vol 1. Objectives To present the scheme of design and calculations for staircase pressurization systems of proposed Hotel Development on K.L.L. 10283 R.P., No. 4, Tung Fong Street, Kowioon. 2. Staircase Pressurization Systems 24 244 24.2 241.3 WHI-CHU! General Description The staircase pressurization system will be provided in accordance with Class ‘Aas of FSD Circular Letter No. 2/2006 Pressurization of Staircases to British Standard 5588: Part 4 and the following design references: - FSD Codes of Practice for Minimum Fire Services Installations and Equipment and Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Installations and Equipment (FSD COP). - FSD Circular Letter No. 2/2006 Pressurization of Staircases to British Standard 5588: Part 4 (FSD CL 2/2006) - British Standard BS5588-4; 1998 Fire Precautions in the Design, Construction and Use of Buildings — Part 4: Code of Practice for Smoke Control Using Pressure Differentials (BS5588-4) Staircase pressurization systems will be provided to two staircases only including ST1 and ST2. As Fireman's lift lobbies also serves as internal mean of escape, smoke extraction system will be provided according to the Section G of Clause 5.23, FSD COP instead of pressurization system. This smoke extraction system also serves as the air release system to ensure the supply air with required face velocity flowing from the staircase to the means of escape. Each staircase pressurization system consists of two staircase pressurization fans (SPF), one duty & one standby, complete with ductwork, motorized fire and smoke dampers, barometric pressure relief damper, differential pressure sensors, supply fan bypass and air release ducts. Override switches for the pressurization system will be installed in staircase pressurization system remote control panel inside FS control room. The system would be automatically actuated and shall remain in operationuntil manually reset at Manual Override Control Panel or SPS manual control panel 2.1.4 The maximum door opening force for accommodation from staircase shall be limited to.433N. ) ~ Sa My (5{7)2015 2.4.5. Ineach fresh air intake of thé staircase pressurization system located on RIF, probe type smoke detector shall be installed in which, when sensing the passage of smoke, the corresponding air duct shall be isolated by closing the motorized fire and smoke damper. 2.1.6 Each fresh air intake shall be protected by an independently operated fire and ‘smoke damper in such a way that if one damper closes due to smoke contamination, the other fresh air intake will supply the air flow rate requirements of the system without interruption. In case both of the fresh air intakes are closed by fire and smoke dampers, FS control shall override all other controlling devices and shut down the staircase pressurization system 2.4.7. The staircase pressurization system would be automatically activated by AFA/automatic sprinkler system. The required supply air flow is sufficient to maintain a minimum of 0.75m/s air velocity for the staircases through the open door between the staircase and the intemal means of escape with the following doors open between: - The staircase and the internal means of escape at the fire affected storey; = The staircase and intemal means of escape al two consecutive adjacent storeys; ~The staircase and the exit at ground floor. 2.1.8. The air supply would be sufficient to maintain the pressure differential as per following when all doors to the staircases and the final exit doors are closed and the air release path from the accommodation area is open. - Pressure differential to be maintained across staircase and accommodation area with all doors closed shall be min. 50Pa+/- 10%. In the event of a building fire other than a fire within the pressurized staircases, the staircase pressurization system is automatically actuated through the MCC. when a common fire signal (excluding the staircase fire signals) is receivedfrom the AFA system/automatic sprinkler system. The common fire signal should override the fan tripping signal derived from the detection system provided at staircase or lobby to ensure that the system will be kept in operation. 2.1.10 On the ocourrence of a fire within the pressurization staircase, the corresponding fire signal will be transmitted from AFA panel to the local motor control panel (LMCP) to prevent the actuation of the staircase pressurization fan, 2.1.11 When the first fire alarm comes from the accommodation outside the pressurized staircase, an ensuing smoke detection signal from within the pressurized staircase should not be allowed to shut down the pressurization fan. 2.1.12 Once the pressurization system is operated, the pressure sensors installed will monitor the pressure differential requirement. If the pressure inside the staircase is exceeding the pre-determined pressure setting, the barometric pressure relief damper will be opened immediately to relief the excessive air. To maintain the staircase at the