Physics Times July 19

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Physics Times July 19

By: ESWAR REDDY ALLA

ALLA(Bangalore)
B. MADHU (Bangalore)
Introduction Eg : Gravitational force, Elastic force,
Forces in nature can be divided into two types: Electrostatic force etc.
(i) Conservative force  All central forces are conservative forces.
(ii) Nonconservative force  A conservative force is only a function of
In this article we have discussed two different position not of velocity or time.
methods to verify a given force as dU
conservative or non-conservative. In one  Under conservative force, F   where
dx
method we assume a closed path of our choice
U is Potential Energy.
and find the work done in that path. The  
second method is a short-cut method.  Change in potential energy, dU    F  d x
 A conservative force is always related to
(i) Conservative force potential energy as
If work done by the force around a closed
  
   
path is zero and it is independent of path F  U ,   i  j  k
x y z
then it is a conservative force.
Consider two points A and B. A body can
 Where  is called as dell
be displaced by any of the three paths The property of a conservative force is
shown in the figure.      
 
  F    U      U    0  U  0
 
Where   F is also called as Curl F

i j k
    
 F  0  0
x y z
Fx Fy Fz
If WA B  WA B  WA B
Path I Path II Path III

      i  Fz  Fy   j  Fz  Fx   k  Fy  Fx   0

   x  
 F .dl   F .dl   F .dl  y z   z   x y 
Path I Path II Path III
Fz Fy F Fy
 As work is independent of the path then  0 z   i
y z y z
the force is conservative.

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 Physics Times July 19

Similarly we get y  0  dy  0
Fz Fx Fy Fx
   ii  &    iii  WOA   Fx dx   Fy dy
x z x y
x2 y 0

For a given force vector F  Fx i  Fy j  Fz k   xy 2 dx   yx 2 dy

x 0 y 0
the force is said to be conservative if it satisfies
all the three equations. For a two dimensional   x(0) 2 dx   0( x 2 )0
force F  Fx i  Fy j the force is said to be  00  0
conservative if it satisfies the 3rd equation Path (AB)
Along AB x = constant = 2  dx  0
Fy Fx
  Fz  0  . y  changes from 0  2
x y
dy  0

(ii) Non-conservative force: WAB   Fx dx   Fy dy

The work done by a non conservative force
x2 y 2
depends on the path followed by a body.  xy 2 dx  yx 2 dy
e.g: Friction, air resistance etc.. x2
 
y0

2
1. Verify whether the given force is conservative   2( y )2 (0)   y (22 )dy
or not 0

F  xy iˆ  yx 2 ˆj
2
2 2
 y2  4
1.Sol: Method-I  4  ydy  4    4   8
0 2
 0 2
If the work done by a force is independent of
the path followed by the body then it is a WO  A B  8 .
conservative force. Path (OB)
Consider any closed path. For simplicity OB is a straight line
consider a triangle OAB as shown in the figure. x  changes from 0  2 dx  0
If the work done along O  A  B and
y  changes from 0  2 dy  0
O  B are equal then the given force is
conservative. The relation between x and y is
 20 
y  mx  y  x  m   1
 2  0 
WOB   Fx dx   Fy dy

x2 y 2

  xy 2 dx   yx 2 dy
x 0 y0

2 2
Here the coordinates of A and B can be taken  3 3

anywhere.
 x dx   y dy
0 0

Path (OA) 2 2
Along OA x - changes from 0 to 2  x4   y4 
    
 dx  0  4 0  4 0
y - remains constant

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Physics Times July 19

 24   24  GmM
2.Sol : F  rˆ
  0    0  8 r2
4  4 
WOAB  WOB
The given force is conservative.
(Method-II)
The given force F  Fx iˆ  Fy ˆj  Fz kˆ is said to
be conservative if it satisfies the following three
equations,
Fx Fy
 (1) r  xiˆ  yjˆ
y x
r  x2  y 2
Fy F
 Z (2)
z y rˆ  cos iˆ  sin ˆj

Fz Fx xˆ y ˆ
 (3) rˆ  i j
x z r r
For a two dimensional force C  x ˆ y ˆ
F 2  i  j
F  Fx iˆ  Fy ˆj then the force is conservative if r r 
it satisfies eq (1)
 x2  y 2 
(where C = GmM)
Given F  xy 2iˆ  yx 2 ˆj
Cx Cy
Fx  xy 2 Fy  x 2 y F iˆ  ˆj
2 3/ 2 3/ 2
x  y
2
  x  y2 
2

Fx 
 ( xy 2 ) Cx Cy
y y Fx  Fy 
2 3/ 2 3/ 2


x 2
y  x 2
 y2 
 x (y2)
y  
Fx  Cx
  
 x(2 y )  2 xy y y   x 2  y 2 3/ 2 
 
Fy   2 3/ 2
 ( yx 2 )  Cx  x  y 2 
x x y
3 5/ 2
 2   Cx  x 2  y 2  (2 y )
y ( x )  y (2 x)  2 xy 2
y
Fx 5 / 2
The given force is conservative   3Cxy  x 2  y 2 
y
2. Consider the gravitation force between two
masses m and M  
Fx  Cy
  
GmM GmM y x   x 2  y 2 3/ 2 
F 2
rˆ  r  
r r3
 2 2 3/ 2
Where r is the radial vector drawn from the  Cy  x  y 
x
centre of M to the centre of m. Verify whether
it is a conservative or not.

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 Physics Times July

3 5/ 2  (d) None of the above

  Cy  x 2  y 2   x2  y2 
2 x 6. Which of the following statements are correct?
3 5/ 2 A. If a particle moves opposite to the
2

  Cy x 2  y 2  (2 x)
conservative field, potential energy will
Fy  5/ 2 increases
 3Cxy  x 2  y 2 
x B. If a particle moves in the direction of
F F
conservative field, the potential energy will
y x
As x  y the gravitational force is increase
C. If a particle moves opposite to the
conservative. conservative field, work done by the field
will be positive
D. If a particle moves opposite to the conserv
ative field, work done by the field will be
negative
(a) A, C (b) A, D
1. When a conservative force does positive work (c) B, C (d) B, D
on a body: 7. If W1 , W2 and W3 represent the work done in
(a) The potential energy increases moving a particle from A to B along three
(b) The potential energy decreases different paths 1,2 and 3 respectively in the
(c) Total energy increases gravitational field of a point mass m. Find the
(d) Total energy decreases
correct relation between W1 , W2 and W3 .
2. Which one of the following is not a
conservative force?
(a) Electrostatic force (b) Magnetic force
(c) Friction (d) Gravitational force
3. In which of the following cases can the work
done increase the potential energy?
(a) Conservative force only
(a) W1  W2  W3 (b) W1  W2  W3
(b) Non-conservative force only
(c) Neither conservative nor non-conservative (c) W1  W2  W3 (d) W1  W2  W3
forces 8. Negative of work done by the conservative
(d) Both conservative and non-conservative forces on a system is equal to :
forces (a) The change in kinetic energy of the system
4. Work done by a conservative force (b) The change in potential energy of the
(a) Never depends on path system
(b) May depend on path (c) The change in total mechanical energy of
(c) Is not related to potential energy the system
(d) None of these (d) None of these
5. Work done by the conservative forces on a 9. Which of the following force is conservative
system is equal to (a) 5 ˆj (b) 6kˆ
(a) The change in kinetic energy of the system
(b) The (-ve) of change in potential energy of (c) 2iˆ (d) All of the above
the system 10. Which of the following is a conservative
(c) The (-ve) change in total mechanical energy force?
of the system (a) xy 2iˆ  x 2 yjˆ (b) xy iˆ  xy ˆj

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Physics Times July

(c) y 2 iˆ  x 2 ˆj (d) y iˆ  x 2 ˆj Fx Fy


11. Verify whether the following forces are y x

conservative or not. F  xy 2iˆ  x 2 y ˆj
(1) F  xyiˆ  xyjˆ Ans : Non conservative Fx  xy 2 , Fy  x 2 y

(2) F  xiˆ  yjˆ Ans : conservative Fx 

  xy 2   2 xy
y y
r̂
(3) F  Ans : conservative
r3 Fy  2
(4) F  r rˆ
2 Ans : conservative x

x
 x y   2 xy
(5) F  Ciˆ (C - is a constant) Fx Fy
Ans : conservative  
y x

F  xyiˆ  xy ˆj
Fx  xy, Fy  xy

1. b 2. c 3. a 4. a 5. b Fx Fy
 x& y
6. b 7. a 8. b 9. d 10. a y x

Fx Fy
 
y x

1.Sol: Positive work done by a conservative force F  y 2iˆ  x 2 ˆj
always decreases the potential energy Fx  y 2 , Fy  x 2
W  U
 U  (W)  ( ve)   ve Fx 
  y2   2 y
2.Sol: Among the given forces, force of friction y y
is a non-conservative force whereas all other
Fy  2
forces are conservative forces.
x

x
 x   2x
3.Sol: In case of non-conservative forces, the
work done is dissipated as heat, sound etc, i.e., Fy Fx
it does not increase the potential energy. 
x y
4.Sol: Conceptual 
5.Sol: W  U F  yiˆ  x 2 ˆj
6.Sol: Conceptual
Fx  y, Fy  x 2
7.Sol: Gravitational force is a conservative force
and work done against it does not depend on Fx Fy
 1,  2x
the path. y x
8.Sol: Conceptual Fx Fy
9.Sol: Any constant force is a conservative force. 
y x

10.Sol: If the force F  Fx iˆ  Fy ˆj is conservative So option (a) is correct.
then

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 Physics Times July 19

ANGULAR IMPULSE

1. Two particles of equal mass m at A and B are

connected by a rigid light rod AB lying on a smooth
horizontal table. An impulse J is applied at A in the
plane of the table and perpendicular to AB. The
velocity of particle at A is:

v v 3v
(a) (b) (c) v (d)
6 5 5
4. A solid sphere of mass M and radius R is placed
on a rough horizontal surface. It is struck by a
horizontal cue stick at a height h above the
surface. The value of h so that the sphere
2J J J
(a) (b) Zero (c) (d) performs pure rolling motion immediately after
m m 2m it has been struck is
2. An impulse J is applied on a ring of mass m along a
line passing through its centre O. The ring is placed
on a rough horizontal surface. The linear velocity of
centre of ring once it starts rolling without slipping
is

7R 2R 9R 5R
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 5 5
5. Consider a body, shown in the figure, consisting
(a) J/3m (b) J/m (c) J/4m (d) J/2m of two identical balls, each of mass M connected
3. A uniform solid sphere of radius r is rolling on a by a light rigid rod. If an impulse J = Mv is
smooth horizontal surface with velocity v and angular imparted to the body at one of its ends, what
would be its angular velocity?
velocity   v   r  . The sphere collides with the
wall as shown in the figure. The coefficient of friction
between the sphere and the edge   1/ 5. Just after
the collision the angular velocity of the sphere
becomes zero. The linear velocity of the sphere just
after the collision is equal to (a) V/L (b) 2V/L (c) V/3L (d) V/4L

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Physics Times July 19

6. An impulse J is exerted on a rod of mass m and

length L at a distance x from the C.M. Find the
value of x at which the net velocity of point P is
zero. 1. c 2. d 3. c 4. a 5. a
6. d 7. c 8. a

1.Sol: Let l is the length of the rod.

J
v
L L L L 2m
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 8 3 6 2 2
l  l l 
7. A cockroach of mass m is moving on the rim of a J    m    m   
disc with velocity v in the anticlockwise direction.  2    2  2 
The moment of inertia of the disc about its own
J
axis is I and it is rotating in the clockwise direction 
with angular speed  . If the cockroach stops ml
moving then the angular speed of the disc will be l J J J
 vA  v     
I   mvR I   mvR 2 2m 2m m
(a) (b)
I I  mR 2 2.Sol: Let v be the velocity of COM of ring just after
the impulse is applied and v’ its velocity when pure
I   mvR I rolling starts. Angular velocity  of the ring at
(c) (d)
I  mR 2 I  mR 2
v'
8. The two uniform discs rotate separately on parallel this instant will be   .
axles. The upper disc (radius a and momentum of r
inertia I1 ) is given an angular velocity 0 and the
lower disc of (radius b and momentum of inertia
I 2 ) is at rest. Now the two discs are moved together
so that their rims touch. Final angular velocity of
the upper disc is From impulse = change in linear momentum, we
have
J = mv  v = J/m
Between the two positions shown in the figure,
force of friction on the ring acts backwards.
Angular momentum of the ring about bottom most
point will remain conserved
 Li  L f
mvr  mv ' r  I 
 I10   I10  mv ' r   mr 2   v '/ r   2mv ' r
(a)  I  a 2 I / b 2  (b)  I  b 2 I / a 2 
 1  2   1  2  v J
v'  
2 2m
 I 20   I 20  3.Sol: Impulse provided by the edge in the horizontal
(c)  I  b 2 I / a 2  (d)  I  a 2 I / b 2 
 2  1   2 1 
 direction:

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 Physics Times July 19

'
 Ndt  mv   mv  (i)
Angular impulse by friction in the vertical direction
2 v
fR   R  Ndt  mR 2   (ii)
5 R

As the point P velocity is zero.

