Appendix A

Isentropic Flow Table

Table A.1 displayes the isentropic flow properties for γ = 1.4.

Table A.1 Isentropic flow properties for γ = 1.4

M Tt /T pt / p ρt /ρ A/A∗ T /T ∗ p/ p ∗ ρ/ρ ∗
0.02 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 2.89E+01 1.20E+00 1.89E+00 1.58E+00
0.04 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.45E+01 1.20E+00 1.89E+00 1.58E+00
0.06 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 9.67E+00 1.20E+00 1.89E+00 1.57E+00
0.08 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 7.26E+00 1.20E+00 1.88E+00 1.57E+00
0.1 1.00E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 5.82E+00 1.20E+00 1.88E+00 1.57E+00
0.12 1.00E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 4.86E+00 1.20E+00 1.87E+00 1.57E+00
0.14 1.00E+00 1.01E+00 1.01E+00 4.18E+00 1.20E+00 1.87E+00 1.56E+00
0.16 1.01E+00 1.02E+00 1.01E+00 3.67E+00 1.19E+00 1.86E+00 1.56E+00
0.18 1.01E+00 1.02E+00 1.02E+00 3.28E+00 1.19E+00 1.85E+00 1.55E+00
0.2 1.01E+00 1.03E+00 1.02E+00 2.96E+00 1.19E+00 1.84E+00 1.55E+00
0.22 1.01E+00 1.03E+00 1.02E+00 2.71E+00 1.19E+00 1.83E+00 1.54E+00
0.24 1.01E+00 1.04E+00 1.03E+00 2.50E+00 1.19E+00 1.82E+00 1.53E+00
0.26 1.01E+00 1.05E+00 1.03E+00 2.32E+00 1.18E+00 1.81E+00 1.53E+00
0.28 1.02E+00 1.06E+00 1.04E+00 2.17E+00 1.18E+00 1.79E+00 1.52E+00
0.3 1.02E+00 1.06E+00 1.05E+00 2.04E+00 1.18E+00 1.78E+00 1.51E+00
0.32 1.02E+00 1.07E+00 1.05E+00 1.92E+00 1.18E+00 1.76E+00 1.50E+00
0.34 1.02E+00 1.08E+00 1.06E+00 1.82E+00 1.17E+00 1.75E+00 1.49E+00
0.36 1.03E+00 1.09E+00 1.07E+00 1.74E+00 1.17E+00 1.73E+00 1.48E+00
0.38 1.03E+00 1.10E+00 1.07E+00 1.66E+00 1.17E+00 1.71E+00 1.47E+00
0.4 1.03E+00 1.12E+00 1.08E+00 1.59E+00 1.16E+00 1.70E+00 1.46E+00
0.42 1.04E+00 1.13E+00 1.09E+00 1.53E+00 1.16E+00 1.68E+00 1.45E+00
0.44 1.04E+00 1.14E+00 1.10E+00 1.47E+00 1.16E+00 1.66E+00 1.43E+00
0.46 1.04E+00 1.16E+00 1.11E+00 1.42E+00 1.15E+00 1.64E+00 1.42E+00
(continued)

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 513

R. Vos and S. Farokhi, Introduction to Transonic Aerodynamics,
Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications 110, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9747-4
514 Appendix A: Isentropic Flow Table

Table A.1 (continued)

