Employment is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract where work is

paid for, where one party, which may be a corporation, for profit, not-for-profit organization, co-
operative or other entity is the employer and the other is the employee.[1] Employees work in
return for payment, which may be in the form of an hourly wage, by piecework or an
annual salary, depending on the type of work an employee does or which sector she or he is
working in. Employees in some fields or sectors may receive gratuities, bonus payment or stock
options. In some types of employment, employees may receive benefits in addition to payment.
Benefits can include health insurance, housing, disability insurance or use of a gym.
Employment is typically governed by employment laws or regulations or legal contracts.

Employment Type/Status

1. Regular – a position which is considered to be part of the established staff compliment;

will be recurring from year to year.
2. Short Term Temporary – a position which is established to respond to a temporary
increased workload not to exceed 6 months in duration.
3. Long Term Temporary – a position which is established to respond to a temporary
increased workload due to additional short term project or special initiative needs which
will extend 6 months or more, but not to exceed 2 years
4. Seasonal – a position which recurs during high (or peak) work or volume needs typically
associated with an established work schedule (can be either full or part time, as defined
above); assignment will be of a short duration (not to exceed 5 consecutive months) and
occurs during the same time periods from year to year; may be employed as either full or
part time during the period in which they are required

Livelihood
A person's livelihood refers to their "means of securing the basic necessities -food, water,
shelter and clothing- of life". Livelihood is defined as a set of activities, involving securing
water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing and the capacity to acquire above
necessities working either individually or as a group by using endowments (both human and
material) for meeting the requirements of the self and his/her household on a sustainable
basis with dignity. The activities are usually carried out repeatedly. [1] For instance, a
fisherman's livelihood depends on the availability and accessibility of fish.
The concept of Sustainable Livelihood (SL)[2][3][4][5] is an attempt to go beyond the
conventional definitions and approaches to poverty eradication.

income distribution
In economics, income distribution is how a nation’s total GDP is distributed amongst its
population.[1]
Income and its distribution have always been a central concern of economic theory
and economic policy. Classical economistssuch as Adam Smith, Thomas

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Malthus and David Ricardo were mainly concerned with factor income distribution, that is,
the distribution of income between the main factors of production, land, labour and capital.
Modern economists have also addressed this issue, but have been more concerned with
the distribution of income across individuals and households. Important theoretical and
policy concerns include the relationship between income inequality and economic growth.
The distribution of income within a society may be represented by the Lorenz curve. The
Lorenz curve is closely associated with measures of income inequality, such as the Gini
coefficient.

Measurement[edit]
Main article: Income inequality metrics

The concept of inequality is distinct from that of poverty[2] and fairness. Income inequality
metrics (or income distribution metrics) are used by social scientists to measure the
distribution of income, and economic inequality among the participants in a particular
economy, such as that of a specific country or of the world in general. While different
theories may try to explain how income inequality comes about, income
inequality metrics simply provide a system of measurement used to determine the
dispersion of incomes.

Causes[edit]
Main article: Economic inequality

Causes of income inequality and of levels of equality/inequality include: tax policies,

other economic policies, labor unionpolicies, Federal Reserve monetary policies & fiscal
polices, the market for labor, abilities of individual
workers, technologyand automation, education, globalization, gender, race, and culture.

GROSS NATIONAL INCOME

The gross national income (GNI) is the total domestic and foreign output claimed by
residents of a country, consisting of gross domestic product (GDP), plus factor
incomes earned by foreign residents, minus income earned in the domestic economy by
nonresidents (Todaro & Smith, 2011: 44) (all figures in millions of US dollars). Comparing
the GNI and GDP shows whether a nation's resources are put to capital creation or
declining toward abroad.
The gross national income has gradually replaced the gross national product (GNP) in
international statistics.[1][2] While being conceptually identical, it is calculated differently.[3]
Gross national income is the basis of calculation of the largest part of contributions to
the budget of the European Union

Quality of life (QOL)

Quality of life (QOL) is the general well-being of individuals and societies, outlining
negative and positive features of life. It observes life satisfaction, including everything from

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physical health, family, education, employment, wealth, religious beliefs, finance and the
environment.[1] QOL has a wide range of contexts, including the fields of international
development, healthcare, politics and employment. It is important not to mix up the concept
of QOL with a more recent growing area of health related QOL (HRQOL[2]). An assessment
of HRQOL is effectively an evaluation of QOL and its relationship with health.
Quality of life should not be confused with the concept of standard of living, which is based
primarily on income. Standard indicators of the quality of life include not only wealth and
employment but also the built environment, physical and mental health, education,
recreation and leisure time, and social belonging.[3][4]According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), quality of life is defined as “the individual’s perception of their position
in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to
their goals.” In comparison to WHO’s definitions, the Wang-Baker Faces scale defines
quality of life as “life quality (in this case, physical pain) at a precise moment in time.” [5]
According to ecological economist Robert Costanza:
While Quality of Life (QOL) has long been an explicit or implicit policy goal, adequate
definition and measurement have been elusive. Diverse "objective" and "subjective"
indicators across a range of disciplines and scales, and recent work on subjective well-
being (SWB) surveys and the psychology of happiness have spurred renewed interest.[6]
One approach, called engaged theory, outlined in the journal of Applied Research in the
Quality of Life, posits four domains in assessing quality of life: ecology, economics, politics
and culture.[7] In the domain of culture, for example, it includes the following subdomains of
quality of life:

 Identity and engagement

 Creativity and recreation
 Memory and projection
 Belief and ideas
 Gender and generations
 Enquiry and learning
 Wellbeing and health
Also frequently related are concepts such as freedom, human rights, and happiness.
However, since happiness is subjective and difficult to measure, other measures are
generally given priority. It has also been shown that happiness, as much as it can be
measured, does not necessarily increase correspondingly with the comfort that results from
increasing income. As a result, standard of living should not be taken to be a measure of
happiness.[3][8] Also sometimes considered related is the concept of human security, though
the latter may be considered at a more basic level and for all people