l
vP  v    0
2
l
v 
2
L
From eqs. (i) and (ii), we get From the above three eq’s x 
'
6
 Ndt  2mV and v v 7.Sol: Li  I   mvR
4.Sol: Let v be the velocity of the centre of mass of L f   I  mR 2   '
the sphere and  be the angular velocity of the
I   mvR
body about an axis passing through the centre of L f  Li   ' 
mass. I  mR 2
8.Sol: The two discs exert equal and opposite forces
The linear impulse is
on each other when in contact. The torque due to
J = Mv
these forces changes the angular momentum of
The angular impulse is
2 each disc. Let 1 and 2 are the angular velocities
J  h  R   MR 2   of the two discs.
5
2 2
From the above two equations, v  h  R   R 
5
From the condition of pure rolling, v  R
2R 7R
hR  h
5 5
5.Sol: Given system of two particles will rotate about
its centre of mass. The angular impulse on the two discs are
L fat  I1 0  1  (i)
Initial angular momentum  Mv  
2 and fbt  I 22 (ii)
2
 L From eqns. (i) and (ii), we get
Final angular momentum  2 M   
2 a I1 0  1 
 (iii)
From conservation of angular momentum b I 22
2 When slipping ceases between the discs, the
L L v contact points of the two discs have the same linear
Mv    2 M      
2 2 L velocity, i.e.,
6.Sol: From linear impluse a1  b2 (iv)
J = mv (v-velocity of CM)
From angular impluse On substituting 2 in eq’s (iii), we get

mL2  I10 
Jx   1 
12  I1   a 2 I 2 / b 2  
 

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Physics Times July 19

PAPER-1

SECTION-1
Single answer type questions constant 4.5  1010 per year or into stable
40
1. A thin spherical insulating shell of radius R 18
Ar
carries a uniformly distributed charge such that nuclei with decay constant 0.5  1010 per
the potential at its surface is V0. A hole with
year.
small area  4 R 2 (  1) is made on the Given that in this sample all the stable 40
Ca
20
shell without affecting the rest of the shell. 40 40
Which one of the following statement is and 18 Ar nuclei are produced by the 19 K
correct. nuclei only. In time t × 109 years, if the ratio
(a) The ratio of the potential at the center of of the sum of stable 2040Ca and 1840 Ar nuclei to
1 the radioactive 1940 K nuclei is 99, the value of t
the shell to that of the point at R from
2 will be. [Given : ln 10 = 2.3]
(a) 9.2 (c) 1.15 (c) 4.6 (d) 2.3
1
center towards the hole will be 3. A current carrying wire heats a metal rod.
1  2 The wire provides a constant power (P) to
(b) The potential at the centre of shell is the rod. The metal rod is enclosed in an
reduced by 2V0 insulated container. It is observed that the
(c) The magnitude of electric field at the center temperature (T) in the metal rod changes
with time (t) as
V0
of the shell is reduced by T (t )  T0 (1   t 1/4 )
2R
(d) The magnitude of electric field at a point, where  is a constant with appropriate
located on a line passing through the hole dimension while T0 is a constant with
and shell’s center, on a distance 2R from dimension of temperature.
the center of the spherical shell will be The heat capacity of metal is:
V0 4P(T (t )  T0 ) 4 4P(T (t )  T0 )3
reduced by (a) (b)
2R  4T05  4T04
40
2. In a radioactive sample K nuclei either
19
4 P(T (t )  T0 ) 4P(T (t )  T0 ) 2
40
decay into stable 20 Ca nuclei with decay (c)  4T02 (d)  4T03

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 Physics Times July 19

4. Consider a spherical gaseous cloud of mass internal resistance of 5  then the

density  (r ) in a free space where r is the measured value of R will be more than
radial distance from its centre. The gaseous 1000 
cloud is made of particles of equal mass m (d) The measured value of R will be
moving in circular orbits about their common
978   R  982 
centre with the same kinetic energy K. The
force acting on the particles is their mutual 3. A conducting wire of parabolic shape, y = x2,

gravitational force. If  (r ) is constant in is moving with velocity V  V0 iˆ in a non-
time. The particle number density
   y   ˆ
n(r )   (r )/m is : (G = universal B B
uniform magnetic field   1   L   k
0 
gravitational constant)  
K K as shown in figure. If V0, B0, L and  are
(a) (b)
6 r 2 m2 G  r m2G
2
positive constants and  is the potential
3K K difference developed between the ends of the
(c) (d)
 r 2 m 2G 2 r 2 m2 G wire, then the correct statements(s) is/are :

SECTION-2
More than one answer type questions
1. Let us consider a system of units in which mass
and angular momentum are
dimensionless. If length has dimension of L,
which of the following in statement(s) is/are 4
correct? (a)   B0V0 L for   2
3
(a) The dimension of force is L–3 (b)  remains same if the parabolic wire is
(b) The dimension of power is L–5
replaced by a straight wire, y = x, initially,
(c) The dimension of energy is L–2
(d) The dimension of linear momentum is L–1 of length 2l
2. Two identical moving coil galvanometers have 1
(c)   B0V0 L for   0
10 resistance and full scale deflection at 2
2  A current. One of them is converted into (d)  is proportional to the length of wire
projected on y-axis
a voltmeter of 100 mV full scale reading and
4. In the circuit shown, initially there is no charge
the other into an Ammeter of 1mA full scale
on capacitors and keys S1 and S2 are open.
current using appropriate resistors. These are
The values of the capacitors are
then used to measure the voltage and current
in the Ohm’s law experiment with R  1000  C1  10  F , C2  30 F and C3  C4  80  F .
resistor by using an ideal cell. Which of the Which statements is/are correct :
following statement(s) is/are correct ?
(a) The resistance of the Voltmeter will be
100 k 
(b) The resistance of the Ammeter will be
0.02  (round off to 2nd decimal place)
(c) If the ideal cell is replaced by a cell having

11
Physics Times July 19

(a) The key S1 is kept closed for long time of water = 1000 kg/m3, take g = 10 m/s2]
such that capacitors are fully charged. Now
key S2 is closed, at this time the
instantaneous current across 30 resistor
(between points P & Q) will be 0.2A (round
off to 1st decimal place).
(b) If key S1 is kept closed for long time such
that capacitors are fully charged, the (a) For case I, if the joint is kept at 8 cm above
voltage across C1 will be 4V. the water surface, the height of water
(c) At time t = 0, the key S1 is closed, the column in the tube will be 7.5 cm. (Neglect
instantaneous current in the closed circuit the weight of the water in the meniscus)
will be 25 mA (b) For case I, capillary joint is 5cm above the
(d) if S1 is kept closed for long time such that water surface, the height of water column
capacitors are fully charged, the voltage raised in the tube will be more than 8.75
difference between P and Q will be 10V. cm. (Neglect the weight of the water in
5. A charged shell of radius R carries a total the meniscus)
(c) The correction in the height of water
charge Q. Given  as the flux of electric field
column raised in the tube, due to weight of
through a closed cylindrical surface of height water contained in the meniscus, will be
h, radius r and with its center same as that of different for both cases.
the shell. Here center of cylinder is a point on (d) For case II, the capillary joint is 5 cm above
the axis of the cylinder which is equidistant the water surface, the height of water
from its top and bottom surfaces. column raised in the tube will be 3.75 cm.
Which of the following option(s) is are correct (Neglect the weight of the water in the
[  0 is the permittivity of free space] meniscus)
7. A thin convex lens is made of two materials
4R Q
(a) If h  2 R and r  then   5 with refractive indices n1 and n2, as shown in
5 0 figure. The radius of curvature of the left and
Q right spherical surfaces are equal. f is the focal
3R
(b) If h  2 R and r  then   5 length of the lens when n1 = n2 = n. The focal
5 0
length is f  f when n1 = n and n2  n  n .
8R 3R
(c) If h  and r  then   0 Assuming n  ( n  1) and (1 < n < 2), the
5 5
correct statement(s) is/are
Q
(d) If h  2 R and r  R then   
0

6. A cylindrical capillary tube of 0.2 mm radius

is made by joining two capillaries T1 and T2 of
different materials having water contact angles
of 0o and 60o respectively. The capillary tube
  n f
(a) If  0 then 0
is dipped vertically in water in two different n f
configurations, case I and II as shown in figure. (b) For n = 1.5, n  103 and f  20cm , the
Which of the following option(s) is (are)
correct? value of f will be 0.02 cm (round off to
[Surface tension of water = 0.075N/m, density 2nd decimal place).

12
 Physics Times July 19

very large N(>103), the capacitance C is

f n
(c) 
f n  K 0 A 
  . The value of  will be _____ .
 d ln 2 
f n
(d) The relation between and remains [ 0 is the permittivity of free space]
f n
2. A planar structure of length L and width W is
unchanged if both the convex surfaces are made of two different optical media of
replaced by concave surfaces of the same refractive indices n1 = 1.5 and n2 = 1.44 as
radius of curvature. shown in figure. If L >> W, a ray entering
8. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas goes from end AB will emerge from end CD only if
through a thermodynamic cycle, as shown in the total internal reflection condition is met
the volume versus temperature (V-T) diagram. inside the structure. For L = 9.6 m, if the
The correct statement(s) is/are : [R is the gas
incident angle  is varied, the maximum time
constant)
taken by a ray to exit the plane CD is t  109
s, where t is _____ .
[Speed of light c = 3 × 108 m/s]

(a) Work done in this thermodynamic cycle

1
(1  2  3  4  1) is W  RT0
2
(b) The ratio of heat transfer during processes 3. A liquid at 30° C is poured very slowly into a
Q12 5 Calorimeter that is at temperature of 110°C.
1  2 and 2  3 is Q  3 The boiling temperature of the liquid is 80°C.
23
It is found that the first 5 gm of the liquid
(c) The above thermodynamic cycle exhibits completely evaporates.
only isochoric and adiabatic processes. After pouring another 80 gm of the liquid the
(d) The ratio of heat transfer during processes equilibrium temperature is found to be 50°C.
The ratio of the Latent heat of the liquid to its
Q12 1 specific heat will be _____ ºC. (Neglect the
1  2 and 3  4 is Q  2
23 heat exchange with surrounding]
4. A particle is moved along a path AB–BC–
SECTION-3 CD–DE–EF–FA, as shown in figure in

Integer Type Questions  
presence of a force F   yiˆ  2 xjˆ N ,
1. A parallel plate capacitor of capacitance C has where x and y are in meter and  w  1 Nm 1 .
spacing d between two plates having area A.
The work done on the particle by this force
The region between the plates is filled with N 
dielectric layers, parallel to its plates, each with F will be ____ joule
d
thickness   . The dielectric constant of
N
 m
the mth s layer is K m  K 1   . For a
 N

13
Physics Times July 19

5. A train S1, moving with a uniform velocity of 4. (b, c) 5. (b,c,d) 6. (a,c&d)

108 km/h, approaches another train S2 standing 7. (a,b&d) 8. (a,b)
on a platform. An observer O moves with a
uniform velocity of 36 km/h towards S2, as SECTION-3
shown in figure. Both the trains are blowing 1. 1.00 2. 50.00 3. 270.00, 120.00
whistles of same frequency 120 Hz. When O 4. 0.75 5. 8.12 or 8.13 6. 2.00
is 600 m away from S2 and distance between
S1 and S2 is 800 m, the number of beats heard
by O is ______ .
(Speed of the sound = 330 m/s)
SECTION-1

1.Sol:
6. A block of weight 100 N is suspended by
copper and steel wires of same cross sectional
area 0.5 cm2 and, length 3m and 1 m, Let Q is the charge on the shell.
respectively. Their other ends are fixed on a Given that Potential at the surface is
ceiling as shown in figure. The angles KQ
V0 
subtended by copper and steel wires with R
ceiling are 30° and 60°, respectively. If Potential at C
KQ K ( Q)
elongation in copper wire is  lc  and VC    V0 (1   )
R R
elongation in steel wire is  ls  , then the ratio Potential at B
KQ K ( Q)
lC VB    V0 (1  2 )
R R /2
lS is ___ .
(Young’s modulus for copper and steel are 1 VC 1  
 
× 1011 N/m2 and 2 × 1011 N/m2, respectively) VB 1  2
Field at A
KQ K Q KQ V0
EA  2
  
(2 R) R2 4R2 R

V0
So reduced by
R
Field at C
As Field by the total shell at C is zero.
So we can assume the hole as a combination
SECTION-1 of dq and -dq. So the net Filed is only due to
1. a 2. a 3. b 4. d -dq.

SECTION-2 K ( Q) V0
EC  
1. (a,c&d) 2. (b, d) 3. (a,b&d) R2 R

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 Physics Times July 19

V0
So increased by
R

2.Sol:
GMm mv 2 2  1 2 
   mv 
r2 r r2 
At t  0
GMm 2 K 2 Kr
dN    M
   1  2  t r 2
r Gm
dt
on integrating 2K 2K
 dM  dr  4 r 2 dr   dr
Gm Gm
 N 
log e      1  2  t K
 N0   
2 Gmr 2
Given that  K
 
N0  N m 2 Gm2 r 2
 99  N 0  100 N
N
SECTION-2
 N  10 1.Sol: Given that [ M ]  [ Mass ]  [ M 0 L0T 0 ]
2.3  log10     5  10 t
 N  100  [J] = [Angular momentum]  [ ML2T 1 ]
t  9.2  10 Year 9
[ L]  [Length]
3.Sol: dQ  Cdt Now; [ M 0 L2T 1 ]  [Dimensionless quantity]
where C is the heat capacity per unit mass
 [ L2 ]  [T ]
dQ dT
 C. Power [P] = [ M 0 LT 2 .LT 1 ]
dt dt
 [ M 0 L2T 3 ]
1
P  C  T0     t 3/4 [ P ]  [ L4 ]
4
Energy = [ M 0 LT 2  L]
4P
 t 3/4  C  [ L2 L4 ]  [ L2 ]
T0 .
Force [F]  [ F ]  [ M 0 LT 2 ]  [ L. L4 ]  [ L3 ]
Now T  T0  T0  t 1/4
3
Linear momentum [ p ]  [ M 0 LT 1 ]  [ L.L2 ]
 T  T0 
 t 3/4    [ p]  [ L1 ]
 T0  
2.Sol:
4 P(T  T0 )3
 C V  100  10 3 V  10 1 V
T04  4
4.Sol: Let M is the mass of the sphere having V  I g ( Rg  RV )
radius r

15
Physics Times July 19

101 For calculating the motional emf across the

 Rg  RV length of the wire, let us project wire such that
2  106   
B,V , l becomes mutually orthogonal. Thus
5  10 4   RV ( Rg  RV )
  y  
d   BV0 dy  B0 1     V0 dy
 L 

L
  y 
   B0  1     V0 dy
0  L 

 1 
 B0V0 L 1  
   1
I g Rg  ( I  I g ) S emf in loop is proportional to L for given value
of  .
for
  0 ;   2B0V0 L
2  106  10
S  3  20 mA  1 4
10  2  106   2 ;   B0V0 L 1    B0V0 L
 2mA  3 3
The length of the projection of the wire y = x
SG
RA  of length 2L on the y-axis is L thus the
S G
answer remain unchanged
20  103  10
RA   20  103 
10
 
i  4.Sol:
3
 10  RV   1000  50  103 
 3  RA   
 10  RV   51  103 
Just after closing of switch S1 charge on
51 capacitors is zero.

