Describe Fluoroscein stain strips or drops Detection of corneal epithelial defects and of naso-

lacrimal duct patency

Describe Phenol Red Thread (PRT) test Thread inserted into conjunctival sac for 15 sec. and Color
changes by tear flow – a measure of tear production

Describe Rose bengal stain Detects dead cells – helps see viral dendritic lesions

What are some diagnostic ophthalmic agents? Fluoroscein stain strips or drops; Phenol Red Thread
(PRT) test; Rose bengal stain

What do Ocular Anesthetics do Anesthetize the corneal surface

What are the uses of ocular anesthetics For removal of foreign bodies or sutures; For use of instruments
to measure IOP; Aid in the application of a hydrophilic contact lens

What are some dosage forms of ocular anesthetics? Proparacaine and tetracaine

What is a contraindication of proparacaine store opened bottles in refrigerator, and warm before
using

What is a contraindication of tetracaine inhibits growth of microorganisms, so obtain any

culture samples before use

What do mydriatics do? Dilate pupil

What do cycloplegics do? paralyze the accommodative muscle of the ciliary body, to reduce pain
associated with ciliary spasms

What are som dosage forms of mydriatics and cycloplegics? Atropine sulfate - solution or ointment;
Homotropine hydrobromide ; Cyclopentolate hydrochloride (Cyclogyl, Pentolair); Tropicamide;
Phenylephrine; epinephrine

What is tropicamide used for? Mydriasis only

What is phenylephrine used for? Mydriasis only

What epinephrine used for in relation to ophthalmic agents? mydriasis and decreased intraocular
pressure

What is a contraindication of epinephrine? closed angle glaucoma

What do parasympathomimetics do? Produce pupillary constriction

What are parasympathomimetics used for? In tx of glaucomas

What is pilocarpine? A cholinergic

What is pilocarpine used for? tx for chronic open-angle glaucoma; also stimulates tear production in
neurogenic keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)

What is demecarium bromide (Humorsol)? Carbamate inhibitor

What is the use demecarium bromide (Humorsol)? Can reduce intraocular pressure in dogs for up
to 48 hours – use in opposite eye for prevention during crisis

What are some dosage forms of parasympathomimetics? Pilocarpine; Demecarium

bromide(Humorsol); Carbechol

What are sympathomomimetics? alpha-2 adrenergic agonists

What are some dosage forms of sympathomimetics? Apraclonidine; Brimonidine; Epinephrine

What does topical prostaglandins do? Increase the outflow tract for aqueous humor

What are some dosage forms of topical prostaglandins? Latanoprost (Xalantan); Bimatoprost
(Lumigan); Travoprost (Travatan)

What do sympathomimetics and topical prostaglandins do? Reduce Intraocular Pressure

How does carbonic anhydrase inhibitors reduce intraocular pressure? By decreasing the production of
aqueous humor

What are some dosage forms of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors? Dorzolamide HCl (Trusopt);
Brinzolamide HCl (Azopt)

What are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors for? Primary open-angle glaucoma

How do beta-adrenergic antagonist reduce intraocular pressure? By decreasing the production of

aqueous humor

What is a dosage form of a beta-adrenergic antagonist? Timolol maleate

What is timolol maleate used for? Used in contralateral eye of glaucoma patient as preventative

What is a contraindication of timolol maleate? Use caution in asthmatic cats

How do osmotic diuretics reduce intraocular pressure? By drawing fluid from tissue including the eye

What is a dosage form for osmotic diuretics? Mannitol

What is a contraindication of mannitol? Administer slowly IV in emergency situations

What are side effects of mannitol? fluid/electrolyte imbalance, nausea, vomiting, pulmonary
edema, congestive heart failure, and tachycardia

What does NSAIDs stand for? Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

What are NSAIDS used to treat in relation to ophthalmics? uveitis, or postsurgical inflammation in
cataract surgery