M Tt /T pt / p ρt /ρ A/A∗ T /T ∗ p/ p ∗ ρ/ρ ∗
0.48 1.05E+00 1.17E+00 1.12E+00 1.38E+00 1.15E+00 1.62E+00 1.41E+00
0.5 1.05E+00 1.19E+00 1.13E+00 1.34E+00 1.14E+00 1.60E+00 1.40E+00
0.52 1.05E+00 1.20E+00 1.14E+00 1.30E+00 1.14E+00 1.57E+00 1.38E+00
0.54 1.06E+00 1.22E+00 1.15E+00 1.27E+00 1.13E+00 1.55E+00 1.37E+00
0.56 1.06E+00 1.24E+00 1.16E+00 1.24E+00 1.13E+00 1.53E+00 1.35E+00
0.58 1.07E+00 1.26E+00 1.18E+00 1.21E+00 1.12E+00 1.51E+00 1.34E+00
0.6 1.07E+00 1.28E+00 1.19E+00 1.19E+00 1.12E+00 1.48E+00 1.33E+00
0.62 1.08E+00 1.30E+00 1.20E+00 1.17E+00 1.11E+00 1.46E+00 1.31E+00
0.64 1.08E+00 1.32E+00 1.22E+00 1.15E+00 1.11E+00 1.44E+00 1.30E+00
0.66 1.09E+00 1.34E+00 1.23E+00 1.13E+00 1.10E+00 1.41E+00 1.28E+00
0.68 1.09E+00 1.36E+00 1.25E+00 1.11E+00 1.10E+00 1.39E+00 1.26E+00
0.7 1.10E+00 1.39E+00 1.26E+00 1.09E+00 1.09E+00 1.36E+00 1.25E+00
0.72 1.10E+00 1.41E+00 1.28E+00 1.08E+00 1.09E+00 1.34E+00 1.23E+00
0.74 1.11E+00 1.44E+00 1.30E+00 1.07E+00 1.08E+00 1.32E+00 1.22E+00
0.76 1.12E+00 1.47E+00 1.31E+00 1.06E+00 1.08E+00 1.29E+00 1.20E+00
0.78 1.12E+00 1.49E+00 1.33E+00 1.05E+00 1.07E+00 1.27E+00 1.18E+00
0.8 1.13E+00 1.52E+00 1.35E+00 1.04E+00 1.06E+00 1.24E+00 1.17E+00
0.82 1.13E+00 1.56E+00 1.37E+00 1.03E+00 1.06E+00 1.22E+00 1.15E+00
0.84 1.14E+00 1.59E+00 1.39E+00 1.02E+00 1.05E+00 1.19E+00 1.13E+00
0.86 1.15E+00 1.62E+00 1.41E+00 1.02E+00 1.05E+00 1.17E+00 1.12E+00
0.88 1.15E+00 1.66E+00 1.43E+00 1.01E+00 1.04E+00 1.14E+00 1.10E+00
0.9 1.16E+00 1.69E+00 1.46E+00 1.01E+00 1.03E+00 1.12E+00 1.08E+00
0.92 1.17E+00 1.73E+00 1.48E+00 1.01E+00 1.03E+00 1.10E+00 1.07E+00
0.94 1.18E+00 1.77E+00 1.50E+00 1.00E+00 1.02E+00 1.07E+00 1.05E+00
0.96 1.18E+00 1.81E+00 1.53E+00 1.00E+00 1.01E+00 1.05E+00 1.03E+00
0.98 1.19E+00 1.85E+00 1.55E+00 1.00E+00 1.01E+00 1.02E+00 1.02E+00
1 1.20E+00 1.89E+00 1.58E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00 1.00E+00
1.02 1.21E+00 1.94E+00 1.60E+00 1.00E+00 9.93E-01 9.77E-01 9.83E-01
1.04 1.22E+00 1.98E+00 1.63E+00 1.00E+00 9.87E-01 9.54E-01 9.67E-01
1.06 1.22E+00 2.03E+00 1.66E+00 1.00E+00 9.80E-01 9.31E-01 9.50E-01
1.08 1.23E+00 2.08E+00 1.69E+00 1.01E+00 9.73E-01 9.09E-01 9.34E-01
1.1 1.24E+00 2.14E+00 1.72E+00 1.01E+00 9.66E-01 8.87E-01 9.18E-01
1.12 1.25E+00 2.19E+00 1.75E+00 1.01E+00 9.59E-01 8.65E-01 9.01E-01
1.14 1.26E+00 2.24E+00 1.78E+00 1.02E+00 9.52E-01 8.43E-01 8.85E-01
1.16 1.27E+00 2.30E+00 1.81E+00 1.02E+00 9.46E-01 8.22E-01 8.69E-01
1.18 1.28E+00 2.36E+00 1.85E+00 1.02E+00 9.39E-01 8.01E-01 8.54E-01
1.2 1.29E+00 2.43E+00 1.88E+00 1.03E+00 9.32E-01 7.81E-01 8.38E-01
1.22 1.30E+00 2.49E+00 1.92E+00 1.04E+00 9.25E-01 7.60E-01 8.22E-01
1.24 1.31E+00 2.56E+00 1.95E+00 1.04E+00 9.18E-01 7.41E-01 8.07E-01
(continued)
Appendix A: Isentropic Flow Table 515

Table A.1 (continued)