5  104
 R A
 0
 Replace all capacitors with wire.

 RV  
i'  i 3 

 51 10  1000
Measured resistance
i '1000  5 104
 Rm    5 104   980.4 
i 51 51
5 5
i   25mA
70  100  30 200
Now S1 is kept closed for long time and the
3.Sol: circuit is in steady state. Current does not flow
in the circuit.

16
 Physics Times July 19

8R 3R
If h  & r
5 5

q q q
  5  0
10 80 80
10q
 5  q  40  C
80
 V across C1  40 / 10  4V 8R
So for h    0
Now just after closing of S2 charge on each 5
capacitor remain same.
4R
If for h  2 R & r 
5

10  x  30  40 / 10  y  70  0
30 x  70 y  6 (1)
40 40 Q 2Q
  5  ( x  y )30   ( x  y )  100  10 Qenclosed  2  2 (1  cos53 )  
80 80 4 5
 x  30  0 2Q
160 x  130 y  6  0 (2)    5
0

y  96 / 1510
4R 2Q
x  0.05amp  For h  2 R r     5
5 0
Correct option – 2, 3
5.Sol: If h  2 R rR 3R
If h  2R & r 
5
o Q Q
qenclosed  2  2 (1  cos37 ) 

4 5
Q
   5
0

6.Sol: When only single material tubes are used

o
2T cos1 2  0.075  cos 0 

h1    7.5cm
Q  rg 1000  2  104  10

 0 clearly from Gauss’ Law

17
Physics Times July 19

o
2T cos 2 2  0.075  cos 60  1 1 1
h2    3.75cm  (n  n  1)   
 rg 1000  2  104  10 f2 R 
Case-1 1 (n  1) 1
  (n  n  1)  
f  f R R
1 2n  n  2
 (2)
f  f R
2(n  1)
f  f R

(1)/ (2)  f 2n  n  2
R
Therefore, Option (a) is correct f 2(n  1)
1 
Case-1 f 2n  n  2
f n

f (2n  n  2)
f 103
  f 0  2  102
20 3  103  2
f 0  0.02cm

(2) Liquid will rise only upto height of 5 cm

and meniscus will adjust by changing its
radius of curvature. 8.Sol:
If the liquid goes up in tube 2 then it will
not be able to support the weight of the
liquid
(3) Weight of water in meniscus will be  Q12 nCP T12 T
  0 2
different in two cases because angle of  Q34 nCP T34 T0 /2
contact is different .
(4) Case-1I  Q12 nCP T12 CP 5
  
 Q23 nCV T23 CV 3

 T  RT
Wcycle  PV
0 0
 nR  0   0
2 2
option (c) is wrong as no adiabatic process is
involved
Correct options are a,b
1 2(n  1)
7.Sol: For n1  n2  n f  R (1)

1 1 1
 (n  1)   
f1 R 

18
 Physics Times July 19

SECTION-3  Total length traveled by light

25
  9.6  10m
24
10
t  5  10 8
 3  108
1.Sol: 1.5
t  50 ns
3.Sol: Let S, L & W are the specific heat of liquid,
latent heat of liquid and water equivalent of
x D calorimeter respectively
 Case-1 If calorimeter is open and after
m N
evaporation liquid escapes
1 dx dx 5  S  (80  30)  5 L  W  30 (1)
d  
 C  K m 0 A K  A 1  m  80  S  20  W  30
0  
 N 80  S  20  5  S  50  5 L
5 L  1350 S
dx
 L
 x  270
K  0 A 1  
 D S
Case-2 If calorimeter is closed (vapour does
D
1 1 Ddx not escape)
 d   
Ceq  C  0 K  0 A( D  x) Heat gain = Heat loss
5S (80  30)  5 L  W (110  80)
1 D 250S + 5L = W × 30 (1)
 ln (2)
Ceq K  0 A Now 80gm liquid is poured
Heat gain = Heat loss
K 0 A
Ceq  . Therefore   1 Here final temperature  50 C
o

D ln 2
80  S  20  5 L  5S  30  W  30 (2)
From (1) & (2)
L
 120Ans
2.Sol: S
 
4.Sol: The small work done is dW  F . dr
1.5sin  c  1.44sin 90 dW   ydx  2 xdy

1.44 24 A  B y  1, dy  0
sin C  
1.50 25 1

 WAB    ydx    1  dx  
x 24 0
 sin C  
d 25 B  C x  1, dx  0
25 x 0.5
d  WB C  2 1  dy  2 (0.5)  
1
24

19
Physics Times July 19

C  D y  0.5 dy  0  330  10 cos53   330  10  

f b  120   
0.5
1 0.5   330  30 cos37   330  
 WCD    ydx   .  dx  
21 4  336 34 
1
 120     8.128 Hz
 306 33 
0.5 
 dx  
1
4
E  F , y  0, dy  0, WEF  0
F  A x  0, dx  0, WF  A  0 6.Sol:

  3
 W      
4 2 4 Ts 3
Given   1  Tc
2 2
 W  0.75 J
Ts  3Tc

lc  Tc  lc  Ys   1   3 
       
ls  Ts  ls  Yc   3   1 
5.Sol:
 2  1011 
 1  1011   2
 

20
 Physics Times July 19

KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 5. A gas molecule of mass M at the surface of

[ONLINE QUESTIONS] the Earth has kinetic energy equivalent to 0C.
1. N moles of a diatomic gas in a cylinder are at If it were to go up straight without colliding
a temperature T. Heat is supplied to the with any other molecules, how high it would
cylinder such that temperature remains rise? Assume that the height attained is much
constant but n moles of the diatomic gas get less than radius of the earth. ( kB is Boltzmann
converted into monoatomic gas. What is the constant). [2014]
change in the total kinetic energy of the gas?
[2017] 273kB 546kB 819kB
(a) 0 (b) 2Mg (c) 3Mg (d) 2 Mg
1 3 5
(a) nRT (b) 0 (c) nRT (d) nRT 6. At room temperature a diatomic gas is found
2 2 2
2. An ideal gas has molecules with 5 degrees of to have an r.m.s speed of 1930ms 1. The gas is
freedom. The ratio of specific heats at constant [2014]
pressure (C p ) and at constant volume (CV ) (a) H 2 (b) Cl2 (c) O2 (d) F2
is: [2017] 7. Modern vaccum pumps can evacuate a vessel
7 5 7 down to a pressure of 4.0 1015 atm. At room
(a) 6 (b) (c) (d)
2 2 5 temperat (300K). Taking R  8.0 JK 1mole1 ,
3. In an ideal gas at temperature T, the average and N Avogadro  6 1023 mole1 , the mean
force that a molecule applies on the walls of a
distance between molecules of gas in an
closed container depends on T as Tq . A good evacuated vessel will be of the order of:
estimate for q is: [2015] [2014]
1 1 (a) 0.2 m (b) 0.2 mm
(a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d)
2 4 (c) 0.2 cm (d) 0.2 nm
4. Using equipartition of energy, the specific heat 8. In the isothermal expansion of 10g of gas from
(in J kg 1 K 1 ) of aluminium at room volume V to 2V the work done by the gas is
temperature can be estimated to be (atomic 575J. What is the root mean square speed of
weight of aluminium =27) [2015] the molecules of the gas at that temperature?
(a) 410 (b) 25 (c) 1850 (d) 925 [2013]

21
Physics Times July 19

(a) 398 m/s (b) 520 m/s
(c) 499 m/s (d) 532m/s
9. Figure shows the variation in temperature
( T ) with the amount of heat supplied (Q)
in an isobaric process corresponding to
monoatomic (M), diatomic (D) and
polyatomic (P) gas. The initial state of all the
gases are the same and the scales for the two
3. Consider an ideal gas confined in an isolated
closed chamber. As the gas undergoes an
adiabatic expansion the average time of
collision between molecules increases as V q ,
where V is the volume of the gas. The value of
 pC 
q is :    C  [2015]
 v 

axes coincide. Ignoring vibrational degrees 3  5  1  1 3  5

of freedom, the lines a, b and c respectively (a) (b) (c) (d)
6 2 2 6
correspond to: [2013]
4. An open glass tube is immersed in mercury in
such a way that a length of 8 cm extends above
the mercury level. The open end of the tube is
then closed and sealed and the tube is raised
vertically up by additional 46 cm. What will
be length of the air column above mercury in
the tube now ? (Atmospheric pressure = 76
cm of Hg) [2014]
(a) 38 cm (b) 6 cm
(a) P, M and D (b) M, D and P
(c) 16 cm (d) 22 cm
(c) P, D and M (d) D, M and P
5. A thermally insulated vessel contains an ideal
gas of molecular mass M and ratio of specific
[OFFLINE QUESTIONS]
heats  . It is moving with speed v and it’ss
1. The temperature of an open room of volume
suddenly brought to rest. Assuming no heat is
30 m3 increases from 17C to 27C due to lost to the surrounding, its temperature
sunshine. The atmospheric pressure in the increases by [2011]
room remains 1105 Pa. If ni and n f are the (  1) 2  M 2v
number of molecules in the room before and (a) 2 R Mv K (b) K
2R
after heating, then n f  ni will be: [2017]
(  1) (  1) 2
(a) 2.5 1025 (b) 2.5 1025 (c) Mv 2 K (d) 2(  1) R Mv K
2R
(c) 1.611023 (d) 1.38 1023 6. Three perfect gases at absolute temperatures
2. C p and Cv are specific heats at constant T1 , T2 and T3 are mixed. The masses of
pressure and constant volume respectively. It molecules are m1 , m2 and m3 and number of
is observed that
molecules are n1 , n2 and n3 respectively..
C p  Cv  a for hydrogen gas
Assuming no loss of energy, the final
C p  Cv  b for nitrogen gas temperature of the mixture is: [2011]
The correct relation between a and b: n1T1  n2T2  n3T3
[2017] (a) n1  n2  n3
(a) a =14b (b) a = 28b
n1T12  n2T22  n3T32
1 (b) n T  n T  n T
(c) a  b (d) a=b
14 1 1 2 2 3 3

22
 Physics Times July 19

specific heat of water to be

n12T12  n22T22  n32T32
(c) n T  n T  n T 1cal g  C , the heat of vapourisation
1 1 2 2 3 3
according to this experiment will come out
T1  T2  T3  to be [2015]
(d)
3 (a) 560 cal/g (b) 550 cal/g
7. One kg of a diatomic gas is at a pressure of
(c) 540 cal/g` (d) 530 cal/g
3
8 104 N / m2 . The density of gas is 4kg / m . 3. A kettle with 2 L water at 27C is heated by
What is the energy of the gas due to its operating coil heater of power 1kW. The heat
thermal motion? [2009] is lost to the atmosphere at constant rate
(a) 5 10 J
4 (b) 6 10 J
4 160 J, when it is open. In how much time will
(c) 7 104 J (d) 3 104 J water be heated to 77C (sp. heat of water
= 4.2 kJ/kg) with lid open? [2014]
8. The speed of sound in oxygen (O2 ) at certain (a) 14 min (b) 7 min
temperature is 460ms 1. The speed of sound (c) 8 min 20 s (d) 6 min 2 s
in helium (He) at the same tempreature will 4. A mass of 50g of water in a closed vessel,
be (assume both gases to be ideal) [2008] with surroundings at a constant temperature
(a) 1421ms 1 (b) 500ms 1 takes 2 minutes to cool from 30C to 25C. A
mass of 100g of another liquid in an identical
(c) 650ms 1 (d) 330ms 1 vessel with identical surroundings takes the
9. If CP and CV denote the specific heats of same time to cool from 30C to 25C. The
nitrogen per unit mass at constant pressure specific heat of the liquid is: (The water
and constant volume respectively, then equivalent of the vessel is 30g.) [2013]
[2007] (a) 2.0 kcal/kg (b) 7 kcal/kg
(a) CP  CV  28R (b) CP  CV  R / 28 (c) 3 kcal/g (d) 0.5 kcal/kg
(c) CP  CV  R / 14 (d) CP  CV  R 5. 500 g of water and 100g of ice at 0C are in
a calorimeter whose water equivalent 40g.
CALORIMETRY
10g of steam at 100C is added to it. then
[ONLINE QUESTIONS] water in the calorimeter is: (Latent heat of
1. In an experiment a sphere of aluminium of ice = 80cal / g , Latent heat of steam
mass 0.20 kg is heated upto 150C. = 540cal / g ) [2013]
Immediately, it is put into water of volume (a) 580 g (b) 590 g (c) 600 g (d) 610 g
150 cc at 25C kept in a calorimeter of
water equivalent to 0.025 kg. Final [OFFLINE QUESTIONS]
temperature of the system is 40C. The 1. A copper ball of mass 100 gm is at a
specific heat of aluminium is: [2017] temperature T. It is dropped in a copper
calorimeter of mass 100 gm, filled with
(a) 378 J / kg  C (b) 315 J / kg  C
170 gm of water at room temperature.
(c) 476 J / kg  C (d) 499 J / kg  C subsequently, the temperature of the system
2. An experiment takes 10 minutes to raise the is found to be 75C. T is given by (Given:
temperature of water in a container from 0C room temperature  30C , specific heat of
to 100C and another 55 minutes to convert copper 0.1cal / g m  C ) [2017]
it totally into steam by a heater supplying (a) 1250C (b) 825C
heat at a uniform rate. Neglecting the
(c) 800C (d) 885C
specific heat of the container and taking

