUDY OF STEEL MAKING is a work done by myself in partial fulfillment of
requirement for the award of diploma in mechanical engineering. It is being
submitted to the department of mechanical engineering of coastal institute of
technology and management under SBTET. It is authentic record of my own work
carried out during the final year under supervision of Mr.B.V.D
SAPTHAGIRI[M.TECH] Department of mechanical engineering in coastal institute of
technology and management. The training has been successfully completed by the
following students and is submitted to our institute.

S.M BALA VARMA [17598-M-028]

R.SIVA KUMAR [17598-M-027]

SK.PEER JAHEER SAHEB [17598-M-029]

B.CHINNA REDDY [17598-M-005]

A.SATYA SREENU [17598-M-001]

G.PURNA CHANDRA RAO [17598-M-010]

 Index
 DECLARATION

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 INTRODUCTION

 PROCESS OF STAINLESS STEELMAKING:

 FURNACE

 SUBMERGED ELECTRIC FURNACE.

 DIRECT ARC FURNACE.

 INDIRECT ARC FURNACE.

 REVERBERATORY FURNACE.

 SOLAR FURNACE

 RAW MATERIALS

 BRIQUETTING PLANT PROCESS

 JIGGING PLANT PROCESS

 CHIMNEY PROCESS

 AIR POLLUTION

 COOLING TOWER

 CONVEYOR SYSTEM

 OVERHEAD CRANE

 CONCULSION
INTRODUCTION OF STAINLESS
STEEL:
Stainless steel is an iron-containing alloy a substance made up of two or more
chemical elements used in a wide range of applications. It has excellent resistance to
stain or rust due to its chromium content, usually from 12 to 20 percent of the alloy.
There are more than 57 stainless steels recognized as standard alloys. These many
types of steels are used in an almost endless number of applications and industries:
bulk materials handling equipment, building exteriors and
roofing, automobile components (exhaust, trim/decorative, engine, chassis,
fasteners, tubing for fuel lines), chemical processing plants manufacturing,
petroleum refining, water supply piping, consumer products, marine and
shipbuilding, pollution control, sporting goods (snow skis), and transportation(rail,
cars).

Stainless steels come in several types depending on their microstructure. Austenitic

stainless steels contain at least 6 percent nickel and austenite carbon-containing iron
with a face-centered cubic structure and have good corrosion resistance and high
ductility. Ferrites stainless steels have better resistance to stress corrosion than
austenitic, but they are difficult to weld. Martensitic stainless steels contain iron
having a needle-like structure.
Duplex stainless steels, which generally contain equal amounts of ferrite and
austenite, provide better resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion in most
environments. They also have superior resistance to cracking due to chloride stress
corrosion, and they are about twice as strong as the common austenitics. Therefore,
duplex stainless steels are widely used in the chemical industry in refineries, gas-
processing plants, pulp and paper plants, and sea water piping installations.
PROCESS OF MAKING STAINLESS STEEL:
1) Melting and Casting:

The raw materials that constitute a stainless steel item are placed together and
melted in a giant electric furnace. Intense heat is applied rigorously for a period of 8
to 12 hours during this step. Once the melting is complete, the molten steel is cast
(moulded) into desired semi-finished forms. Some of the most common forms or
shapes include slabs, blooms (rectangular shapes), billets (these could either be
round or square), rods and tube rounds.

2) Forming:

In the second stage, the semi-finished steel shapes undergo a series of forming
operations. For instance, the stainless steel is hot rolled (heated and passed through
enormous rolls). The blooms and billets mentioned above are converted to bar and
wire. The slabs on the other hand are formed into plates, strips or sheets. It is very
common to turn semi-finished steel shapes into bars, as it is the most versatile
stainless steel form. The reason why it is versatile is because it comes in all grades
and sizes. You have round, squared, octagonal and hexagonal bars, each suitable for
a different type of application.
 3) Heat Treatment:

Up next we have the heat treatment. As the name clearly suggests, the various
stainless steel forms undergo a thorough annealing process during this step.
Annealing is another name for heat treatment where the stainless steel is heated and
cooled in a controlled environment. The purpose of this heat treatment is to relieve
the pent up stress inside the stainless steel and soften the material to make it more
suitable for a wide variety of applications. The people in charge of carrying out the
annealing process have to be very careful about control the conditions as even the
slightest of changes in the temperature, pressure, duration or cooling rate could
result in a faulty product.