M Tt /T pt / p ρt /ρ A/A∗ T /T ∗ p/ p ∗ ρ/ρ ∗
1.26 1.32E+00 2.63E+00 1.99E+00 1.05E+00 9.11E-01 7.21E-01 7.92E-01
1.28 1.33E+00 2.70E+00 2.03E+00 1.06E+00 9.04E-01 7.02E-01 7.77E-01
1.3 1.34E+00 2.77E+00 2.07E+00 1.07E+00 8.97E-01 6.83E-01 7.62E-01
1.32 1.35E+00 2.85E+00 2.11E+00 1.08E+00 8.90E-01 6.65E-01 7.47E-01
1.34 1.36E+00 2.93E+00 2.15E+00 1.08E+00 8.83E-01 6.47E-01 7.33E-01
1.36 1.37E+00 3.01E+00 2.20E+00 1.09E+00 8.76E-01 6.29E-01 7.18E-01
1.38 1.38E+00 3.09E+00 2.24E+00 1.10E+00 8.69E-01 6.12E-01 7.04E-01
1.4 1.39E+00 3.18E+00 2.29E+00 1.11E+00 8.62E-01 5.95E-01 6.90E-01
1.42 1.40E+00 3.27E+00 2.33E+00 1.13E+00 8.55E-01 5.78E-01 6.76E-01
1.44 1.41E+00 3.37E+00 2.38E+00 1.14E+00 8.48E-01 5.62E-01 6.63E-01
1.46 1.43E+00 3.47E+00 2.43E+00 1.15E+00 8.41E-01 5.46E-01 6.49E-01
1.48 1.44E+00 3.57E+00 2.48E+00 1.16E+00 8.34E-01 5.31E-01 6.36E-01
1.5 1.45E+00 3.67E+00 2.53E+00 1.18E+00 8.28E-01 5.16E-01 6.23E-01
1.52 1.46E+00 3.78E+00 2.58E+00 1.19E+00 8.21E-01 5.01E-01 6.10E-01
1.54 1.47E+00 3.89E+00 2.64E+00 1.20E+00 8.14E-01 4.86E-01 5.98E-01
1.56 1.49E+00 4.01E+00 2.70E+00 1.22E+00 8.07E-01 4.72E-01 5.85E-01
1.58 1.50E+00 4.13E+00 2.75E+00 1.23E+00 8.00E-01 4.59E-01 5.73E-01
1.6 1.51E+00 4.25E+00 2.81E+00 1.25E+00 7.94E-01 4.45E-01 5.61E-01
1.62 1.52E+00 4.38E+00 2.87E+00 1.27E+00 7.87E-01 4.32E-01 5.49E-01
1.64 1.54E+00 4.51E+00 2.93E+00 1.28E+00 7.80E-01 4.20E-01 5.38E-01
1.66 1.55E+00 4.65E+00 3.00E+00 1.30E+00 7.74E-01 4.07E-01 5.26E-01
1.68 1.56E+00 4.79E+00 3.06E+00 1.32E+00 7.67E-01 3.95E-01 5.15E-01
1.7 1.58E+00 4.94E+00 3.13E+00 1.34E+00 7.60E-01 3.84E-01 5.04E-01
1.72 1.59E+00 5.09E+00 3.20E+00 1.36E+00 7.54E-01 3.72E-01 4.94E-01
1.74 1.61E+00 5.24E+00 3.27E+00 1.38E+00 7.47E-01 3.61E-01 4.83E-01
1.76 1.62E+00 5.41E+00 3.34E+00 1.40E+00 7.41E-01 3.50E-01 4.73E-01
1.78 1.63E+00 5.57E+00 3.41E+00 1.42E+00 7.35E-01 3.40E-01 4.62E-01
1.8 1.65E+00 5.75E+00 3.49E+00 1.44E+00 7.28E-01 3.29E-01 4.52E-01
1.82 1.66E+00 5.92E+00 3.56E+00 1.46E+00 7.22E-01 3.20E-01 4.43E-01
1.84 1.68E+00 6.11E+00 3.64E+00 1.48E+00 7.16E-01 3.10E-01 4.33E-01
1.86 1.69E+00 6.30E+00 3.72E+00 1.51E+00 7.09E-01 3.00E-01 4.24E-01
1.88 1.71E+00 6.50E+00 3.81E+00 1.53E+00 7.03E-01 2.91E-01 4.14E-01
1.9 1.72E+00 6.70E+00 3.89E+00 1.56E+00 6.97E-01 2.83E-01 4.05E-01
1.92 1.74E+00 6.91E+00 3.98E+00 1.58E+00 6.91E-01 2.74E-01 3.97E-01
1.94 1.75E+00 7.13E+00 4.07E+00 1.61E+00 6.85E-01 2.66E-01 3.88E-01
1.96 1.77E+00 7.35E+00 4.16E+00 1.63E+00 6.79E-01 2.57E-01 3.79E-01
1.98 1.78E+00 7.58E+00 4.25E+00 1.66E+00 6.73E-01 2.50E-01 3.71E-01
2 1.80E+00 7.82E+00 4.35E+00 1.69E+00 6.67E-01 2.42E-01 3.63E-01
2.02 1.82E+00 8.07E+00 4.44E+00 1.72E+00 6.61E-01 2.35E-01 3.55E-01
(continued)
516 Appendix A: Isentropic Flow Table

