Report Template (IC101P)

Final Project Report
for
Reverse Engineering (IC101P)
titled
SMART SOLAR GRASS CUTTER

by
SURENDRA SINGH (B19120)

AKANKSHA SINHA (B19125)
YUVRAJ SINGH BISHNOI(B19063)
Thursday, Group X
Submitted on: 21/11/19
Report for IC101P, Thursday (Group - A) Page 2
Index
1. Abstract………………………………………………………………………………...3
2. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….4
2.1. Motivation…………………………………………...………………………………….5
3. Project Summary……………………………………………………………………...6
3.1. Main Components/ parts……………………………..………………………………6
3.2. Diagrams……………………………………………………………………………….7
3.3. Functioning/ Summary………………………………………………………………..8
3.3.1 Innovations……………………………………………………………………………..9
1.ABSTRACT
Nowadays pollution has increased to a great extent which is leading to depletion of

natural resources like many fuels (petroleum, coal, etc). We need to find alternatives
to these before they get extinct.
Hence we have designed a solar driven grass cutter. This device uses solar energy
to charge the battery and run the device. It is fully automated in order to reduce the
human labour.
This product is environment friendly and will produce less pollution as compared to
fuel driven lawn mowers. Ultimately, the consumer will do more for the environment
by doing less work himself.
2. INTRODUCTION
Automated solar grass cutter is a fully automated grass cutting robotic vehicle
powered by solar energy that also avoids obstacles and is capable of fully
automated grass cutting, without the need of any human interaction. The system
uses batteries to power the vehicle movement motors as well as the grass cutter
motor. We use a solar panel to charge the battery so that there is no need of
charging it externally. The grass cutter and vehicle motors are connected to a
microcontroller that controls the working of all the motors. It is also connected to an
IR sensor for object detection. The microcontroller moves the vehicle motors in
forward direction in case no obstacle is detected. On obstacle detection, IR sensor
monitors it and the microcontroller thus stops the grass cuter motor so as to avoid
any damage to the object/human/animal. Microcontroller then turns the vehicle off
until it gets clear of the object and then moves the grass cutter in forward direction
again. Thus this gives a fully automatic experience to the consumer and helps in a
seemless grass cutting process.
2.1. MOTIVATION
The increasing pollution and growing demand of fuels led us to create changes in the
ordinary lawn mower in order to make it more sustainable. As we all know that the fuel
reserves are limited and are soon going to be extinct. Therefore it becomes very
important to develop or increase the use of alternate resources. One of the most widely
available resource is solar energy; hence we thought of using this form of energy to
power our product.
Nowadays every device is becoming smart i.e. is self driven and very easy to use. The
human labour is decreased to a great extend so we have made many changes in the
ordinary grass cutter. These changes will help in making a smarter version of grass
cutters. Our version is fully automated and there is zero fuel consumption. The labour
and maintenance is also drastically decreased. The grass cutter is totally operated on
solar energy, so that the pollution and usage of fuel can be controlled. The grass cutter
is automated because of the microcontroller. The obstacles are detected by ultrasonic
sensors which send message to microcontroller which stops the motors if any object is
in front of it ,hence this is a fully automated device.
3.PROJECT SUMMARY
3.1 Main Components-
1. AT mega328(MICROCONTROLLER) -
ATmega328 is a microcontroller. It is used to control the movement of vehicle motors

and blade motors according to convenience.
Following are some specification about it :-
 An AVR RISC based microcontroller with 8 bit,28 pins, 32KB ISP flash memory
with read-while-write capabilties.
 It consists of 1KB EEPROM, 2KB SRAM, 23KB general purpose I/O lines, three
flexible timers with compare modes, internal-external interrupt, serial programmable
USART, a byte oriented 2 wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6 channel 10bit A/D
converter, programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator,and five software
selectable power saving modes.
 It operates between 3.3-5.5 volts but normally we use 5V as standard.
 It can operate in temperature range of -40 to 85 degree celcius.
 ATmega-328 is mostly used in Arduino.
 Basic design of pins is shown in fig.
Report for IC101P, Thursday (Group - A) Page
2. L298 N(Motor Driver) -
L298N allows us to control the speed and direction of two DC Motors, or control one bipolar
stepper motor with ease. L298 N has 14 pins in total each having different individual function.
All the pin names with pin functions are shown below :-
1.
2. OUT1 -Stepper motor A + or DC motor 1(+)OUT2 –
stepper motor A - or DC motor 1(-)
3. 12V JUMPER- Enables power to on board 5V regulator
4. 12V – Voltage supply
5. GND – Ground (0V)
6. 5V – Voltage supply
7. ENA – DC motor 1 enable
8. IN 1 – Input from Arduino
12. ENB – DC motor 2 enable
13. OUT 3 - Stepper motor B + or DC motor 2(+)
14. OUT 4 - Stepper motor B - or DC motor 2(-)
3. SOLAR PANEL -
Solar panel assembly of solar cells which converts light into electricity. Solar PV panels
constitute the Solar array of photovoltaic and supplies solar electricity in commercial and
residential applications.
How do solar panel work to generate electricity-
Solar panel consists of Silicon cells a glass casing and various wiring to allow current to flow
from cell phone cells. Silicon is a nonmetal which has properties of absorbing Sunlight and
converting it into electricity. when light interacts with the Silicon cell, electrons set into
motion, which results in flow of electric current. This is also known as photovoltaic effect.
4. DC MOTOR -
We use DC motor to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy.