4) Decaling:
During the annealing process, a certain amount of scale appears on the surface of the
stainless steel. This scale can be removed using a number of different processes that
are collectively known as descaling. Pickling is one of the more common methods of
carrying out the descaling process.

5) Cutting:
The semi-finished, heat treated and descaled stainless steel forms are cut into
specific shapes in this step. Mechanical cutting is performed with the aid of guillotine
knives, blanking, nibbling and high speed blades.

6) Finishing:
Finishing is applied to help the stainless steel product achieve its signature
aesthetically appealing appearance. Finishes are also needed to make the stainless
steel product smooth and easier to clean, which is a top requirement in sanitary
applications.
FURNACE:
A Furnace Is A Device Used To Heat And Melt Metal Ore To Remove Gangue. The
Name Derives From Latin Word Fornax, Which Means Oven. The Heat Energy To
Fuel A Furnace May Be Supplied Directly By Fuel Combustion, By Electricity Such As
The Electric Arc Furnace, Or Through Induction Heating In Induction Furnaces.

Types Of Furnaces:
1. Submerged Electric Furnace.

2. Direct Arc Furnace.

3. Indirect Arc Furnace.

4.Reverberatory Furnace.

5. Solar Furnace

SUBMERGED ARC FURNACE:

Submerged arc furnaces have found their application in more than 20 different main
industrial areas such as ferro alloy, chemical industry, lead, zinc, copper, refractory,
titanium oxide, recycling, phosphorus etc. A typical schematic diagram of a
submerged arc furnace for ferro chrome production along with material balance.

SUBMERGED ELECTRIC ARC FURNACE WORKING PRINCIPLE.

This furnace is used for the manufacture of ferrochrome and ferromanganese. In
submerged arc furnace the electrodes project down into the charge remain
submerged in it as shown in the diagram. The power factor is about 0.8. The major
part of the heat is produced due to the resistance offered by the charge to the flow of
current. Moreover, power is controlled by varying the distance between electrodes or
by varying applied voltage to the electrodes.

Fig 1 Typical schematic diagram of a submerged arc furnace for Ferro chrome production
along with material balance.

Power Supply for Electric Arc Furnace.

The power consumption of the arc furnaces is very high. The arc voltage is low i.e.
between 50-150 V but the current required is of the order of several hundred
amperes. As the heating effect is proportional to the square of the current, therefore,
the higher current is essential to achieve the higher temperature.For obtaining the
required power supply a 3-phase arc furnace transformer is used. When the
electrodes are short-circuited, the total input to the furnace is almost zero. On the
other hand, when the electrodes are far away arc is extinguished and there is no
power drawn from the supply mains.
DIRECT ARC FURNACE:
The electric arc furnace working principle is based on the heat generated
by an electric arc. By striking the arc between the charge and electrode: In
this method, the heat is directly conducted and taken by the charge.
The furnaces operating on this principle are known as direct arc furnace.

The diagram shows a direct electric arc furnace. The chamber of the furnace is lined
with refractory material. The arc is struck between the electrode and the charge.
Three electrodes made of carbon or graphite are projected from the top of the
furnace and three phase supply is given.

The current passes through them via the charge. Since the arc is in direct contact
with the charge so it is possible to produce highest temperatures by direct electric arc
furnace. As the arc passes through the charge, it will produce automatic stirring
action.

The arc has a negative resistance characteristic i.e. resistance falls with the increase
in temperature. Thus some sort of current limiting device is required in the circuit to
prevent short circuits. This may be in the form of reactor. The direct electric arc
furnace is very commonly used for the production of steel.