23
Physics Times July 19

2. Assume that a drop of liquid evaporates by [OFFLINE QUESTIONS]

decrease in its surface energy, so that its 1. d 2. d 3. a 4. d
temperature remains unchanged. What should
be the minimum radius of the drop for this to
be possible? The surface tension is T, density
of liquid is  and L is its latent heat of
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
vaporisation. [2013]
[ONLINE QUESTIONS]
(a) L / T (b) T / L 1.Sol: Energy associated with N moles of
(c) T / L (d) 2T / L 5
diatomic gas, U i  N RT
3. 100 g of water is heated from 30C to50C. 2
Ignoring the slight expansion of the water, the Energy associated with n moles of mono
change in its internal energy is (specific heat atomic gas
of water is 4184 J/kg K) [2011] 3
 n RT
(a) 8.4 kJ (b) 84 kJ (c) 2.1 kJ (d) 4.2 kJ 2
4. The specific heat capacity of a metal at low Total energy when n moles of diatiomic gas
temperature (T) is given as converted into monoatomic
3
 T 
C p  kHK 1kg 1   32  
3 5
(U f )  2n RT  ( N  n) RT
 400  2 2
A 100 gram vessel of this metal is to be cooled
1 5
from 20K to 4 K by a special refrigerator  nRT  NRT
2 2
operating at room temperature  27C  . The Change in total kinetic energy of the gas
amount of work required to cool the vessel is 1
[2011] U  nRT
2
(a) Greater than 0.148 kJ 2.Sol: The ratio of specific heats at constant
(b) Between 0.148 kJ and 0.028 kJ
(c) Less than 0.028 kJ pressure (CP ) and constant volume (CV )
(d) Equal to 0.002 kJ CP  2
   1  
CV  F 
where F is degree of freedom
CP  2  7
 1   
CV  5  5
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
[ONLINE QUESTIONS] 1 mN 2
1. a 2. d 3. c 4. d 5. d 3.Sol: Pressure, P  vrms
3 V
6. a 7. b 8. c 9. c
P  (vrms ) 2  T
[OFFLINE QUESTIONS] So, force  (vrms ) 2  T
1. b 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. c i.e., Value of q=1
6. a 7. a 8. a 9. b 4.Sol: According to Dulong-Petit law many
solids at room temperature CV  3R. For
CALORIMETRY [ONLINE QUESTIONS]
1. d 2. b 3. c 4. d 5. b solids when heat is given their volume
approximately remain constant.

24
 Physics Times July 19

U  Q Ideal gas equation is

For on mole N
PV  nRT  RT
Using equipartition of energy, we have NA
3RT  MCT Given that
3R 3  8.314 J
C  R8 , T  300 K
M 27  103 K .mole
 C  925 J / kgK N A  6  1023 mole1
5.Sol: Kinetic energy of each molecule,
P  4.0  10 15  105 N
3 m2
K .E  K B T
2 V RT 8  300
 
Given that T  273K N PN A 4.0 10  105  6  1023
15

Height attained by the gas molecule, h=?

819 K B V
3 3   1011 m3
K .E  K B (273)  N
2 2
K.E = P.E   2.15 104  0.215mm
819 K B 819 K B 8.Sol: In isothermal process temperature
  Mgh  h  remains constant.
2 2Mg

3RT 3RT 3PV 3PV

6.Sol:  c  vrms    (i)
M M Mn m
3  8.314  300 Isothermal work done is
(1930) 2 
M V2
W  nRT ln  PV ln 2
3  8.314  300 V1
M   2g
1930  1930
Given that W  575 J  PV ln 2
The gas is H 2 .
575
7.Sol: From the given information we calculate  PV  (ii)
ln(2)
theaverage volume occupied by each
molecule (not the volume of molecule). The From eq’s (i) & (Ii) we get
average volume occupied or share of each 3  575 3  575
v rms    499m / s
molecule is equal to the ratio of total volume m(ln 2) 2
10  0.693
divides by total number of molecules. This 9.Sol: In isobaric process the heat given to a
volume can be approximated as a cube of side gas is
length ( ). The cube root of the average Q  nCP T
volume per molecule is equal to ( ). Here The graph between Q and T is a straight
the value ( ) is also called as mean free path line passing through origin.
and it is equal to average distance between slope  nCP
two molecules of a gas as shown in the figure. As n same for all the gases
We know that
CP( Poly )  CP( Di )  CP (Mono)
a,b,c correspond to P, D and M

25
Physics Times July 19

[OFFLINE QUESTIONS]
1
1.Sol: Given: Ti  17  273  290 K t ;
2
d N V
T f  27  273  300 K 3RT
Atmospheric pressure, P0  1  105 Pa M

Volume of room, V0  30m3 CV  M 

t  where C  2 
PVN A T  d N 3R 
N
RT V2
Given that number of molecules N=n T 
t2
PV  1 1  Given that TV  1  k
 n f  ni  0 0    N A
R  T f Ti  V 2  1 V  1
V  k  k
t2 t2
1 105  30  1 1 
  6.023  1023     1  1
8.314  300 290 
t V 2
 q 2
 2.5 1025 4.Sol: The pressure inside the tube after closing
Q ' the tube is 76 cm of mercury.
2.Sol: Molar specific heat C 
nT
Q
Specific heat C 
m T

C' m
  M (Molecular weight)
C n

C'
C
M We assume that T is constant
' '
C C  R
P V
PV
1 1  PV
2 2

MCP  MCV  R After pulling the tube up the pressure of the

air is 76 cm - x, where x is the rise in the level
R of mercury
CP  CV 
M (76)(8)  (54  x)(76  x)
For hydrogen M=2
 x 2  130 x  3496  0
R
CP  CV   a x  38 cm
2
For nitrogen M=28 Length of air column= 54- 38 = 16 cm
5.Sol: Here, work done is zero.
R So, loss in kinetic energy = Change in internal
 CP  CV  b
28 energy
a of gas
 14
b 1 2 R
mv  nCV T  n T
3.Sol: Average time between collisions 2  1
1 2 m R
Mean free path mv  T
 2 M  1
vrms

26
 Physics Times July 19

Mv 2 (  1) CP'  CV1  R
 T  K ( K  Kelvin)
2R
R
n1 MCP  MCV  R  CP  CV 
6.Sol: Number of moles of first gas  N M
A
For nitrogen M=28
2 n R
Number of of moles of second gas  N CP  CV 
A 28

3 n
Number of of moles of third gas  N CALORIMETRY [ONLINE QUESTIONS]
A
1.Sol: According to principle of calorimetry,
By conserving total internal energy
Qgiven  Qused
U f  Ui
0.2  s  150  40 
n1 n n n n n  0.15 1 40  25  0.025  40  25
RT1  2 RT2  3 RT3  1 2 3 RTmix
NA NA NA NA 0.175(15) cal J
s  0.1193  499.46
0.2 110 g C kg C
n1T1  n2T2  n3T3
Tmix  2.Sol: As Pt  mcT
n1  n2  n3
P  10  60  mc  1 100
5 5 (i) and P  55  60  mL
7.Sol: K .E  nRT  PV
2 2 (ii) Dividing equation (i) by (ii) we get
10 100
5 mP 5 1 8  104  m 
    5  104 J V   55 L
2 d 2 4  d
 L  550cal. / g .
8.Sol: The speed of sound in a gas is given by 3.Sol: Energy given by heater must be equal to
 RT the sum of energy gained by water and energy
v lost from the lid.
M
Pt  msT  energy lost
vO2 O M He
  2
 1000t  2   4.2  103   50  160t
vHe M O2  He
840t  8.4  103  50
1.4 4  t = 500 s = 8 min 20 s.
   0.3237
32 1.67 4.Sol: As the surrounding is identical, vessel is
identical time taken to cool both water and
vO2 460
 vHe    1421m / s liquid (from 30C to 25C ) is same 2 minutes,
0.3237 0.3237
therefore
' Q  dQ   dQ 
9.Sol: Molar specific heat C     
nT  dt  water  dt liquid
Q (mw cw  W )T (ml cl  W )T
Specific heat C  
m T t t
(W= water equivalent of the vessel)
C' m or, mw cw  ml cl
  M (Molecular weight)
C n mW cW
 Specific heat of liquid, cl  m
C' l
C 50  1
M   0.5 kcal / kg
100

27
Physics Times July

5.Sol: The heat released by steam when it converts coefficient of surface tension.
from 100C to 0C. 2
4R 2 RL  4T  R 2   R  R  
Q  10  540  10  1 100  
The mass of the ice that melts is  R 2 RL  T  R 2  R 2  2 R R  R 2 
Q  6400  m80  m  80 g
 R 2 RL  T 2 R R  R is very small 
Water in calorimeter  500  80  10  590g
2T
R
[OFFLINE QUESTIONS] L
1.Sol: According to principle of calorimetry, 3.Sol: U  Q  mcT
Heat lost = Heat gain = 100 103  4184  50  30   8.4kJ
100  0.1T  75  100  0.1 45  170  1 45
4.Sol: Required work = Energy released
10 T  75  450  7650
Here, Q   mc dT
T  885C 4
 T3 
2.Sol: Assume that radius is decreased by R   0.1 32   3 
dT  0.002kJ
mL  AT 20  400 
where m is the decrease in mass of the drop. Therefore, required work = 0.002 kJ.
A is decrease in surface area. T is the

28
 Physics Times July 19

21. Magnetic Effects of Current

1.Biot - Savart’s Law 0i

B (sin   sin  )
4 d
(I) For a wire of infinite length:

The field produced by the small element at P is

 idl  r
dB 
4 r 3     90
0 0 i i
Here is the proportionality constant. So, B  [sin 90  sin 90 ]  
4 4 d 2 d
Where  is the permeability of the medium (II) For a wire of semi-infinite length:


 107 Hm 1
4
2. Magnetic field Due to a straight Wire


  90 and   0
0i
So, B  [sin 90  sin 0 ]
4 d

29
Physics Times July 19

0i 5. Relation between L and 

B
4 d  q 
  L
(III) For axial position of wire:  2m 
 Magnetic induction at the centre of current
carrying wire bent in the form of square of
side ‘a’ is

 i 
B 8 2 0 
 4 a 

3. B due to current carrying circular Coil
Magnetic Induction on the axis of a circular current
carrying coil is :
0 niR 2
B 3

2  R2  x2  2
Where n is the number of turns, 'R' is the radius
of the coil and 'x' is the distance of the point from
the centre of the coil.
6. Ampere's Law (Circuital Law)
 0 ni 
Case-1: At the center of coil (x=0) B = The line integral of B.dl around any closed path
2R
is equal to 0 times the net current across the area
o niR 2
Case-2 : If x>> R then B  bounded by this path
2 x3
4. Magnetic Moment of a current loop



 B. dl    i
0

  i R 2 nˆ with respect to the above fig.

Where n̂ is Perpendicular to the plane of the  i  i i
1 2  i3
loop 
Magnetic moment of a rotating point charge: 7. B due to solid cylindrical conduting wire
Consider a cylindrical wire carrying current i0

q 2 q r 2
  iA  (r )  (i)
2 2

30
 Physics Times July 19

0 J   8. Thin hollow cylinder

B r;  r  R, J  i0 
2   R 2 

i
 B  20 r0 ; rR

rR B0
 i
rR B
2 r
9. Magnetic field due to a Solenoid
Field at a point on the axis of a solenoid is

0 ni
B (sin   sin  )
2

 For a long solenoid magnetic induction on the axis

is B  0 ni (     900 )
 At one end of a long solenoid magnetic induction
0 ni
is B  (   00 ,   900 )
2
 Magnetic field outside the solenoid is
approximately zero.

