Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Matt Kennard
We meet in his favourite hangout, the Winghouse Bar & Grill. In our
brief phone call, I'd asked how I would recognise him. "Just look for
the skinhead with the tattoos," he said. And sure enough, sitting
straight to my right as I walk in is a youngish-looking man, plastered in
tattoos, with cropped hair and bulging biceps. "You're British, right,"
he says, as we order. "I remember seeing black guys with British
accents in Iraq, shit was so crazy."
As a young man, Fogarty was obsessed with Ian Stuart Donaldson, the
legendary singer in the British band Skrewdriver, who is hero-
worshipped in the neo-Nazi music scene. At 16, he had an image from
one of Skrewdriver's album covers – a Viking carrying an axe, an icon
among white nationalists – tattooed on his left forearm. Soon after, he
had a Celtic cross, an Irish symbol appropriated by neo-Nazis,
emblazoned on his stomach. A few years later, he started his own band,
Attack, now one of the biggest Nazi bands in the US. But it was never
his day job. "I was a landscaper when I left school," he says. "I kind
of fell into it. I didn't give a shit what I was doing, I was just drinking
and fighting."
For the next eight years he drifted through jobs in construction and
landscaping, and began hanging out with the National Alliance, at the
time one of the biggest neo-Nazi organisations in the US. He soon
became a member. He had always seen himself as a fighter and
warrior, so he resolved to do what two generations of Fogartys had
done before him: join the military.
Forrest Fogarty, a neo-Nazi who served in Iraq as a part of the military police from
2004 to 2005. Photograph: Courtesy Matt Kennard
Fogarty was not the first extremist to enter the armed forces. The neo-
Nazi movement has had a long and tense relationship with the US
military. Since its inception, the leaders of the white supremacist
movement have encouraged their members to enlist. They see it as a
way for their followers to receive combat and weapons training,
courtesy of the US government, and then to bring what they learn
home to undertake a domestic race war. Not all far-right groups
subscribe to this vision – some, such as the Ku Klux Klan, claim to
prefer a democratic approach – but a large portion see themselves as
insurrectionary forces. To that end, professional training in warfare is a
must.
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Soon after Fogarty was approved, his ex-girlfriend and mother of his
eldest child contacted the military. According to Fogarty, she sent a
dossier of pictures to his military command that showed him at white
supremacist and neo-Nazi rallies, as well as performing his racist rock
with Attack. "They hauled me before some sort of committee, and
showed me the pictures. I just denied it." The committee, he says,
"knew what I was about, but they let it go because I'm a great soldier".
Fogarty maintains that a good portion of those around him were aware
of his neo-Nazism. "They all knew in my unit," he says. "They would
always kid around and say, 'Hey, you're that skinhead!'" He was
confident enough of his carte blanche from the military that during his
break from service in 2004, he flew not to see his family in the US but
to Dresden, Germany, to give a concert to 2,500 skinheads, on the
army's budget.
James Douglas Ross, who served in Iraq as an intelligence officer, in his barracks room.
Photograph: Hunter Glass
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Many of the wars' worst atrocities are linked directly to the loosening of
enlistment regulations on criminals, racist extremists, and gang
members, among others. Then there are the effects on the troops
themselves. Lowering standards on intelligence and body weight, for
example, compromised the military's operational readiness and
undoubtedly endangered the lives of US and allied troops. Hundreds of
soldiers may have paid with their lives for this folly.
A US marine scout sniper unit posing with neo-Nazi SS lightning bolts flag in Sangin,
Afghanistan.
The military not only ignored Eastridge's extremism, but on his return
from combat awarded him a Purple Heart and Army Achievement
medals. Eastridge's lawyer, Sheilagh McAteer, becomes palpably angry
when I speak to her. She claimed that the military were now knowingly
sending mentally unstable young men to Afghanistan and Iraq. "The
military is to some extent desperate to get people to go to fight –
soldiers who are not fit, mentally and physically sick, but they continue
to send them," she told me. "Having a tattoo was the least of his
concerns."
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The three most common barriers for potential recruits were failure to
graduate high school, a criminal record and physical fitness issues,
including obesity. The criminal record had been dealt with by "moral
waivers" and the obesity problem by "medical waivers", but dropping
the standards on educational attainment would not be so easy without
seriously affecting operational readiness. There was a way for non-
graduates to get into the military, however: the general equivalency
degree, or GED, which can afford recruits a waiver if they score well
enough on the military's entrance exam. The army accepts about 15%
of recruits without a high school diploma if they have a GED. Alive to
this loophole, the military instituted another program in 2008, the so-
called GED Plus, to give more of America's youth the requisite
qualifications they needed to go and fight. It opened its first prep
school for the purpose, targeted at tough, inner-city areas.
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In fact, during the "war on terror", the resources poured into recruiting
impressionable young people skyrocketed, with 1,000 new recruiters
added in one year to bring high school kids round to the military's way
of thinking. The Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps expanded
across the nation, and no child was free from their solicitations; even
11-year-olds were taking part in the programmes. One in 10 high school
students in Chicago wore a military uniform to school and took classes
on shooting guns from retired veterans.
One of the main incentives offered was money – a lot of money from
the perspective of a 16-year-old. In 2005, the army moved to raise the
average bonus given to recruits when they signed on the dotted line
from $14,000 to $17,000, with the possibility of as much as $30,000
for hard-to-fill vacancies. Another of the military's slogans was "Join
the Armed Forces, get a free education", an offer many of America's
poorest kids couldn't turn down.
In 2009, the military met its recruitment targets for the first time since
2004 and once again pledged to lock out those with criminal records.
Brigadier General Joseph Anderson, deputy commander of the US
Army Recruiting Command, said that the "adult major misconduct"
waiver, given for felony offences, was now closed and, additionally,
those with a history of juvenile criminal activity would not be allowed
to recruit without a high school diploma. It was an admission of guilt,
but for many in Iraq and Afghanistan, it was too late.