There is a charging door from where the charge is supplied and also there is an outlet
for molten metal. The usual size of direct electric arc furnace is 5 to 10 tons capacity.
For melting 1 ton of steel 1000 units of energy are consumed.
INDIRECT ARC FURNACE:

In this case arc is formed between two electrodes above the charge and heat is
transmitted to the charge solely by radiation. In this case the temperature of the
charge is, therefore, lower than that in case of direct arc furnace. So indirect arc
furnaces are suitable for melting metals having lower melting points e.g. Non-ferrous
metals such as brass, copper, zinc etc. Since in this furnace current does not flow
through the charge, there is no stirring action and the furnace is required to be
rocked mechanically. That is why the furnace is made of cylindrical shape, with the
electrodes projecting through the chamber from each end and along the horizontal
axis.

The arc is struck between the electrodes so only two electrodes are required. The
supply is, therefore, single phase. Since during the process of heating the electrodes
are consumed, so the feeding of electrodes to the indirect electric arc furnace is
automatic.

Since the arc does not come in contact with the charge so the automatic stirring
action which is present in direct arc furnace is absent. The furnace may be equipped
with automatic rocking equipment. The power factor varies from 0.7 to 0.8. The
electrode material and electrical equipment of indirect-arc furnace are similar to that
used for direct arc furnace.

By rocking action there is thorough mixing of the charge. The life of the refractory
lining also increases since the molten metal comes in contact with the lining and
takes away some of its heat thus preventing it from attaining excessive temperature.
The efficiency is increased because the charge is heated not only by radiation from
the arc but by conduction from the heated refractory during rocking action.
REVERBERATORY FURNACE :
Reverberatory furnace is a furnace that is mainly used for the extraction of tin,
copper, aluminum and nickel metals as well as in the production of certain concretes
and cements. The furnace is mostly used for smelting and refining these materials.

Today, the reverberatory furnace mostly consists of rectangular steel box which is
lined with castables processing non wetting properties or refractory bricks. There is a
vertically lifting door at one end and burners are placed usually on the other side of
the furnace. Opposite to the burners there is a pouring spout and the exhaust gas
duct. Roofs are also made of the same refractory brick which are durable and it
further helps generate higher temperatures which leads to faster refining. However,
as new technical innovations continue to be forged, they are changing and improving
not only the basic construction materials but also the production capacity of this
furnace.

As for the operation, in a reverberatory furnace, heat is generally passed over the
hearth which consists the ore mixture. The main method of heat transfer is through
the radiation from the refractory bricks present in the walls and the roof. Additional
heating is supplied from the burner to the ore. The roof of the furnace is also slightly
arched and remains slanted towards the bridge of flues that deflects the flame for
reverberation. The mixture is heated constantly until it melts. Meanwhile, the molten
impure metal is collected in the hearth which is thick and made of a strong material
that can also resist any disintegration by the slag. The process is repeated in the
furnace until the ore concentrate is tapped at regular intervals. The collected material
is then sent to a converter for further refinement.
SOLAR FURNACE:
A solar furnace is a structure that captures sunlight to produce high temperatures,
usually for industry. This is done with a curved mirror (or an array of mirrors) that
acts as a parabolic reflector, concentrating light (Insolation) onto a focal point
Reverberatory furnace is a furnace that is mainly used for the extraction of tin,
copper, aluminum and nickel metals as well as in the production of certain concretes
and cements. The temperature at the focal point may reach 3500°C (6330°F), and
this heat can be used to generate electricity, melt steel, make hydrogen fuel or
nanomaterials

The term ‘solar furnace’ has also evolved to refer to solar concentrator heating
systems using parabolic mirrors or heliostats where 538°C is now commonly
achieved. The largest solar furnace is at Odeillo in the Pyrenes-Orientales in France,
opened in 1970. It employs an array of plane mirrors to gather sunlight, reflecting it
onto a larger curved mirror. The rays are then focused onto an area the size of a
cooking pot and can reach 3500°C, depending on the process installed