10. B due to a Toroid

0 Ni
B (r >> diameter of the core of the toroid)
2 r

11. Force on a Charge Moving in B
 When a charged particle having charge q travels
 
with velocity v in magnetic field B it experiences
  
a force F given by F  q (v  B )

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 Physics Times July 19

12. Motion of a charged particle in magnetic 1 2 m

T 
field fc Bq
 Here fc is called the cyclotron frequency.
(I) When v is perpendicular to B :
BqR
mv mv2 v
Radius  (since, qvB = ) m
qB r
15. Magnetic Force on a current wire
qB    
Frequency 'n' = F   d F  i  ( dl  B ) .
2πm

2 m If magnetic field is uniform, i.e., B = constant,
   
Time period 'T' = qB F  i[  d l ]  B  i (l  B )
 (1) Force between two long current wires
(II) When the angle between v and B is 
(other than 00, 900 (or) 1800)
m  v sinθ 
r
qB

2πr 2πm
Time period= =
v sinθ qB
 Force experienced per unit length of each
2πm  v cosθ  conductor is,
x=T  v cosθ  =
qB F  0 i1 i 2
=
l 2 r
where i1, i2, are the currents flowing through the
two conductors.
r is the perpendicular distance between them.
16. Torque on a Current Carrying Coil
 If the area vector of a coil makes an angle '  ' with
the direction of the uniform field of induction B
then
13. Force on a charge moving in B & E  = nIAB sin 
  
      M B
   
F  q  E  v  B  , which is the famous Where 'A' is area of the coil of 'n' turns carrying a
'Lorentz-force equation'. current I and magnetic moment of coil M  nIA .
14. Cyclotron 17. P. E of a coil in uniform magnetic field
 The cyclotron is a device used to accelerate  If the angle made by M of the coil with B in
charged particles or ions to high energy.
uniform magnetic field is ‘  ’, then its potential
 The period of revolution of charges is given by
energy U  M .B U  MB cos 

.
. 32
.
 Physics Times July

22. Magnetism & Matter

1. Magnet magnet is known as ‘magnetic length’. It is

An object that attracts iron, cobalt, nickel and some denoted by 2l (some time with l).
other materials.  The magnetic length is 5 / 6 times the geometric
2. Types Of Magnet length of a bar magnet.
(1) Natural magnets: 4. Pole Strength(m)
The magnet which is found in nature is called a The ability of a pole to attract or repel another
natural magnet. pole of a magnet is called pole strength.
 S.I. unit of pole strength is ampere meter or
Eg: Magnetite  Fe2O3  . weber.
(II) Artificial magnets:
 1 weber = 0 Am
The magnets which are artificially prepared
are known as artificial magnets. Where 0 is permeability of free space
Eg: These are generally made of iron, steel (The ability of a medium to allow magnetic lines
and nickel. to pass through it is called permeability)
3. Magnetic Length
o  4  107 weber / A m
The shortest distance joining the poles of the

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Physics Times July 19

 8. Potential energy of a magnetic dipole

5. Magnetic Moment M :
 
M  m 2 U  MBcos    M  B
 Its unit is ampere metre2 .  The work done by an external agent in deflecting a
6. Magnetic Field magnet from angular position 1 to an angular
 It is also called as magentic flux density (or) position 2 with the field is given as
magnetic field vector ( B ) .
W  U  U 2  U1  MB(cos 1  cos 2 )
 Magnetic induction at a point in a magnetic field is
defined as force experienced by a unit north pole
9. Field of a Bar Magnet
placed at that point.   0  2 Md
 (1) Axial line: Ba    2 2 2
 F  4  ( d  l )
B For a short bar magnet i.e., l 2  d 2 ;
m

 0 2M
 S.I unit is tesla or weber / m 2 then Ba   4  d 3
 The magnetic field induction due to a pole of pole  
strength m at a distance ‘d’ is given by B0 = (2) Equatorial line:
 M
 0  m Be  0 2 2 3/ 2
  2 4 (d  l )
 4  d
For a short bar magnet i.e., l 2  d 2 ; then
7. Torque on a Magnetic Dipole
    0  M
 In vector notation   M  B Be =  4  3
  d

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Physics Times July 19

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Physics Times July 19

At any point in the plane of axial and equatorial lines: 12. Vibration Magnetometer
For a short magnet, Vibration magnetometer is used to find the
2 horizontal component of earth magnetic field at a
   (3cos   1)M point. Time period of oscillation and frequency of
B 0 
 4  d3 magnet is
0
  00 for axial line ;   90 for equatorial line I 1 1 MBH
T  2 and n  
10. Earth’s Magnetic Field MBH T 2 I
(I) Geographical Meridian: A vertical plane
passing through the axis of rotation of the earth
13. Tangent Law
is called the geographical meridian. If we have two uniform magnetic fields B and BH at
(II) Magnetic Meridian: A vertical plane passing right angle to each other and if a bar magnet is
through the axis of a freely suspended magnet placed in such a combination of fields.
is called the magnetic meridian. The magnet will be acted upon by two couples. It
will set in direction  , such that the couples balance
each other.

Deflection couple due to B
 mB  NO  mB .2l cos 
 (2ml ) B cos   MB cos 
Resorting couple due to BH
 mBH  SO  mBH .2l sin 
 (2ml )BH sin   MBH sin 
 When the magnet is in the equillibrium position,
B  MB cos   MBH sin 

BV Bsin   B  BH tan 
  tan 
BH B cos 
Where  =dip (or) inclination;  = declination
(III)Apparent dip
Relation between true dip ( ) and apprent
dips (1 &  2 )
cot 2 1  cot 2  2  cot 2 
11. Moving-Coil Galvanometer(MCG)
The deflection torque is   NiAB.
k
NiAB  k  i   tan   B / BH (tangent law)
NAB
14. Tangent Galvanometer (TG)
  It is a moving magnet galvanometer used to
- current sensitivity of the galvanometer
i measure current.
The magnetic field at the centre is

- voltage sensitivity of the galvanometer 0 ni
V B
(V = iR, R - is the resistance of the coil) 2r

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 Physics Times July 19

3
M 1  d1 
 
M 2  d2 

16. Magnetic Field Intensity (H)
 The force experienced by unit north pole of one
weber is called magnetic field strength or intensity
of magnetic field strength. i.e., H = F / m
B  0 ni  SI unit : Am1 or weber
tan    BH tan  
BH 2r 17. Intensity of Magnetisation(I)
 2r BH  M m  2l  m
 i  tan   K tan  I  
 0 n  V A  2l  A
 i  K tan  Where m = pole strength; M= Magnetic moment
Where K is called as T.G. constant (or) reduction a = area of cross-section of the magnet;
factor of T.G., r-radius of the coil in meter; V=Volume of the magnet
BH  Horizontal component of earth’s magnetic  SI unit : Am1
field in tesla; 18. Magnetic Susceptibility   
i  current in amperes
15. Deflection Magnetometer I

(I)Tan A position : In this position the H
magnetometer is set perpendicular to magnetic It has no units
meridian so that, magnetic field due to magnet, 19. Magnetic permeability   
is in axial position and perpendicular to earth’s
field. B
i.e.,  
0 2 M r H
 BH tan   .
4 (r 2  l 2 ) 2  It is a scalar having unit Hm1

0 2 M 20. Relative permeability  r 

 BH tan   . (r>>l)
4 r 3 
(II)Tan B position :The arms of magnetometer r 
0
are set in magnetic meridian, so that the
magnetic field due to magnet is at its equatorial  It has no units and dimensions
position, 21. Relation between r and 
0 M 
 BH tan  . 2 2 3/2
4 (r  l ) As r    r  1   
0

0 M 22. Curie’s Law:

 BH tan   . (r>>l)
4 r 3 It states that intensity of magnetisation (I) and
(III) Comparison of magnetic moments : hence  are inversely proportional to the absolute
temperature (T)
M 1 tan 1
According to deflection method M  tan  C
2 2 i.e.,   where C- Curie constant
T
According to null deflection method

37
Physics Times July

23. Curie-Weiss Law:

At temperature above Curie temperaure the magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic materials i s
inversely proportional to T  TC 

1
i.e., Susceptibility  m
T  TC
Where TC is Curie’s temperature
24. Hysteresis:
The phenomenon in which the value of a physical property lags behind changes in the effect causing it.

38
Physics Times July 19

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Physics Times July 19

23. Electro Magnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction the shortest distance between the two end points
P and Q.
1.Magnetic Flux(  )
v ' - Component of velocity perpendicular to l '
 The magnetic flux through a small surface of area
  B - External magnetic field which is perpendicular
dA is d  B  dA to both v ' and l '

B -magnetic field, 6. Motional emf due to rotation
  Consider a conducting rod rotating with angular
dA - area vector defined normal to the surface. velocity  about an axis passing through one of
 Flux through a large surface is its ends. The length of the rod is l.
    
   B  dA  B  A (if B is uniform)  The general expression for motional EMF across
the ends of a rod which is in rotation about P.
SI units: Tesla/meter 2 or weber(Wb)
2. Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic 1
V  Bl '2
2
induction
(I) Induced E.M.F l ' is the effective length of the rod.
d d 7. Induced EMF in a sliding Conductor
e  N    N Consider a conducting rod of length l that moves
dt dt
on a U-shaped loop. An external force acts on the
(II) Induced Current
rod to move it with velocity v.
e N  d 
I    
R R  dt 
(III) Induced Charge
1  d  d
dq  iind dt     dt  
R  dt  R

q 
R
3. Lenz's Law
 The direction of the induced emf is always such (I)Induced current
that it tends to oppose the change in magnetic flux
that has caused it. 
Bvl
Induced current iin  
R R
4. Motional EMF
(II) Magnetic force on the conductor
The induced emf due to the motion of electric
2 2
conductor in the presence of magnetic field is called  Bvl  B vl
F  Biin l  B  l 
as motional emf. Motional emf can arise either by  R  R
translation or rotation of a conductor. (III) Power dissipiated in moving the conductor
5. Motional emf due to translation
dW   B 2 v 2l 2
 Consider a conductor, moving with a velocity Pagent   F agent. v 
 dt R
v, in a magnetic field B .
(IV) Electrical power
 The general expression for motional EMF across
the ends of a rod having irregular shape as 2
 Bvl  B2v2l 2
shown in the figure is V  Bl ' v' Pthermal  i 2 R    R
 R  R
 Where l ' is effective length which is equal to

40
 Physics Times July 19

8. Induced Electric field r from the centre is

 A time varying magnetic field always produces an B   o Ni / 2r
electric field. The electric field that will be produced  Flux through the toroid
is given by
  d B o N 2 iA
  B  NA   
 E×dl  - dt 2r
,
  The self-inductance
9. Magnitude of E
The magnetic field at all points with in the cylindrical  o N 2 A
region whose cross-section is indicated in the L 
I 2r
accompanying figure starts increasing at a constant
11. Energy stored in an inductor
rate '  ' . The magnitude of electric field as a
function of r is given as follows. i 1 2
U   Li di  U  Li
0 2
0 N 2 A
For a solenoid L 
l
1
U B2 V
20
(I) For r < R
r dB r U B2
E     Er u
2 dt 2 V 20
(II) For r = R 12. Mutual Induction
R  The phenomenon of production of e.m.f. in a coil
E 
2 when the current in neighbouring coil changes is
(III) For r > R called mutual induction.

R2 1
E   Eout 
2r r
10. Self induction
Self inductance is defined as the induction of a
voltage in a current carrying wire when the current
in the wire itself is changing. 1  i 2 & 2  i1
(I) Solenoid
 The mean radius of the solenoid is r. 1  Mi 2 & 2  Mi1
 The magnetic field inside solenoid B  0 nI M - is same for a given pair of coils.
di 2 di
 The magnetic flux linked is  =NBA, where N 1   M &  2  M 1
dt dt
is total number of turns in length l of solenoid.
13. Equivalent Inductance
 2 0 N 2 A (I) Equivalent inductance(when M=0)
 Self-inductance L   0 n Al =
I l
Where (N=nl)
(II)Toroid L  L1  L2
 A toroid of very large radius r is taken so that
the difference between the outer and inner radii
can be neglected. The total number of turns 1 1 1
 
are equal to N. The magnetic field at a distance L L1 L2

41
Physics Times July 19

(II) Equivalent inductance(when M  0)

When fluxes support each other
L  L1  L2  2 M 0  K  1, M  K L1 L2
When fluxes oppose each other
If d- decreases  K  1

No coupling,
L  L1  L2  2M
where M- Mutual inductance K 0 M 0

M  K L1 L2 , K- Coupling constant
14. Coupling constant(K) No coupling, K  0  M  0
K 1
Ideal coupling(Coaxial fashion) Unless it is specified always assume that M=0

15. LC Oscillations
A charged capacitor C is connected to an inductor L, the charge and current in the circuit start oscillating
simple harmonically.

q 2 qo2 cos 2 t
Energy in the capacitor is U C  
2C 2C

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 Physics Times July 19

Energy in the inductor is (I) At point Q

 
1 2 Lqo2 2 sin 2 t B.dl  0  ic  id 
UL  Li  
2 2  

Total energy T .E  U  U  q
2
o
 As id  0   B.dl  0ic
C L
2C (II) At point P:
 
Here  
1  B.dl  0  ic  id 
LC  
But ic = 0 
 B.dl  0id
Electromagnetic waves 20. Magnetic field between the plates
 The figure shows the cross-section of Electrical
16. Electric Flux
field between the plates of a condenser having
E   E.ds the plates of radius R.
 The electric field is acting into the paper.
 Units N - m2 /Coulomb or Volt meter.
17. Displacement Current
 The rate of change of electrical flux produces a
current called displacement current “ id”.
 Unlike conduction current displacement current
exists when there is rate of change of electrical
flux.
 The displacement current is found between the  The magnetic field at a distance “ r ” from the
plates of a condenser during its charging or axis is
discharging.
  id
18. Ampere -Maxwell’s Law .r 2
 
 B.dl  0i  B 2r   0
R 2
  B.dl  0  ic  id  B 
0
id
r
   d E  2 R 2
  B.d l   0  ic  0 dt  21. Maxwell’s Equations
(1) Gauss law for electricity
ic= The conduction current found in a conductor  
carrying current.
id= Displacement current which is found between
 E. d A  qnet /  0
the plates of a condenser which is discontinuous. (2) Gauss law for magnetism
 