What are some dosage forms of NSAIDs in relation to ophthalmics? Flurbiprofen sodium (Ocufen);
Ketorolac tromethamine (Acular); Diclofenac sodium (Voltaren); Suprofen (Profenal)

What is a side effect of flurbiprofen? May rarely cause immunosuppression

What are corticosteroids used for in relation to ophthalmic agents? tx inflammation of the cornea,
iris, conjunctiva, sclera, and anterior uvea

What are contraindicated in use of corticosteroids in relation to ophthalmic agents? contraindicated

in deep corneal ulcers, fungal infections, viral infections

What are some dosage forms of corticosteroids in relation to ophthalmic agents? Prednisolone;
Dexamethasone; Betamethasone; Fluoromethalone; Loteprednol; Rimexalone

What are antiinfectives or antibacterial agents used for in relation to ophthalmic agents? tx
superficial bacterial ocular infections

What are some dosage forms of antibacterial agents in relation to ophthalmic agents?
Bacitracin/neomycin/polymixin-B (Triple AB); Chloramphenicol (antagonistic w/
aminoglycosides); Gentamicin (aminoglycoside); Oxytetracycline; Fluoroquinalones (ciprofloxacin,
moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin); Tobramycin; Sulfacetamide

What are antifungal agents used for in relation to ophthalmic agents? Tx mycotic endophthalmitis

What are some dosage forms of antifungal agents in relation to ophthalmic agents? Natamycin
(Natacyn); Itraconazole (may be compounded with DMSO); Povidone iodine 0.5-1% solution; Miconazole
1%

What are antiviral agents used for in relation to ophthalmic agents? To treat simplex keratitis in cats

What are some dosage forms of antiviral agents in relation to ophthalmic agents? Idoxuridine
(Stoxil); Trifluridine (Viroptic); Interferon Alpha; Acyclovir

What is a side effect of acyclovir? May cause fatal myeloid dysplasia in cats

What are cyclosporine, artificial tears, and lubricants used for? To treat keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry
eye) and chronic superficial keratitis (CSK or German Shepherd pannus)

How does cyclosporine treat dry eye and CSK? Stimulates increased tear production

What can artificial tears be used for? may be adjunct therapy for KCS/CSK

What can lubricants be used for? used during anesthetic procedures or as protectives for
preventing soap burns when bathing

What are anticollagenase agents used for in relation to ophthalmic agents? Used to protect against
the melting effects of collagenase and protease enzymes on the cornea

What are viscoelastic substances used for in relation to ophthalmic agents? Used in ophthalmic
surgery to minimize the loss of fluid from the anterior chamber and to maintain the ocular space during
surgery

What are some dosage forms of anticollagenase agents? Acetylcysteine ophthalmic; Edetate
disodium ophthalmic

What is it best to do before tx of an ear? flush ear canal and remove hair
What are some commonly used antiinfective agents in relation to otic drugs? Gentamicin sulfate;
Chloramphenicol (CHPC); Neomycin combined with c-steroids; Enrofloxacin in combo with silver
sulfadiazine or with ketoconazole and triamcinalone (BNT)

What is a side effect of gentamicin? Potentially ototoxic

What is a contraindication of gentamicin? do not use with ruptured tympanic membrane

What are some antiparasitic drugs in relation to otic drugs? Pyrethrins (Cerumite, Mita-clear, etc.);
Retenone (Mitaplex-R, etc.); Ivermectin (Acarexx) or cattle Ivomec (extra-label use); Milbemycin
(MilbeMite); Frontline (extra-label use)

What are drying agents used for otic drugs? Removing moisture from ear canals makes them a less
conducive environment for bacteria and yeasts

What are some drying agents used as otic drugs? Tannic acid, salicylic acid, acetic acid, or boric
acid

What may otic cleaning agents contain? Antimicrobials, anesthetics, drying agents, squalane (softens
wax)

What does Tris-EDTA, an otic drug, do? removes calcium and magnesium ions from the covering/cell
walls of bacteria, making them more susceptible to the antiinfectives