Uses
The rays are focused onto an area the size of a cooking pot and can reach 4,000 °C
(7,230 °F), depending on the process installed, for example:

 about 1,000 °C (1,830 °F) for metallic receivers producing hot air for the next
generation solar towers as it will be tested at the Themis plant with the Pegase
project
 about 1,400 °C (2,550 °F) to produce hydrogen by cracking methane molecules
 up to 2,500 °C (4,530 °F) to test materials for extreme environment such as
nuclear reactors or space vehicle atmospheric reentry
 up to 3,500 °C (6,330 °F) to produce nonmaterial’s by solar induced sublimation
and controlled cooling, such as carbon annotates or zinc nanoparticles
It has been suggested that solar furnaces could be used in space to provide energy for
manufacturing purposes. Their reliance on sunny weather is a limiting factor as a
source of renewable energy on Earth but could be tied to thermal energy
storage systems for energy production through these periods and into the night
RAW MATERIALS
Stainless steel is an iron-containing alloy a substance made up of two or more
chemical elements—used in a wide range of applications. It has excellent resistance
to stain or rust due to its chromium content, usually from 12 to 20 percent of the
alloy. There are more than 57 stainless steels recognized as standard alloys, in
addition to many proprietary alloys produced by different stainless steel producers.
These many types of steels are used in an almost endless number of applications and
industries: bulk materials handling equipment, building exteriors and roofing,
automobilecomponents (exhaust, trim/decorative, engine, chassis, fasteners,
tubing for fuel lines), chemical processing plants (scrubbers and heat exchangers),
pulp and paper manufacturing, petroleum refining, water supply piping, consumer
products, marine and shipbuilding, pollution control, sporting goods (snow skis),
and transportation (rail cars), to name just a few.
BRIQUETTING PLANT PROCESS:
Briquetting process is the conversion of agricultural waste into uniformly shaped
briquettes that is easy to use, transport and store. The idea of briquetting is using
materials that are not usable due to a lack of density, compressing them into a solid
fuel of a convenient shape that can be burned like wood or charcoal. The briquettes
have better physical and combustion characteristics than the initial waste. Briquettes
will improve the combustion efficiency using the existing traditional furnaces. In
addition to killing all insects and diseases as well as reducing the destructive fires
risk in countryside.

The advantages of briquetting

•Get rid of insects

•Decrease the volume of waste

•Efficient solid fuel of high thermal value

•Low energy consumption for production

•Protect the environment

•Provide job opportunities

•Less risk hazardous

The raw materials suitable for briquetting are rice straws, wheat straws, cotton
stalks, corn stalks, sugar cane waste (baggies), fruit branches, etc. However, in the
suggested complex cotton stalks and fruit branches are best utilized by briquetting.
The briquetting process starts with collection of wastes followed by size reduction,
drying, and compaction by extruder or press.
JIGGING PLANT PROCESS:
Jigging is another technique, which has been used for almost 200 years in ore
dressing to separate minerals with significant differences in specific gravity. The light
and heavy particles are separated by using their abilities to penetrate an oscillating
fluid bed supported on a screen. A pulsating current of water by a plunger dilates the
material so that the heavier, smaller particles penetrate the interstices of the bed and
the larger high specific gravity particles fall under a condition of hindered settling.

Principle of Jigging:

The jigging operation is mainly actuated by alternate strokes of pulsation and

suction. The particle bed resting on top of the screen starts dilating at the start of the
pulsation stroke, and separation of particles occurs due to differential acceleration
followed by hindered settling. The second half of the cycle, the suction stroke, helps
stratification of the bed according to specific gravity and consolidation trickling of
fine particles.
Introduction Of Chimney Process :
A chimney is an architectural ventilation structure made of masonry, clay or metal
that isolates hot toxic exhaust gases or smoke produced by a boiler, stove, furnace,
incinerator or fireplace from human living areas. Chimneys are typically vertical, or
as near as possible to vertical, to ensure that the gases flow smoothly, drawing air
into the combustion in what is known as the stack, or chimney effect. The space
inside a chimney is called the fuel. Chimneys are adjacent to large industrial
refineries, fossil fuel combustion facilities or part of buildings, steam locomotives
and ships.
Chimney process :

Chimneys operate on the principle that hot air rises because it is less dense than cold
air. When a chimney is filled with hot gas, that gas tends to rise because it is less
dense than the air outside the house. The rising hot gas creates a pressure difference
called draft which draws combustion air into the appliance and expels the exhaust
gas outside.