Working principle of DC motor - When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. In other words, when a magnetic
field and an electric field interact, a mechanical force is produced. The DC motor or direct
current motor works on that principal. The direction of rotation of a this motor is given by
fleming’s left hand rule, which states that if the index finger, middle finger, and thumb of your
left hand are extended mutually perpendicular to each other and if the index finger represents
the direction of magnetic field, middle finger indicates the direction of current, then the thumb
represents the direction in which force is experienced by the shaft of the DC motor.
5.ULTRASONIC SENSOR -
It is a device used to generate ultrasound waves from electrical energy.It can also convert
ultrasound vibrational energy to electrical signals. A barium titanate transducer applying
piezoelectric effect is normally used in ultrasound switches. The shape can be a disk or a
tube.
Ultrasonic sensors can detect movement of targets and measure the distance to them in
many automated factories and process plants. Sensors can have an on or off digital output for
detecting the movement of objects, or an analog output proportional to distance. They can
sense the edge of material as part of a web guiding system.
Ultrasonic sensors are widely used in cars as parking sensors to aid the driver in reversing
into parking spaces. They are being tested for a number of other automotive uses including
ultrasonic people detection and assisting in autonomous UAV navigation.
Because ultrasonic sensors use sound rather than light for detection, they work in
applications where photoelectric sensors may not. Ultrasonic are a great solution for clear
object detection, clear label detection and for liquid level measurement, applications that
photoelectric struggle with because of target translucence. As well, target color and/or
reflectivity do not affect ultrasonic sensors, which can operate reliably in high-glare
environments
Passive ultrasonic sensors may be used to detect high-pressure gas or liquid leaks, or other
hazardous conditions that generate ultrasonic sound. In these devices, audio from the
transducer (microphone) is converted down to human hearing range.
High-power ultrasonic emitters are used in commercially available ultrasonic cleaning
devices. An ultrasonic transducer is affixed to a stainless steel pan which is filled with a
solvent (frequently water or isopropanol). An electrical square wave feeds the transducer,
creating sound in the solvent strong enough to cause cavitation.
Ultrasonic technology has been used for multiple cleaning purposes. One of which that is
gaining a decent amount of traction in the past decade is ultrasonic gun cleaning. Gun
cleaners based out of north NJ has been doing it for over 20 years with over two million guns
cleaned ultrasonically.
Report for IC101P, Thursday (Group - A) Page18
3.2 DIAGRAMS/FIGURES -
UPPER SIDE VIEW :-
VIEW FROM GROUND :-

FRONT VIEW :-
ISOMETRIC VIEW :-
3.3 Functioning/ Summary -
 HOW A SOLAR PANEL GENERATE ELECTRICITY:-

 HOW ULTRASONIC SENSOR WILL WORK :-

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR DC MOTOR CONTROL BY L298 N :-

 HOW OVERALL PRODUCT WILL FUNCTION ;-

3.3.1. INNOVATIONS
The smart solar grass cutter is different from the regular grass cutter as it uses solar
energy to charge the battery and run the device while a regular lawn mower uses fuels like
diesel to run the motors. This device is also fully automated hence it does not require
human labour. The person can just switch it on and leave it and after some time he will get
a perfectly trimmed lawn.
3.3.2. APPLICATIONS/CONVENIENCE
This product uses solar energy which makes it sustainable and helps to reduce pollution.
Since fuels are limited resources hence the smart solar grass cutter will be more useful for
the future generations.
The device being fully automated makes it very convenient for the users. It saves a lot of
their time and energy which they can now put into doing many other fruitful tasks.
3.3.3. SAFETY
3.3.4 ECONOMICAL
3.3.5 ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY
The smart solar grass is completely environment friendly. It uses solar energy in place of
fuels hence it does not produce any pollution. Also as it runs on battery, sound pollution is
also drastically deceased in comparison to usual grass cutter. The device helps in proper
utilization of available resources without exploiting the environment.
3.3.6. AESTHETICS

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Final Project Report

Reverse Engineering (IC101P)

SMART SOLAR GRASS CUTTER

SURENDRA SINGH (B19120)

Nowadays pollution has increased to a great extent which is leading to depletion of

3.1 Main Components-

ATmega328 is a microcontroller. It is used to control the movement of vehicle motors

2. L298 N(Motor Driver) -

3. SOLAR PANEL -

We use DC motor to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy.

Report for IC101P, Thursday (Group - A) Page

UPPER SIDE VIEW :-

VIEW FROM GROUND :-

3.3 Functioning/ Summary -

 HOW A SOLAR PANEL GENERATE ELECTRICITY:-

 HOW ULTRASONIC SENSOR WILL WORK :-

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR DC MOTOR CONTROL BY L298 N :-

 HOW OVERALL PRODUCT WILL FUNCTION ;-

3.3.5 ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY

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