Professional Documents
Culture Documents
SMART CARDS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
DEGREE
By
Aniket Sharma
CSE 2022
2818094
History
Conclusion
Bibliography
Figure Index
Figure 1: Examples of smart card 6
Figure 2: Smart card physical dimension 9
Figure 3: Inside a smart card 10
Figure 4: Connection diagram of smart card 10
Figure 5: architecture of smart card 12
Table Index
Table 1: Functional description 11
Table 2: sample Instruction Types 14
Table 3: Parts of various readers 15
Table 4: Some special features 23
History
The smart card is one of the latest additions to the world of information technology. Similar in
size to today’s plastic payment card, the smart card has a microprocessor or memory chip
embedded in it that, when coupled with a reader, has the processing power to serve many
different applications. As an access-control device, smart cards make personal and business
data available only to the appropriate users. Another application provides users with the ability
to make a purchase or exchange value. Smart cards provide data portability, security and
convenience.
In 1968, German inventor Jurgen Dethloff along with Helmet Grotrupp filed a patent
for using plastic as a carrier for microchips.
In 1970, Dr. Kunitaka Arimura of Japan filed the first and only patent on the smart card
concept
In 1974, Roland Moreno of France files the original patent for the IC card, later dubbed the
“smart card.”
In 1977, three commercial manufacturers, Bull CP8, SGS Thomson, and Schlumberger began
developing the IC card product.
In1979, Motorola developed first single chip Microcontroller for French Banking
In 1982,World's first major IC card testing is done.
In 1992,Nationwide prepaid card project started in Denmark
1. Introduction
Plastic ID cards are used extensively for identification and authentication purposes in various
applications such as driving licenses, Bank ATM card, Credit card, Club membership card, and
in various Academic and commercial organizations as well. Some of these cards contain a
magnetic-strip to make it machine readable. However these cards are not secure enough and
given the right kind of equipment, the information on these cards can be modified easily.
Smart card is the youngest and cleverest one in the family of identification card. Its
characteristic feature is in an integrated circuit embedded in the card, which has components for
the transmission, storage and processing of data. Smart card offers many advantages compared
to magnetic-strip card. One of the important advantages is that stored data can be protected
against unauthorized access and modification. Smart cards can be divided into two groups
according to the underlying technology. Cards in the first group use memory based technology
and provides a secure storage of data. Cards in the second group use microprocessor cards and
provide a standardized exchange of information to implement authentication, verification,
secure storage, encryption and decryption etc. Cards in this category use an Operating System
interface.
Fig 1: Example of smart card
Memory-Cards: Less expensive and much less functional than microprocessor cards. Contain
EEPROM and ROM memory, as well as some address and security logic. Applications are pre-
paid telephone cards and health insurance cards.
ISO 7816 Design and use of identification cards having integrated circuits with contacts (1987)
This standard in its many parts is probably the most important specification for the lower layers of the
IC card. The first 3 parts in particular are well established and allow total physical and electrical
interoperability as well as defining the communication protocol between the IC card and the CAD (Card
Acceptor Device).
CLK RST
Vcc
RFU
GND
RFU
Vpp
I/O
The Vcc supply voltage is specified at 5 volts ± 10%. There is an industry push for smartcard standards to
support 3-volt technology because all mobile phone components are available in a 3-volt configuration, and
smartcards are the only remaining component, which require a mobile phone to have a charge converter.
2. Smart card CPU Architecture
A smart card is a plastic card that contains an embedded integrated circuit (IC).Examples: Our
very Own T-Card!,Credit Cards,Cell Phone SIM Cards.They store and process Information.
Smart Cards Can be used to add authentication and secure access to information systems that
require a high level of security.
The different elements of the smart card are:
CPU( Central Processing Unit ): It is the heart of the chip.
Security logic: It detects abnormal conditions,e.g. low voltage.
Serial i/o interface: Used for contact to the outside world.
Test logic: self-test procedures.
ROM: Rom is card operating system, self-test procedures and have typically 16 kbytes, future
32/64 kbytes.
RAM:‘scratch pad’ of the processor, typically 512 bytes, in future 1 kbyte.
EEPROM: It is used as cryptographic keys,PIN code,biometric template,balance,application
code. It is typically 8 kbytes & in future 32 kbytes.
databus
s test logic
CPU
ROM
security
logic RAM
serial i/o EEPRO
interface M
File selection
File reading and writing
File searching
File operations
Identification
Authentication
Cryptographic functions
File management
Instructions for electronic purses or credit cards
Operating system completion
Hardware testing
Special instructions for specific applications
Transmission protocol support
MF
DF DF EF EF
DF EF
EF EF
A dedicated file(DF) has similar properties to the master file and may also have other dedicated files
and/orelementary files as descendants.
An elementary file(EF) is the bottom of any chain from the root MF file and may contain data as well as
file control information. An elementary file has no descendants. A number of elementary file types are
defined as follows,
. Working file
. Public file
. Application control file
Serial Port Very common; robust, inexpensive. Many desktop computers have no free
Cross platform support for serial ports. Requires external power
Can be slightly more expensive. Many
PCMCIA Excellent for traveling users with
desktop systems don't have PCMCIA
laptop computers
PS/2 Easy to install with a wedge Slower communication speeds.
Keyboard adapter. Supports protected PIN
Floppy Very easy to install Requires a battery. Communications
speed can be an issue.
USB Very high data transfer speeds. Not yet widely available. Shared bus
could pose a security issue.
Built-in No need for hardware or software Not yet widely available.
installation.
2.6 Overview current Smart Card Interfaces
Interface Available Supported Availability Integration Timing
Smartcard PC Efforts
Functionality Operating
Systems
CT-API Whole smartcard Always Available for Strongly Fast smartcard
functionality Win32 all dependent on access, but no
and on smartcards the resource
several and desired management
Unix terminals functionality
systems
OCF Strongly All systems Available for Easy Not very fast,
dependent on the with a a few integration because of
different Card Java runtime terminals, all in Java Java-
Services environment CardServices applications
Interpreter
are seldom and
implemented Applets
3. Security Mechanisms
3.2Cryptographic verification
Terminal verify card (INTERNAL AUTH)
Terminal sends a random number to card to be hashed or encrypted using a key. Card provides
the hash or cyphertext. Terminal can know that the card is authentic.
vii. A smart card carries more information than can be accommodated on a magnetic stripe
card. It can make a decision, as it has relatively powerful processing capabilities that
allow it to do more than a magnetic stripe card (e.g., data encryption).
5.2 Disadvantages
i. Can be lost/stolen
ii. Lack of user mobility – only possible if user has smart card reader every he goes
iii. Working from PC – software based token will be better
iv. No benefits to using a token on multiple PCs to using a smart card
v. Still working on bugs
5.3 Special Features:
Table 4: Some special features
Hardware Software
Closed package decoupling applications and operating system
memory encapsulation application separation (Java card)
Fuses restricted file access
Curity logic (sensors) life cycle control
Services that are permanently installed in the card by the card issuer might include:
Electronic ticketing ,Air miles ,Cash replacement
Services that might be added for a particular trip include: Hotel coupons & Car vouchers
5.6.2 Student Card Example
Smart cards have proven to be useful for transaction, authorization, and identification media.
They will soon replace all of the things we carry around in our wallets, including credit cards,
licenses, cash, and even family photographs.
Smart cards could be used to voluntarily identify attributes of ourselves no matter where we are
or to which computer network we are attached.