Two factors affect the amount of draft produced by a chimney.

1. Heat: the hotter the gases in the chimney compared to the air outside, the stronger
the draft.

2. Height: the taller the chimney, the more draft it will produce at a given
temperature difference.
Introduction of Air Pollution :
Air pollution from the steel sector is the result of emissions of particulate matter
containing minerals (iron, iron oxide), metals (cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel,
zinc, copper and arsenic) and other pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,
nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide).

Steel plants with electric arc furnace release dust containing heavy metals and some
organic compounds. Steel industry is also a source of carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions which is generated during iron and steel making operations, either as a
result of the reaction of carbon (coke) with iron oxide in the blast furnace, or from a
power plant producing electricity used in the production of steel. According to the
International Iron and Steel Institute (IISI), integrated plants can emit between 1.6-
2.4 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of steel produced, while electric arc furnace plants which
only use iron scrap as raw material are responsible for the emission of approximate
0.7 tonnes of CO2 per tonne of steel produced.

Air Pollution System :

Bag house :

Baghouse,also known as a baghousefilter, bagfilter, or fabricfilter is an air pollution

control device and dust collector that removes particulates or gas released from
commercial processes out of the air. Power plants, steel mills, pharmaceutical
producers, food manufacturers, chemical producers and other industrial companies
often use baghouses to control emission of air pollutants. Baghouses came into
widespread use in the late 1970s after the invention of high-temperature fabrics (for
use in the filter media) capable of withstanding temperatures over 350 °F (177 °C).

Unlike electrostatic precipitators, where performance may vary significantly

depending on process and electrical conditions, functioning baghouses typically have
a particulate collection efficiency of 99% or better, even when particle size is very
small.
Cooling Towers:
The use of cooling towers is fundamental in many situations industries such as the
iron and steel industry, the metallurgical sector, refineries, glassworks, the
municipal solid waste disposal sector, the chemical industries, the plastics industry,
purifiers, etc. Today we are going to analyze the use in the first two sectors: the steel
and metallurgical sectors and we find out more about how cooling towers work in
steel plant.
So, how does cooling tower work? In these two sectors the evaporative towers are
mainly installed in which the tower is crossed, due to gravity, by the water that must
be cooled in a way such as to yield its own caloric content by direct exchange with air.
The heat is transferred partly by convention (between hot and cold air) and partly by
exploiting the latent heat of evaporation of the water passing in the form of water
vapor in the air.
The difference in pressure between the water vapor and the air vapor in the
environment causes the evaporation that occurs when the temperature of the water
and the boundary layer reaches the temperature of the wet air bulb.
Conveyor system :
A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that
moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in
applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor
systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials,
which make them very popular in thematerialhandling hand packing industries. They
also have popular consumer applications, as they are often found in supermarkets
and airports, constituting the final leg item/ bag delivery to customers. Many kinds
of conveying systems are available and are used according to the various needs of
different industries. There are chain conveyors (floor and overhead) as well. Chain
conveyors consist of enclosed tracks, I-Beam, towline, power & free, and hand
pushed trolleys.

Care and maintenance of conveyor systems

Poor take-up adjustment: The chain take-up device ensures that the chain is
pulled tight as it leaves the drive unit. As wear occurs and the chain lengthens, the
take-up extends under the force of its springs. As they extend, the spring force
becomes less and the take-up has less effect. Simply compress the take-up springs
and your problem goes away. Failure to do this can result in chain surging, jamming,
and extreme wear on the track and chain.

Lack of lubrication: chain bearings require lubrication in order to reduce friction.

The chain pull that the drive experiences can double if the bearings are not
lubricated. This can cause the system to overload by either its mechanical or
electrical overload protection. On conveyors that go through hot ovens, lubricators
can be left on constantly or set to turn on every few cycles.
Contamination: paint, powder, acid or alkaline fluids, abrasives, glass bead, steel
shot, etc. can all lead to rapid deterioration of track and chain. Ask any bearing
company about the leading cause of bearing failure and they will point to
contamination.