 Displacement Current : id   0
d E  B. d A 0
dt (3) Faraday’s law
19. Measurement of magnetic field   d B
A variable current is applied to a parallel plate  . dl   dt
E
capacitor.
(4) Lorentz Force
   
F  q  E  v  B 
22. Nature of electromagnetic waves
Electric and magnetic fields oscillate sinusoidally
in space and time in an electromagnetic wave,

43
Physics Times July 19

represents the direction of energy flow per unit

area per sec along the direction of wave
propagation.
23. Energy density
1 1 2
u avg  0 E 02  B0
2 20
24. Intensity of Radiation
1
 I 0 E 02 c
 E  E y ˆj  E 0 sin  kx-t  (Ex = Ez = 0) 2
 25. Momentum and Radiation Pressure
 B  Bz kˆ  B0 sin  kx-t  kˆ (Bx = By = 0)
The magnitude of the momentum delivered to a
  surface is
 The magnitudes of E and B are related by
E U
E p (Complete absorption )
 c or 0  c c
B B
0 where c = velocity of light
 Electromagnetic waves travel through vacuum with U = total energy
the speed of light c, where 2U
p (Complete reflection)
1 c
c= = 3 x 108 m/s
µ0 0  When radiation is incident on a surface, Radiation
I 2I
where 0 = permeability of free space pressure Pr  (total absorption) and Pr 
c c
 = permittivity of free space
0 (total reflection back along the incident path)
 
   E×B
 The Poynting vector S  E  H =
μ0

field is halved, then resulting path would have a

radius of
r r
(a) (b) 2r (c) (d) 4r
Magnetic Effects of Current 2 4
3. Two concentric circular loops of radii r1 and r2 carry
1. A uniform magnetic field, B  B0 ˆj exists in space.
clockwise and anticlockwise currents i1 and i2. If
A particle of mass m and charge q, is projected the centre is a null point, i1/i2 must be equal to
towards x-axis with speed v, from a point (a, 0, 0) . (a) r2/r1 (b) r22/r12 (c) r12/r22 (d) r1/r2
The maximum value of v for which the particle 4. A hollow cylinder having infinite length and
does not hit the yz- plane is carrying uniform current per unit length  along
the circumference. Magnetic field inside the
Bqa Bq Bqa Bq
(a) (b) (c) (d) cylinder is
m 2 am 2m am
(a)  0  (b) 2  0 
2. An electron of mass m and charge q is travelling
with a speed v along a circular path a radius r at  0
right angles to a uniform of magnetic field B. If (c) (d) zero
2
speed of the electron is doubled and the magnetic

44
 Physics Times July 19

5. A wire along x-axis carries a current 3.5A. The force field. When coil is taken out of the field, 32  C
on a 1 cm section of the wire exerted by the magnetic
charge flows through it. The intensity of magnetic
field B  0.74T ˆj  0.36T kˆ field will be
(a) 5.66 T (b) 6.55 T
 
(a) 2.59kˆ  1.26 ˆj 10 N
2
(c) 0.566 T (d) 0.655 T
12. An electromagnetic wave going through vacuum
(b)  1.26kˆ  2.59 ˆj 10 N
2
is described by E  E0 sin(kx  t );

(c) 1.26kˆ  2.59 ˆj 10 N

2 B  B0 sin(kx  t ). Which of the following is
true?
(d)  2.59kˆ  1.26 ˆj 10 N
2
(a) E0 k  B0 (b) E0  B0 k
(c) E0 k  2 B0 (d) E0 B0   k
Magnetism & Matter 13. An electric field of 300V/m is confined to a circular
6. A bar magnet of moment M is bent into arc, its area 10 cm in diameter. If the field is increasing at
moment now the rate of 20V/m-s, the magnitude of magnetic field
(a) Decreases (b) Increases at a point 15cm from the center of the circle will be-
(c) Does not change (d) May change
(a) 1.85 1017 T (b) 1.85 1015 T
7. A very long magnet is held vertically with its south
pole on a table. A single neutral point is located on (c) 1.85  1016 T (d) 1.85  1018 T
the table to the 14. A magnet is dropped down inside a long vertical
(a)East of the magnet (b) North of the magnet copper tube
(c)West of the magnet (d) South of the magnet (a) The magnet moves with continuously
8. The coil in a MCG has an area of 4 cm 2 and 500 increasing velocity and ultimately acquires a
constant terminal velocity
turns. The intensity of magnetic induction is 2 T.
(b) The magnet moves with continuously
When a current of 104 A is passed through it, the decreasing velocity and ultimately comes to
deflection is 20. The couple per unit twist is (N- rest
m/degree) (c) The magnet moves with continuously
(a) 2 106 (b) 3 106 (c) 5 106 (d) 4 106 increasing velocity but constant acceleration
(d) The magnet moves with continuously
9. Due to the earth’s magnetic field, charged cosmic
increasing velocity and acceleration
ray particles
15. Which of the following is constructed on the
(a) Can never reach the equator
principle of electromagnetic induction?
(b) Can never reach the poles
(a) Voltmeter (b) Galvanometer
(c) Require less kinetic energy to reach the equator
(c) Generator (d) Electric motor
than the poles
(d) Require greater kinetic energy to reach the
equator than the poles
10. A magnet is placed on a paper in a horizontal plane
for locating neutral points. A dip needle placed at
the neutral point will be horizontal at the Magnetic Effects of Current
(a) Magnetic equator (b) Magnetic pole 1. a 2. d 3. d 4. d 5. a

(c) Latitude angle of 60 (d) Latitude angle 45 

Magnetism & Matter

6. a 7. b 8. a 9. a 10. a
Electro Magnetic Induction
11. A coil of 40 resistance has 100 turns and radius Electro Magnetic Induction
6 mm is connected to an ammeter of resistance of 11. c 12. a 13. d 14. a 15. c
160 . Coil is placed perpendicular to the magnetic

45
Physics Times July

ELASTICITY constant force F, the extension produced in

1. Two wires are made of the same material and the wire is  l . Which of the following graphs
have the same volume. The first wire has
is a straight line? [2014]
cross- sectional area A and the second wire
has cross-sectional area 3A. If the length of 1
(a) l versus (b) l versus l
the first wire is increased by  l on applying a l
force F, how much force is needed to stretch 1
(c)  l versus l 2 (d) l versus
the second wire by the same amount ?[2018][2018] l2
(a) 4 F (b) F (c) 6 F (d) 9 F 5. The following four wires are made of same
2. The Young’s modulus of steel is twice that of material. Which of these will have the largest
brass. Two wires of the same length and of extension when the same tension is applied?
the same area of cross section, one of steel [2013]
and another of brass are suspended from the (a) Length = 300 cm, diameter = 3 mm
same roof. If we want the lower ends of the (b) Length = 50 cm, diameter = 0.5 mm
wires to be at the same level, then the weights (c) Length = 200 cm, diameter = 2 mm
added to the steel and brass wires must be in (d) Length = 100 cm, diameter = 1 mm
the ratio of [2015]
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 2 : 1 FLUID MECHANICS
3. The approximate depth of an ocean is 2700 m. 1. Two non-mixing liquid of densities  and
The compressibility of water is
n  n  1 are put in a container. The height
45.4  1011 Pa 1 and density of water is
of each liquid is h. A solid cylinder of length L
103 kg / m 3 . What frictional compression of and density d is put in this container. The
water will be obtained at the bottom of the cylinder floats with its axis vertical and length
ocean? [2015] pL(p  1) in the denser liquid. The density d
(a) 1.2  10 2
(b) 1.4  10 2
is equal to. [2016]
(c) 0.8 102 (d) 1.0  102 (a) {1   n  1 p} (b) {2   n  1 p}
4. Copper of fixed volume V is drawn into wire
of length l. When this wire is subjected to a (c) {2   n  1 p} (d) {1   n  1 p}

46
 Physics Times July 19

2. The cylindrical tube of a spray pump has radius (a) Angle of contact between the surface and
R, one end of which has n fine holes, each of the liquid
radius r. If the speed of the liquid in the tube is (b) Density
v, the speed of the ejection of the liquid through (c) Viscosity
the holes is [2015] (d) Surface tension
v2R vR 2 vR 2 vR 2 4. Radius of a soap bubble is increased from R
(a) (b) 2 2 (c) (d) to 2R. Work done in this process in terms of
nr nr nr 2 n3r2 surface tension is [2004]
3. A wind with speed 40 m/s blows parallel to (a) 24 R S2 2
(b) 48 R S
the roof of a house. The area of the root is 2
(c) 12 R S (d) 36 R 2 S
250m2 . 5. A capillary tube of radius R is immersed in
Assuming that the pressure inside the house water and water rises in it to a height H. Mass
is atmospheric pressure, the force exerted by of water in the capillary tube is M. If the radius
the wind on the roof and the direction of the of the tube is doubled, mass of water that will
force will be  Pair  1.2kg / m 2  [2015] rise in the capillary tube will now be [2002]
(a) 2M (b) M (c) M/2 (d) 4M
(a) 4.8  10 N, downwards
5

(b) 4.8  105 N, upwards

(c) 2.4  105 N, upwards
(d) 2.4  105 N, downwards
ELASTICITY
SURFACE TENSION 1. d 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. b
1. Water rises to height ‘h’ in capillary tube. If
the length of capillary tube above the surface FLUID MECHANICS
of water is made less than ‘h’ then [2015] 1. d 2. c 3. c
(a) Water rises up to the top of capillary tube
and stays there without overflowing. SURFACE TENSION
(b) Water does not rise at all. 1. a 2. b 3. a 4. a 5. a
(c) Water rises up to a point a little below the
top and stays there.
(d) Water rises up to the top of capillary tube
and then starts overflowing like a fountain.
2. A certain number of spherical drops of a liquid ELASTICITY
of radius r coalesce to form a single drop of 1.Sol: Volume V
radius R and volume V. If T is the surface  A  L1  3 A  L2
tension of the liquid, then [2014] L
L2  1
1 1 3
(a) Energy  4VT    is released Stress  Y ( strain)
r R
1 1  AY 
(b) Energy  3VT    is released F   L ;
r R  L 
1 1  
(c) Energy  3VT    is absorbed  3 AY 
r R
(d) Energy is neither released nor absorbed F'    L  9 F
 L  
3. The wettability of a surface by a liquid depends   3  
primarily on [2013]

47
Physics Times July 19

W l As the cylinder is in equilibrium Fg =Fb +Fb

2.Sol: Young’s modulus Y= A Δl 1 2

LAdg   pL  A  n  g  1  p  LAg
l, A and l are the same for both the wires.
Y W  d  1  p    pn   1   n  1 p  
Ys Ws 2 2.Sol: From equation of continuity
= 
Yb Wb 1 vR 2
R 2 v  nr 2 v1  v1  2
Ws : Wb  2 :1 nr
1 3.Sol: Applying Bernoulli’s theorem just above
3.Sol: B  Compressibility and just below the roof,
1 1
1

h g P  v 2  P0  0  P0  P   P  v 2
2 2
compressibility  V  Hence lift of the roof
 
 V  1
F  P.A  Av 2
 V  2
    hg  Compressibility
 V 
V SURFACE TENSION
  2.7  103  103  10  45.4  1011 2.Sol: Let R is the radius of the bigger drop and
V
N drops are combined to form the bigger drop.
 1.23 102
4 3 4 3
4.Sol: Young’s modulus is given by N r  R
3 3
F l
Y ( Hooke’s Law) (i) Nr 3  R3 (i)
A  l
As V  A  l  constant (ii) The energy released
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get E  T  Ai  A f 
F l2 E  T  N 4r 2  4R 2 
Y
V  l  Nr 2 
F  4R 2T  2  1
 l   l2  R 
VY 2
4   Nr 1
 l  l 2  3  R 3  T  3  
F L mg.L mgL 3   R R
5.Sol:As Y 
5.Sol:  or L 
L  A L  A YA 1 1 
 3VT   
L r R
 L  , which is maximum for 4.Sol:
A
option (b) W  8S ( R22  R12 )  8S [(2 R ) 2  R 2 ]  24R 2 S
5.Sol: Mass of liquid in capillary tube
FLUID MECHANICS
2T cos 
1.Sol: The cylinder present in two liquids are M  R 2 h    R 2 
Rg
shown in the figure.
 M  R. If radius becomes double, then

mass will become twice.