pre-determined pressure, the modulating bypass damper at the bypass duct across the pressurization system will be opened to re-circulate the excessive air. 2.1.13 A flow sensing switch shall be installed at the discharge side of fan to detect the fan running status. After the actuation of duty fan for 30 seconds (field adjustable), if ‘running status” signal is not received by the local motor contro! panel, automatic changeover to stand-by fan shall be performed. This is to ensure after actuation of the SPS, if duty fan cannot operate or fails during operation, the system shall change over to standby fan. 3. Calculation 3.1 Calculation of staircase pressurization system for staircases In general, the air leakage rates via door and openings are calculated using fe ;the following equation: 0K WAPGHTNG Eng), MBA, C, F BSE, MBKIE344 Q=0. 83 x Ax Pe? where Q= Air flow rate (m*/s) A= Leakage area (m’) P = Pressure differential (Pa) Door and Fabric Schedule Based on the general building plan, the following schedule of doors shall be accounted for leakage path for the staircase STO1 / STO2: Table 3.1 ~ Doors Schedule Door | Leveland Location | Type | Size, | Door | Estimated No. WxH (m) | Opening” | Leakage Area, (m?) As, (m?) D1 | Alldoors (Staircase to_| Single | 0.9X2.05 | 1.845 0.01 internal means of escape | leaf and final exit) “Notes: - (1) According to Clause 10.1.3 of 8S5588-4, the effective area of open door of double-leaf doorsets is assumed to be a single leaf of the open door way. (2) The estimated leakage area shall refer to Table D.1 of BS5588-4 Based on the general building plan, the following schedule of fabrics shall be accounted for leakage path for the staircase STO1 / STO2: Tablo 3.2 ~ Fabric Schedulo Level and | Wall | Floor | Ceiling | Wally | Wall Floor Location | Area |Area |Area | Floor — | Leakage | Leakage {-CHUNG: MBA, C. (m?) | (m’) | (m2) | Tightness | Area Area Ratio | Ratio ® Leakage Area of | Walls and Floors Awer (cop | 3.7 | Average | 1.10E-04 | 5.20E-05 0.00402 |Floor [Level and | Wall | Floor | Gelling | Wall’ | Wall Leakage Location |Area| Area | Area | Floor | Leakage | Leakage | Area of (m?) | (m?) | (m?) Tightness | Area Area Walls Ratio” | Ratio® | and Floors | Ave | (m?) i415 [sie] - = | Average | 1.10£-04 | 5.20E-05 | 0.07380 (Total 13, floors) uc [437] - | - | Average | 1.10E-04 | 5.20E-05 | 0.00481 GIF 658 | 12 | - [Average | 1.10E-04 | 6.20E-05 | 0.00786 Notes (1) Wall leakage area ratio shall refer to Table D.3 of BS5588-4 (2) Floor leakage area ratio shall refer to Table D.3 of BS5588-4. (3) Leakage area of wall and floors is calculated by. Ayae = (Wall/Celling area x Wall Leakage Area Ratio) + (Floor area x Floor Leakage Area Ratio) 3.1.2 Closed Door Scenario - Section A: Calculation of stairway air leakage rate Pressure differential requirement (Pa): 50Pa Firemen staircase STO1 / STO2 Staircase identification: The minimum pressurization level of 50Pa shall be achieved across the staircase and internal means of escape with all doors closed and air release path (smoke extraction system) from internal means of escape is tum on. (a) Calculation of leakage area from doors Table 3.3 - Calculation of Leakage Area from Doors Door, No. Door Schedule Width | Height [Area |Door Type [Leakage | (m) (m (m’) Area, Ap”! (mn?) D1 (GIF to Roof) 0.9 1.845 | Single-leaf | 0.01 Total (16 floors) ; 016Notes: (1) According to Clause 10.1.3 of BS5588-4, the effective area of open door of double-leaf doorsets is assumed to be a single leaf of the open door way. (2) The estimated leakage area shall refer to Table D.1 of BS5588-4 (b) Calculation of leakage area from walls and floors Table 3.4 ~ Calculation of Leakage Area from Wall and Floors [Level and | Wall | Floor | Ceiling | Wall/ | Wall Floor | Leakage Location | Area | Area | Area | Floor Leakage | Leakage | Area of (m?) | (m?) | (m’) | Tightness | Area Area Walls and Ratio | Ratio | Floors Auge | (on?) Roof 32.8 : 37 Average | 1.10E-04 | 5.20E-05| 0.00402 L1-L15. 51.6 - . Average | 1.10E-04 | 5.20E-05| 0.07380 (Total 13 floors) | [iG 437 | - | - [Average | 1.10E-04 | 5.20E-05| 0.00481 I GIF 65.8 12 is Average | 1. 410E-04 5.20E-05 | 0.00786 [Total 7 7 0.08980 Notes: (1) Wall leakage area ratio shall refer to Table D.3 of BS5588-4. Wall tightness is considered as Average. (2) Floor leakage area ratio shall refer to Table D.3 of BS5588-4. Floor tightness is considered as Average. (3) Lift well wall leakage area ratio shall refer to Table D.3 of BS5588-4, Wall tightness is considered as Average. (4) Leakage area of wall and floors is calculated by: Ausr = (Wall area x Wall Leakage Area Ratio) + (Floor area x Floor Leakage Area Ratio) + (Lift Well Wall Area » Lift Well Wall Leakage ‘Area Ratio) () Calculation of supply air required for pressure differential at S0Pa with all door closed31.3 Table 4-7 — Calculation of Supply Air Required Total Leakage | Pressure | Total Leakage | Safety | Air Supply Area, Ar" (m)_ | Differential, | Rate, Q;"(m*) | Factor | Rate, Qs | Pira) | © [ws 0.2498 [50 1.488 15 219 | Notes: (1) Total leakage is calculated by: Ar = Ap + Awer (2) Total leakage rate is calculated by: Q; = 0.83 x Ar x P°® (3) The safety factor adopted in the calculation is in accordance to Clause 14.2.1 of BS5588-4 (ie. adding at least 50% to the calculated leakage rate) (4) Air supply rate is calculated by: Qs = 1.5 x (Qr x 1000) Open Door Scenario — Section A: Fire break out on 15/F Fire is assumed to break out on one level only (assume 15/F) in this calculation. Under open door scenario, the air supply should be sufficient to maintain an airflow of 0.75m/s through the open door between the lobby and the accommodation area at the fire-affected storey with all of the following doors open between ~The staircase and the internal means of escape at the fire affected storey; - The staircase and internal means of escape at two consecutive adjacent storeys; Wee KWOK Wal B.Sc. (Eng), MB MCIBSE, ME RPE (Buldiag Serv RP 0213101 - The staircase and the exit at ground floor. (a) Calculation of air flow Q1 of 0.75m/s through the open door between the staircase and the accommodation area at the fire-affected storey: 0 Qt = Door Area x Air Velocity (0.9m x 2,05m) x 0.75m/s 1.38 mis " u (b) Calculation of pressure differential between staircase and outside to achieve 0.75m/s through doors and vent:Pressure differential across staircase and internal mean of escape can be calculated as: Pt [Q1 / (0.83 x Stair Door Area)}” [1.38 / (0.83 x 0.9 x 2.05)]? 0.81Pa Therefore, the pressure differential between staircase and outside to achieve 0.75m/s through exit door shall be same as P1 (c) Calculation of leakage air rate through door, wall and floor of staircase in the pressure different between stair and outside to achieve 0.75m/s can be calculated as: the total leakage area of staircase is calculated as 0.205m? (Ar). The leakage air rate through staircase (Q1) can be calculated as follows 0.83 x Total Leakage Area of the Stair x 1.5 x P6"> 0.83 x 0.205 x 1.5 x 0.81% 0.23m%s a2 (d) Calculation of total air supply flow into staircase (Qt) to achieve 0.75m/s to accommodation area is calculated as: at Qix4+Q2 1,38 x 440,23 5.75m'/s (e) Estimation of required area of overpressure relief vent at top of stair (Ar) the calculated air supply flow rate to staircase for closed door scenario is 1.805m'/s The surplus air flow rate required to relief (Qr) = Required air supply rate # into staircase for open doors scenario (Qt) - Required air supply rate at (7 staircase for closed door scenario. OK WALSHUN na), MBA,2 Qt 1.805 5.75 — 1.805 3,.945m*/s Therefore, the area of overpressure relief vent (Ar) can be calculated as: Ar = Qr/ (0.83 x 60") (3.945 / 0.83 x 60°*) 0.613m* (f) Calculation of staircase pressurization fan capacity Total staircase pressurization fan capacity = Air flow to staircase for door open scenario (Qt) = 5,75m'/s According to Clause 6.2 of BS5588-4, the leakage allowance for GI duct should be at least 15%. Therefore the total actual supply flow rate should be calculated as’ Fan capacity= 5.75 x 1.15 = 6.61m%s (g) Calculation of air release rate required: The calculated air flow Q1 of 0.75mis through the open door between the staircase and the accommodation area at the fire-affected storey is = 1.38 m/s The air flow rate required to reliese (Qar) on fire-affected storey to outside = air flow Q1 for a single staircase x total no. of pressurization system operating simutanously Qar= Q1x2 1,38 x2 Lt i / 2.76m‘/s T i é VOR wake ng). MBA, C3.1.4 Calculation of maximum force required to open any door Design criteria for the maximum force required to open any door within the escape route should not exceed 133N applied at the door handle as stipulated in BS5588-4. ‘According to Clause 14.4 of BS5588-4, the maximum pressure differential across a door opening into a pressurized space should be determined as follows: P = [2x (F— Fac) x (W-d)]/ (Ax W) where, P __ is the pressure difference across the door (in Pa) Fee _ is the force needed to be applied at the door handle to overcome the inherent resistance of the door to opening without a pressure differential applied to the door, e.g. the door closer mechanism, etc. (in N) W_ is the door width (in m) A is the distance from the door knob to the knob side of the door (in m) d is the distance from the door knob to the knob inside of the door (in m) The maximum pressure difference between staircase to outdoor is 50Pa, Therefore’ P = 50Pa Since Fac is unknown, the maximum pressure difference of 60Pa is assumed for the design TotalP = 60Pa W= width of door = 0.9m Door area 0.9 x 2.05 1.845m? RPE (Bulk RP 0213101Assume the distance from the door knob to the knob inside of the door is 0.1m, from the abovementioned equation, maximum force can be calculated as follows: P = [2x (F—Fec) x (W-d)]/(Ax W) GO= [2x (F — Fac) x (0.9 - 0.05} / (1.845 x 0.9) F ~Fyc = 68.6N (9. <133N). _ won) Me (9/7[a015 Therefore the maximum force for open ofthe door is less than 433N~ leon '9/ Phas