Drive train: other parts of the drive train should be kept in proper shape. Broken
O-rings on a Lineshaft, pneumatic parts in disrepair, and motor reducers should also
be inspected. Loss of power to even one or a few rollers on a conveyor can mean the
difference between effective and timely delivery

Bad belt tracking or timing: in a system that uses precisely controlled belts, such
as a sorter system, regular inspections should be made that all belts are traveling at
the proper speeds at all times. While usually a computer controls this with Pulse
Position Indicators, any belt not controlled must be monitored to ensure accuracy
and reduce the likelihood of problems.

Types of conveyor systems

1. Belt Conveyor
2. Chain Conveyor
3. Overhead Conveyors

 Belt conveyors
Belt conveyors are the most commonly used powered conveyors because they are the
most versatile and the least expensive. Products are conveyed directly on the belt so
both regular and irregular shaped objects, large or small, light and heavy, can be
transported successfully. Belt conveyors are also manufactured with curved sections
which use tapered rollers and curved belting to convey products around a corner.
These conveyor systems are commonly used in postal sorting offices and
airport baggage handling systems. For conveying Bulk Materials like Grains, Ore,
Coal, Sand etc., over gentle slopes or gentle curvatures, a troughed belt conveyor is
used.
Belt conveyors are generally fairly similar in construction consisting of a metal frame
with rollers at either end of a flat metal bed. Rubber conveyor belts are commonly
used to convey items with irregular bottom surfaces, small items that would fall in
between rollers (e.g. a sushi conveyor bar), or bags of product that would sag
between rollers. The belt is looped around each of the rollers and when one of the
rollers is powered (by an electrical motor) the belting slides across the solid metal
frame bed, moving the
product. In heavy use applications the beds which the belting is pulled over are
replaced with rollers. The rollers allow weight to be conveyed as they reduce the
amount of friction generated from the heavier loading on the belting.
Structure
The belt consists of one or more layers of material. It is common for belts to have
three layers: a top cover, a carcass and a bottom cover. The purpose of the carcass is
to provide linear strength and shape. The carcass is often a woven or metal fabric
having a warp & weft. The warp refers to longitudinal cords whose characteristics of
resistance and elasticity define the running properties of the belt. The weft
represents the whole set of transversal cables allowing to the belt specific resistance
against cuts, tears and impacts and at the same time high flexibility. The most
common carcass materials are steel, polyester, nylon, cotton and aramid

Chain conveyor

A chain conveyor operates on the principle of interconnectivity: a chain connects

each gear, resulting in a smooth conveying process. The chain conveyor has a series
of gears connected into a continuous system by the chain. Typically, each gear has
teeth which create a free rotational interface with the chain. The arrangement is set
in such a way that each line carries a single pendant. Conventional steel or multi-flex
plastic chains are commonly used in connecting the gears
Benefits
 Robustness,
 Economic transport of bulk products,
 Maintenance of the cleanliness of the material,
 Gentle conveying, no alteration to the product,
 Materials resistant to wear and tear,
 Width and length adaptable to the application,
 Angled or vertical installation,
 Sealed conveying,
 No dust emission.
Overhead Conveyors

Overhead Conveyors are mounted from ceilings that use trolleys or carriers moved by
chains, cables, or similar connections. Overhead conveyors are primarily used in
material handling applications where the product needs to be hung, such as dry-
cleaning garment lines, paint lines, or parts handling systems, or for cooling and
curing. Various types of overhead conveyor systems configurations are available
including electric track, monorail, trolley, as well as inclined or ramped. Depending
on the application, the load-carrying capacity may be critical. Most overhead
conveyors systems are powered and controlled, while others are hand-
operated conveyor belts.
Overhead crane
An overhead crane, commonly called a bridge crane, is a type of crane found in
industrial environments. An overhead crane consists of parallel runways with a
traveling bridge spanning the gap