48
 Physics Times July 19

PAPER-2

SECTION-1
More than one answer type questions
1. An electric dipole with dipole moment
p0 ˆ ˆ
(i  j ) is held fixed at the origin O in the
2 rotating about its contact-point with the floor
presence of an uniform electric field of
magnitude E0. If the potential is constant on a
circle of radius R centered at the origin as
shown in figure, then the correct statement(s)
is/are: ( 0 is permittivity of free space
R>>dipole size)
(a) The magnitude of total electric field on any
two points of the circle will be same.
(b) Total electric field at point A is
 of wavelength a gets excited from the state
E A  2 E0 (iˆ  ˆj )
 p0 
1/3
(c) R    emitting a photon of wavelength e . Let the
 4 0 E0 

(d) Total electric field at point B is EB  0
2. A thin and uniform rod of mass M and length
L is held vertical on a floor with large friction.
The rod is released from rest so that it falls by
without slipping. Which of the following
statement(s) is/are correct, when the rod
makes an angle 60° with vertical?
[g is the acceleration due to gravity]
(a) The angular acceleration of the rod will be
2g
L
(b) The normal reaction force from the floor
Mg
on the rod will be
16
(c) The radial acceleration of the rod’s center
3g
of mass will be
4
(d) The angular speed of the rod will be
3g
2L
3. A free hydrogen atom after absorbing a photon
n = 1 to the state n = 4. Immediately after
that the electron jumps to n = m state by

49
Physics Times July 19
change in momentum of atom due to the
absorption and the emission are pa and pe
respectively. If a / e  1/5 , which of the
option(s) is/are correct?
[Use hc = 1242 eV nm ; 1nm = 10–9 m, h
and c are Plank’s constant and speed of light,
respectively]
(a) The ratio of kinetic energy of the electron
in the state n = m to the state n = 1 is
1/4
(b) m = 2
(c) pa /pe  1 / 2
(d) e  418
4. In a Young’s double slit experiment, the slit
separation d is 0.3 mm and the screen
distance D is 1 m.
A parallel beam of light of wavelength
600 nm is incident on the slits at angle ? as
shown in figure. On the screen, the point O is
equidistant from the slits and distance PO is
11.0 mm. Which of the following
statement(s) is/ are correct?
(a) For   0 , there will be constructive
interference at point P.
0.36
(b) For   degree, there will be

destructive interference at point P.
0.36
(c) For   degree, there will be
 spring with spring–constant k. This block is
destructive interference at point O.
(d) Fringe spacing depends on  .
5. Three glass cylinders of equal height H = 30
cm and same refractive index n = 1.5 are
placed on a horizontal surface as shown in
figure. Cylinder I has a flat top, cylinder II
50
has a convex top and cylinder III has a
concave top. The radii of curvature of the two
curved tops are same (R = 3m). If H1, H2
and H3 are the apparent depths of a point X
on the bottom of the three cylinders,
respectively, the correct
statement(s) is/are:
(a) H 2  H1
(b) H 3  H 1
(c) 0.8 cm  ( H 2  H 1 )  0.9 cm
(d) H 2  H 3
6. A mixture of ideal gas containing 5 moles of
monatomic gas and 1 mole of rigid diatomic
gas is initially at pressure P0, volume V0 and
temperature T0. If the gas mixture is
adiabatically compressed to a volume V0/4,
then the correct statement(s) is/are,
(Given 21.2 = 2.3 ; 23.2 = 9.2 ; R is gas
constant)
(a) The final pressure of the gas mixture after
compression is in between 9P0 and 10P0.
(b) The average kinetic energy of the gas
mixture after compression is in between
18RT0 and 19RT0
(c) Adiabatic constant of the gas mixture is
1.6
(d) The work |W| done during the process is
13RT0
7. A block of mass 2M is attached to a massless
connected to two other blocks of masses M
and 2M using two massless pulleys and strings.
The accelerations of the blocks are a1, a2 and
a3 as shown in the figure. The system is
released from rest with the spring in its
unstretched state. The maximum extension of

the spring is x0. Which of the following
option(s) is/are correct ? [g is the acceleration
due to gravity. Neglect friction]
x0
(a) At an extension of of the spring. The
4 SECTION-2
magnitude of acceleration of the block
3g
connected to the spring is
10
4Mg
(b) x0 
k the object pin is kept at 45 cm mark. The image
(c) When spring achieves an extension of
x0
for the first time, the speed of the block
2 in the measurement of the focal length of the
M lens is ____
connected to the spring is 3g
5k
(d) a2  a1  a1  a3
8. A small particle of mass m moving inside a
heavy, hollow and straight tube along the tube
axis undergoes elastic collision at two ends.
The tube has no friction and it is closed at one
end by a flat surface while the other end is
fitted with a heavy movable flat piston as
shown in figure. When the distance of the
piston from closed end is L = L0 the particle
speed is v = v0. The piston is moved inward
dL
at a very low speed V such that V  v0 .
L
Where dL is the infinitesimal displacement of
the piston.
Which of the following statement(s) is/are
correct?
Physics Times July 19
(a) After each collision with the piston, the
particle speed increases by 2V.
(b) If the piston moves inward by dL, the
dL
particle speed increases by 2v
L
(c) The particle’s kinetic energy increases by a
factor of 4 when the piston is moved inward
1
from L0 to L0
2
(d) The rate at which the particle strikes the
piston is v/L
Integer type questions
1. An optical bench has 1.5 m long scale having
four equal divisions in each cm. While
measuring the focal length of a convex lens,
the lens is kept at 75 cm mark of the scale and
of the object pin on the other side of the lens
overlaps with image pin that is kept at 135 cm
mark. In this experiment, the percentage error
2. A perfectly reflecting mirror of mass M
mounted on a spring constitutes a spring–mass
system of angular frequency  such that
4 M 
 1024 m 2 with h as Planck’s constant.
h
N photons of wavelength   8 106 m
strike the mirror simultaneously at normal
incidence such that the mirror gets displaced
by 1 m . If the value of N is x  1012 , then the
value of x is _____. [Consider the spring as
massless]
51
Physics Times July 19
3. A monochromatic light is incident from air on
a refracting surface of a prism of angle 75°
and refractive index n0  3 . The other
refracting surface of the prism is coated by a
thin film of material of refractive index n as
shown in figure. The light suffers total internal
reflection at the coated prism surface for an
incidence angle of   60 . The value of n2 is
______.
226
4. Suppose a 88
Ra nucleus at rest and in ground
state undergoes   decay to a 22286
Rn nucleus
in its excited state. The kinetic energy of the
emitted  particle is found to be 4.44 MeV..
222
86
Rn nucleus then goes to its ground state by
 –decay. The energy of the emitted  photon
is _____keV.
[Given : atomic mass of 226
88
Ra  226.005 u ,
atomic mass of 22288
Rn  222.0050 u , atomic
mass of  particle = 4.000 u, 1u=931MeV/c2,
c is speed of light]
5. A ball is thrown from ground at an angle 
with horizontal and with an initial speed u0.
For the resulting projectile motion, the
magnitude of average velocity of the ball up
to the point when it hits the ground for the first
time is V1. After hitting the ground, the ball
rebounds at the same angle  but with a
reduced speed of u0 / . Its motion continues
for a long time as shown in figure. If the
magnitude of average velocity of the ball for
entire duration of motion is 0.8 V1, the value
of  is __________
52
6. A 10 cm long perfectly conducting wire PQ is
moving with a velocity 1 cm/s on a pair of
horizontal rails of zero resistance. One side of
the rails is connected to an inductor L = 1mH
and a resistance R  1 as shown in figure.
The horizontal rails, L and R lie in the same
plane with a uniform magnetic field B=1T
perpendicular to the plane. If the key S is closed at
certain instant, the current in the circuit after
1 milli second is x × 10–3A, where the value of
x is _____________.
[Assume the velocity of wire PQ remains
constant (1cm/s) after key S is closed. Given
: e–1 = 0.37, where e is base of the natural
logarithm]
SECTION-3
Answer the following by appropriately
matching the lists based on the
information given in the paragraph.
A musical instrument is made using four
different metal strings 1, 2, 3 and 4 with mass
per unit length 1 , 2 ,3 and 4  respectiv-
ely. The instrument is played by vibrating the
strings by varying the free length in between
the range L0 and 2L0. It is found that in string-
1(  ) at free length L0 and tension T0 the
fundamental mode frequency is f0.
List-I List-II
(I) String-1 ( ) (P) 1
(II) String-2 (2  ) (Q) 1/2
1
(III) String-3 (3  ) (R)
2
 Physics Times July 19

1 possible values of these quantities.

(IV) String-4 (4  ) (S) LIST-I LIST-II-II
3 (I) Work done by the
(T) 3/16 system in process
(U) 1/16
1
1. If the tension in each string is T0, the correct 1 2  3 (P) RT0 ln 2
match for the highest fundamental frequency 3
in f0 units will be : (II) Change in internal
energy in process
(a) I  P, II  Q, III  T , IV  S
(b) I  P, II  R, III  S , IV  Q 1
1 2  3 (Q) RT0
3
(c) I  Q, II  S , III  R, IV  P
(III) Heat absorbed by the
(d) I  Q, II  P, III  R, IV  T system in process
2. The length of the strings 1, 2, 3 and 4 are kept 1 2  3 (R) RT0
3L0 5L0 (IV) Heat absorbed by
fixed at L0 , , respectively. Strings 1, the system in
2 4
2, 3 and 4 are vibrated at their 1st, 3rd, 5th and 4
process 1  2  3 (S) RT0
14th harmonics, respectively such that all the 3
strings have same frequency. The correct
match for the tension in the four strings in the 1
(T) RT0 (3  ln 2)
units of T0 will be : 3
(a) I  P, II  R, III  T , IV  U 5
(U) RT0
(b) I  P, II  Q, III  R, IV  T 6
(c) I  P, II  Q, III  T , IV  U 3. If the process on one mole of monatomic ideal
gas is as shown in the TV-diagram with
(d) I  T , II  Q, III  R, IV  U
1
PV
0 0
 RT0 the correct match is,
Answer the following by appropriately 3
matching the lists based on the
information given in the paragraph.
In a thermodynamic process on an ideal
monoatomic gas, the infinitesimal heat
absorbed by the gas is given by T X , where
T is temperature of the system and X is the
infinitesimal change in a thermodynamic (a) I  P, II  R, III  T , IV  S
quantity X of the system. For a mole of
monatomic ideal gas (b) I  P, II  T , III  Q, IV  T
(c) I  S , II  T , III  Q, IV  U
3 T  V 
X R ln    R ln . (d) I  P, II  R, III  T , IV  P
2  TA   VA 
4. If the process carried out on one mole of
Here, R is gas constant, V is volume of gas. monoatomic ideal gas is as shown in figure in
TA and VA are constants.
The List-I below gives some quantities 1
the PV-diagram with PV
0 0
 RT0 the correct
involved in a process and List-II gives some 3

53
Physics Times July 19

match is ( EB ) Net  0

(a) I  S , II  R, III  Q, IV  T
(b) I  Q, II  R, III  P, IV  U
(c) I  Q, II  S , III  R, IV  U
(d) I  Q, II  R, III  S , IV  U

2.Sol:
SECTION-1
1. (c,d) 2. (b,c&d) 3. (a,b) 4. (b) K  U  0
5. (a,d) 6. (a,c,d) 7. d 8. (a,c)
1
I 0 2  U
SECTION-2 2
1. 0.69 2. 1 3. 1.5 4. 135
1 ML2 2  L
5. 4 6. 0.63      Mg 
2 3  4
SECTION-3
3g
1. b 2. c 3. d 4. d 
2L

2 L 3g L 3g
 aradial        I 0
2 2L 2 4
SECTION-1 L
1.Sol: R>> dipole size Mg sin 60
2 3 3g
So the circle is equipotential  2

L 4L
M
So, Enet Should be  to surface so 3
1/3
p0  p0  The acceleration of CM of the rod along
3
 E0  r    vertical direction is
4 0 r  4 0 E0 
At point B net electric field will be zero.  L L
 av     sin 60   2 cos60
EB  0  2 2
2kp0 3 3g 3 3g
( EA ) Net   E0  3E0  av  
r3 8 2 8
 3 15 g
Electric field at point A E A  E0 [iˆ  ˆj ]  av 
2 16

54
 Physics Times July 19

Mg So destructive interference takes place

 Mg  N  Mav  N At Point P
16
0.36  0.3mm 11mm
1 13.6 eV x  0.3mm   
3.Sol: As E & E   180 1000
 n2
 39  104 mm
1 1
 600  109  103
E4  Em m2 16 1 39  104  (2n  1) 
a / e    2
E4  E1 1 5
1 n7
16
There will be destructive interference
On solving we get At Point O
m2
0.36 
1242  16 x  3mm    0  600 nm
e   487 nm  180
13.6  3
600 nm  n
1 n 1
As K 2
n Constructive interference
K 2 12 1 Fringe width does not depend on  .
 
K1 22 4 as kinetic energy is proportional

1
5.Sol: Case-I:
n2
4.Sol:
H  30 cm
n  3/2
30  2
H 1  H /n   20cm
3

The net path difference  x is

x  d sin   d sin  Case-II:
y
sin   tan  
b
R  300 cm
dy
x  d  n2 n1 n2  n1
D  
If   0 v u R
0.3  11 3
 x  dy /D   33  104 mm 1
1000 1 3 2
 
 H 2 2  30 300
33  104 11
x interms of   6

600  10 2

55
Physics Times July 19

600 Let y1 , y2 & y3 are the positions of the three

H2   20.684 cm
29 blocks w.r.t the fixed pulley.