Applications
Overhead cranes are commonly used in the refinement of steel and other metals such
as copper and aluminium. At every step of the manufacturing process, until it leaves
a factory as a finished product, metal is handled by an overhead crane. Raw materials
are poured into a furnace by crane, hot metal is then rolled to specific thickness
and tempered or annealed, and then stored by an overhead crane for cooling, the
finished coils are lifted and loaded onto trucks and trains by overhead crane, and
the fabricator or stamper uses an overhead crane to handle the steel in his factory.
The automobile industry uses overhead cranes to handle raw materials.
Smaller workstation cranes, such as jib cranes or gantry cranes, handle lighter loads
in a work area, such as CNC mill or saw.
Almost all paper mills use bridge cranes for regular maintenance needing removal of
heavy press rolls and other equipment. The bridge cranes are used in the initial
construction of paper machines because they make it easier to install the heavy cast
iron paper drying drums and other massive equipment, some weighing as much as
70 tons.
In many instances the cost of a bridge crane can be largely offset with savings from
not renting mobile cranes in the construction of a facility that uses a lot of heavy
process equipment.

Advantages:
• Easier installation, maintenance, and service
• Ideal for buildings with limited headroom
• Lower overall weight
• Lower production costs
• One of the more cost-effective options for light and medium duty applications

Disadvantages:
• Decreased hook height compared to double girder overhead lifting systems
• Lower rated lifting capacity (less than 15 tons)
• Operator cabs, walkways, and other special features are difficult to incorporate
• Trolley wheels are mounted on the bottom flange of the girder thereby causing
more wear to it
CONCLUSION:
Stainless steel is an iron-containing alloy a substance made up of two or more chemical
elements used in a wide range of applications.

Process of stainless steel involves

Melting and casting

Forming

Heart treatment

Decaling

Cutting

Finishing

A Furnace Is A Device Used To Heat And Melt Metal Ore To Remove Gangue .

The Heat Energy To Fuel A Furnace May Be Supplied Directly By Fuel Combustion,
By Electricity Such As The Electric Arc Furnace, Or Through Induction
Heating In Induction Furnaces

Submerged Arc Furnace This furnace is used for the manufacture of ferrochrome
and ferromanganese. principle is based on the heat generated by an electric arc. By
striking the arc between the charge and electrode The arc has a negative resistance
characteristic i.e. resistance falls with the increase in temperature.

The Indirect Electric Arc Furnace is Since in this furnace current does not flow
through the charge, there is no stirring action and the furnace is required to be
rocked mechanically. . That is why the furnace is made of cylindrical shape, with the
electrodes projecting through the chamber from each end and along the horizontal
axis.

Reverberatory Furnace is a furnace that is mainly used for the extraction of tin,
copper, aluminum and nickel metals as well as in the production of certain concretes
and cements

A Solar Furnace is a structure that captures sunlight to produce high

temperatures, usually for industry. This is done with a curved mirror that acts as a
parabolic reflector, concentrating light onto a focal point Reverberatory furnace is a
furnace that is mainly used for the extraction of tin, copper, aluminum and nickel
metals as well as in the production of certain concretes and cements
Briquetting Process is the conversion of agricultural waste into uniformly shaped
briquettes that is easy to use, transport and store. . Briquettes will improve the
combustion efficiency using the existing traditional furnaces.

The Jigging Operation is mainly actuated by alternate strokes of pulsation and

suction

A Chimney is an architectural ventilation structure made of masonry, clay or metal

that isolates hot toxic exhaust gases or smoke produced by a boiler, stove, furnace,
incinerator or fireplace from human living areas.

1. Heat: the hotter the gases in the chimney compared to the air outside, the stronger
the draft.

2. Height: the taller the chimney, the more draft it will produce at a given temperature
difference

Air Pollution Steel plants with electric arc furnace release dust containing heavy
metals and some organic compounds. Steel industry is also a source of carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions which is generated during iron and steel making operations

Baghouse is an air pollution control device and dust collector that removes
particulates or gas released from commercial processes out of the air