Case-III:

n2 n1 n2  n1
  ;
v u R
3 The length of the first string is
1
1 3 2; l1  y1  y p (1)
 
 H 3 2  30 300 The length of the second string is
600 l2  y2  y p  y3  y p (2)
H3   19.354 cm
31 From eq’s 1 & 2
nC  n C 8 y2  y3  2 y1  constant
6.Sol:  mix  1 P1 2 P 2 
n1CV 1  n2 CV 2 5 On differentiating w.r.to t
PV  PV d 2 y2 d 2 y3 2d 2 y1
W 1 1 2 2  2  0
 1 dt 2 dt dt 2
8/5 a2  a3  2(  a1 )  0
8/5 V 
PV
0 0
 P2  0   a1  a3  a2  a1
4
For other options use m equivalent
P2  9.2 P0
V0
PV
0 0
 9.2 P0
W 4  13RT
0
3/ 5
 W  13RT0
γ 1
TV
1 1
 T2V γ 1

6/5
T2  T1 (2)  2.3T0
4( m1 )(m2 ) 4(M )(2M ) 8M
Average kinetic energy of gas mixture meq   
m1  m2 M  2M 3
 nCV T2  23RT0
mix

7.Sol:

The maximum extension in the spring is

1 2 8Mg
kx0  x0
2 3

56
 Physics Times July 19

16Mg 1 1 1
x0   v  2 u   2 f
3k v 2
u f
x02
v   x02  x 2   x02 
4  f  v u
 2  2  2
3 3 16Mg 3K 32M  f  max v u
v  x0   g
2 2 3K 14M K
f 1 1
x x 3K 2g  
ax  0  2  0  (20) 2
4(60  60) 4(30)(30)
0
4 4 4 14 M 7
1
8.Sol: where v  u  cm
4
The rate of collision of the particle with the
5
1 v f 
piston is  36
2L /v 2 L
f 5 1
The speed of the particle after collision with  
the piston is v  2V f 36 20
If the piston moves inward by dL the speed of f 5 1 25
the particle increases by  100%    100%  %
f 36 20 36
dL v
dv  2V    0.69%
V 2L
2.Sol: Momentum transferred to the mirror
dv dL
  2Nh
v L 

1 2 dK 2dv 2dL
As K  mv    2 Nh
2 K v L  MV( mean position )

dK dL
  2 V( mean position )  A (where A  1  m )
K L
ln K  2ln L  ln C 2Nh
 M A (where   8  106 )
2
ln ( KL )  ln C 
 KL2  constant M (106 ) M 8  106  106
N 
2h 2h
 K f  4Ki
Correct options are (a,c) 4 M 
N  1012
h
SECTION-2 N  1 1012  x  1

1.Sol:

1 1 1 3.Sol:
 
v u f

57
Physics Times July 19

For T.I.R at coated surface

 1 1 1 
sin  c 
n 1   2   4  ....  2 m 
ux    0.8 v1
3 1
1 1 1
 1   2  ...  m 
Appling snell’s law at first surface     
sin   3 sin(75   c )
 
sin 60  3 sin(75   c )  1 
V1 
3 1 
 3 sin (75   c ) 1  2 

2      0.8 V1    4
  1
1  1 
 sin(75   c ) 
2 1
1  
 30  75   c   c  45  

n 1 3 6.Sol:   Bvl  102  1101

  n2   1.50
3 2 2
  103 volt
4.Sol:
 
 Rt
L 
103
m  226.005  222.000  4.000  0.005amu i 1  e   (1  e 1 )
R  1
 Q value  0.005  931.5  4.655MeV 3

K .E mRn i  10 (1  0.37)

Also K .E  m i  0.63 mA
Rn 

m 4
 K .ERn  m  K .E  222  4.44 SECTION-3
Rn
1.Sol: Fundamental frequency is maximum when
 0.08MeV length is minimum i.e. L0,
 Energy of   Photon  4.655  (4.44
1 T0
0.08) Case1: L  L0 , T  T0 , f  f 0 ; f1 
2 L0 
 0.135MeV  135 KeV
5.Sol: For the first collision 1 T0 f
Case 2: f3   0
R 2 L0 3 3
V   ux  V1
T 1

For the total journey 1 T0 f

Case 3: f3   0
2L0 3 3
R1  R2  ....  Rm
 V  ( n1 ) 
T1  T2  ....  Tm 1 T0 f
Case 4: f 4   0
2 L0 4 2
2u x u y 2u x u y 2u x u y
1 1
 2 2
 .....  m m

2.Sol: Case1: L  L0 , T  T0 , f  f 0
g g g

2u y 2u y 2u y
1
 2
 .... m 1 T0
g g g f0 
2 L0 

58
 Physics Times July 19

3L0 3  T 
Case 2: L  U123  1  R  T0  0    RT ( II  R)
2 2  3  0

3 T2 Q123  U123  W123 (First lawof thermodynamics)

f2   f0
3L 2
2 0 RT0
2  RT0  ln 2
T0 3
 T2 
2 RT0
 [3  ln 2] ( III  T )
5L0 3
Case 3: L 
4 (IV) Q12  U 12  W12

5 T3 RT0 RT
f3   f0 0 ln 2  0 ln 2 ( IV  P)
5L 3 3 3
2 0
4 4.Sol: (I) W123  W12  W23
3T0  P0 [2V0  V0 ]  0  PV
0 0
 T3 
16 RT0
W123  PV
0 0  ( I  Q)
7 L0 3
Case 4: L 
4 3  3P 
(II) U123   0  2V0  PV
0 0

14 T4 2 2 
f4   f0
 7L 4 3
2 0   2 PV
0 0
 3PV
0 0
 RT0 ( II  R)
4 2
T0 Q123  U 123  W123
  T4 
16 RT0 4 RT0
 RT0   ( III  S )
3.Sol: 1-2 process is isothermal and 2-3 process 3 3
is isochoric. (IV) Q12  nCP T
Vf T0 V2 RT0 5
(I) W12  nRT ln  1 R ln  ln 2  n R(T2  T1 )
Vi 3 V1 3 2
5
W23  0   P0 2V0  PV
0 0
2
RT0 5
W123  W12  W23  ln 2  R0T0 ( IV  U )
3 6
f
(II) U  nR(Tf  Ti )
2

59
Physics Times July 19
Read the assertion and reason carefully to
mark the correct options given below:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and
Reasonis the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but
Reasonis not the correct explanation of the
Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
(d) If Assertion is false but the Reason is true.
WAVES ON STRING
1. Assertion: A wave of frequency 500 Hz is
propagating with a velocity of 350ms 1.
Distance between two particles with 60 phase
difference is 12 cm.

Reason: x  .
2
2. Assertion: In a small segment of string
carrying sinusoidal wave, total energy is
conserved.
Reason: The stretch in the string is maximum
at the mean position
3. Assertion: Solids can support both longitudinal
and transverse waves but only longitudinal
waves can propagate in gases.
Reason: For the propagation of transverse
waves, medium must also necessarily have the
property of rigidity.
4. Assertion: A standing wave pattern is formed
in a string. The power transfer throught a point
(other node and antinode) is zero always.
Reason: At antinode displacement is
maximum
5. Assertion: Velocity of particles, while
crossing mean position (in stationary waves)
60
varies from maximum at antinodes to zero at
nodes.
Reason: Amplitude of vibration at antinodes
is maximum and at nodes, the amplitude is zero,
and all particles between two successive nodes
cross the mean position together.
6. Assertion: In a stationary wave, there is no
transfer of energy.
Reason: There is no outward motion of the
disturbance from one particle to adjoing
particle in a stationary wave.
7. Assertion: The equation of a stationary wave
x
is y  20 sin cos t. The distance between
4
two consecutive anti-nodes will be 4 m.
Reason: The data is insufficient.
Assertion:Soldiers are asked to break steps
8. Assertion:
while crossing the bridge.
Reason: The frequency of marching may be
equal to the natural frequency of bridge and
may lead to resonance which can break the
bridge.
SOUND WAVES
1. Assertion : Sound, cannot propagate in the
vaccum.
Reason: Sound is a square wave.
It propagates in a medium by a virtue of
damping oscillation.
Assertion:Two persons on the surface of
2. Assertion:
moon cannot talk to each other.
Reason: There is no atmosphere on moon.
3. Assertion: Sound would travel faster on a
hot summer day than on a cold winter day.
Reason: Velocity of sound is directly
proportional to the square of its absolute
temperature.
 Physics Times July 19

4. Assertion:The
Assertion: flash of lightening is seen At other points P  0.
before the sound to thunder is heard. 6.Sol: In stationary wave, total energy associated
Reason: Speed of sound is greater than speed with it is twice the energy of each of incidence
of light. and reflected wave. Large amount of energy
Assertion:Sound travels faster in solids than
5. Assertion: is trapped with the waves. Hence, there is no
gases. transmission of energy through the waves.
Reason: Solid possessses greater density than 7.Sol: The equation of stationary waves is
gases. x
y  20sincos t
4
Compare with y  2a sin kx cos t
 2
k   8m
4 /4
WAVES ON STRING
Distance between two consecutive antinodes
1. a 2. d 3. a 4. d
 8
5. a 6. b 7. c 8. a    4m
2 2
8.Sol: If the soldiers while crossing a suspended
SOUND WAVES
bridge march in steps, the frequency of
1. c 2. a 3. c 4. c 5. b
marching steps of soldiers may match the
natural frequency of oscillation of the
suspended bridge. In that situation resonance
will take place, then the
WAVES ON STRING amplitude of oscillation of the suspended bridge
v 350 will increase enormously, which may cause the
1.Sol: As,     0.7 m collapsing of the bridge.
n 500
 
  rad As, x   SOUND WAVES
3 2
1.Sol: Sound waves are mechanical waves
0.7  60 
x     0.12m  12cm 2.Sol: Sound waves require material medium to
2  180  travel. As there is no atmosphere (Vacuum)
2.Sol: Every small segment is acted upon by on the surface of moon, therefore the sound
forces from both sides of it hence energy is waves cannot reach from one person to
not conserved, rather it is transmitted by the another.
element. 3.Sol: The velocity of sound in a gas is directly
3.Sol: For the propagation of transverse waves, porportional to the square root of its absolute
medium must have the property of rigidity.  RT 
Because gases have no rigidity, (they do not temperature  as v  M
 .
possess shear elasticity), and hence transverse  
Since temperature of a hot day of more than
waves cannot be produced is gases. On the
cold winter day, therefore sound would travel
other hand, the solids possess both vlolume and
faster on a hot summer day than on a cold
shear elasticity and likewise bith the longitudinal
winter day.
and transverse waves can be transmitted
4.Sol: Speed of light is greater than that of sound,
throught them.
hence flash of lightning is seen before the
4.Sol: At node v = 0, at antinode Tension  to
sound of thunder.
velocity 5.Sol: Sound wave required medium.
 
 at both the points power = 0 ( P  F  v )

61
Physics Times July 19

1. An earthen pitcher used in summer cools water in

it essentially by evaporation of water from its
porous surface. If a pitcher carries 4 kg water
and the rate of evaporation is 20 g per hour,
temperature of water in it decreases by T in
two hours. The value of T is close to (ratio of The cardboard is kept at a suitable distance
latent heat of evaporation to specific heat of behind a transparent empty glass of cylindrical
water is 540C ) shape. If the glass is now filled with water, one
sees an inverted image of the pattern on the
(a) 2.7C (b) 4.2C (c) 5.4C (d) 10.8C
cardboard when looking through the glass.
2. Which of the following is NOT true about the
Ignoring magnification effects, the image would
total lunar eclipse?
appear as
(a) A lunar eclipse can occur on a new moon and
full moon day.
(b) The lunar eclipse would occur roughly every
month if the orbits of earth and moon were
perfectly coplanar. (a ) (b)
(c) The moon appears red during the eclipse
because the blue light is absorbed in earth’s
atmosphere and red is transmitted.
(d) A lunar eclipse can occur only on a full moon
day.
3. Many exoplanets have been discovered by
the transit method, wherein one monitors a dip (c) (d)
in the intensity of the parent star as the
exoplanet moves infront of it. The exoplanet
has a radius R and the parent star has radius 5. A potential is given by
100R.If I 0 is the intensity observed on earth V( x )  ( x   ) 2 / 2 for x  0 and
due to the parent star, then as the exoplanet V( x )  k ( x   ) 2 / 2 for x  0 . The schematic
transits, variation of oscillation period (T) for a
(a) The minimum observed intensity of the performing periodic motion in this potential as a
parent star is 0.9 I 0 function of its energy E is
(b) The minimum observed intensity of the
parent star is 0.99 I 0
(c) The minimum observed intensity of the (a) (b)
parent star is 0.999 I 0
(d) The minimum observed intensity of the
parent star is 0.9999 I 0
4. Letters A, B, C and D are written on a cardboard
as shown in the figure (c) (d)

62
 Physics Times July 19

When an object is seen through a water filled

cylinder then inversion takesplace along
horizontal direction and no inversion takes place
1. c 2. a 3. d 4. d 5. d along vertical direction as shown in the figure

g
1.Sol: Rate of vaporization of water  20
hr A and C on vertical line so they are not inter
40 changed but A gets horizontally reversed, which
Water vaporized in 2 hr  40 g  kg can’t be recognized. C gets horizontally inter
1000
L changed, as shown in the figure
Given that  540C
C
Heat looses by water = Heat gained for
vaporization
(m  m)C T   mL Similarly B and D positions get interchanged but
they are reversed horizontally as shown in the
L
( m  m ) T   m figure
C
 0.04  So the correct image is (d).
T    540  5.4C
 (4  0.04)  5.Sol: Given that
2.Sol: A lunar eclipse can occur only on the night 1
of a full moon. v  ( x   )2 for x  0
2
3.Sol: When the exoplanet reaches the line that joins Acceleration of the particle is
the star and earth then energy (power) emitted d2x dV
by the star will be absorbed by the planet P. So    (x   )
dt 2 dx
the intensity of radiation that reaches the earth
decreases. d 2 (x   )
   (x   )
dt 2
The above equation represents SHM with time
period
2
T1   2 sec

The initial intensity at the earth in the absence of T1 is independent of energy
the planet is
1
I
P V k ( x   ) 2 for x  0
4 r 2 2
Acceleration of the particle is
The intensity at the earth in the presence of
planet is d2x dV
2
  k ( x   )
P' 0.9999 P dt dx
I' 
4 r 2 4 r 2 d2
( x   )  k ( x   )
The effective area of the sun that emmits dt 2
radiation is 4 (100 R ) 2  4 R 2 The above equation represents SHM with time
period
I '  0.9999 I 2 2
T2  
 k
T2 is independent of energy
4.Sol: The correct graph should be (d)

63
Physics Times July 19

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