Table A.1 (continued)

M Tt /T pt / p ρt /ρ A/A∗ T /T ∗ p/ p ∗ ρ/ρ ∗
2.04 1.83E+00 8.33E+00 4.54E+00 1.75E+00 6.55E-01 2.27E-01 3.47E-01
2.06 1.85E+00 8.59E+00 4.65E+00 1.78E+00 6.49E-01 2.20E-01 3.39E-01
2.08 1.87E+00 8.86E+00 4.75E+00 1.81E+00 6.43E-01 2.14E-01 3.32E-01
2.1 1.88E+00 9.14E+00 4.86E+00 1.84E+00 6.38E-01 2.07E-01 3.25E-01
2.12 1.90E+00 9.44E+00 4.97E+00 1.87E+00 6.32E-01 2.01E-01 3.17E-01
2.14 1.92E+00 9.73E+00 5.08E+00 1.90E+00 6.26E-01 1.94E-01 3.10E-01
2.16 1.93E+00 1.00E+01 5.20E+00 1.94E+00 6.21E-01 1.88E-01 3.04E-01
2.18 1.95E+00 1.04E+01 5.31E+00 1.97E+00 6.15E-01 1.83E-01 2.97E-01
2.2 1.97E+00 1.07E+01 5.43E+00 2.01E+00 6.10E-01 1.77E-01 2.90E-01
2.22 1.99E+00 1.10E+01 5.56E+00 2.04E+00 6.04E-01 1.72E-01 2.84E-01
2.24 2.00E+00 1.14E+01 5.68E+00 2.08E+00 5.99E-01 1.66E-01 2.78E-01
2.26 2.02E+00 1.17E+01 5.81E+00 2.12E+00 5.94E-01 1.61E-01 2.71E-01
2.28 2.04E+00 1.21E+01 5.94E+00 2.15E+00 5.88E-01 1.56E-01 2.65E-01
2.3 2.06E+00 1.25E+01 6.08E+00 2.19E+00 5.83E-01 1.51E-01 2.60E-01
2.32 2.08E+00 1.29E+01 6.21E+00 2.23E+00 5.78E-01 1.47E-01 2.54E-01
2.34 2.10E+00 1.33E+01 6.35E+00 2.27E+00 5.73E-01 1.42E-01 2.48E-01
2.36 2.11E+00 1.37E+01 6.50E+00 2.32E+00 5.68E-01 1.38E-01 2.43E-01
2.38 2.13E+00 1.42E+01 6.64E+00 2.36E+00 5.63E-01 1.34E-01 2.37E-01
2.4 2.15E+00 1.46E+01 6.79E+00 2.40E+00 5.58E-01 1.29E-01 2.32E-01
2.42 2.17E+00 1.51E+01 6.95E+00 2.45E+00 5.53E-01 1.26E-01 2.27E-01
2.44 2.19E+00 1.56E+01 7.10E+00 2.49E+00 5.48E-01 1.22E-01 2.22E-01
2.46 2.21E+00 1.61E+01 7.26E+00 2.54E+00 5.43E-01 1.18E-01 2.17E-01
2.48 2.23E+00 1.66E+01 7.43E+00 2.59E+00 5.38E-01 1.14E-01 2.12E-01
2.5 2.25E+00 1.71E+01 7.59E+00 2.64E+00 5.33E-01 1.11E-01 2.08E-01
2.52 2.27E+00 1.76E+01 7.76E+00 2.69E+00 5.29E-01 1.07E-01 2.03E-01
2.54 2.29E+00 1.82E+01 7.94E+00 2.74E+00 5.24E-01 1.04E-01 1.99E-01
2.56 2.31E+00 1.88E+01 8.12E+00 2.79E+00 5.19E-01 1.01E-01 1.94E-01
2.58 2.33E+00 1.93E+01 8.30E+00 2.84E+00 5.15E-01 9.78E-02 1.90E-01
2.6 2.35E+00 2.00E+01 8.48E+00 2.90E+00 5.10E-01 9.49E-02 1.86E-01
2.62 2.37E+00 2.06E+01 8.67E+00 2.95E+00 5.06E-01 9.20E-02 1.82E-01
2.64 2.39E+00 2.12E+01 8.87E+00 3.01E+00 5.01E-01 8.92E-02 1.78E-01
2.66 2.42E+00 2.19E+01 9.06E+00 3.06E+00 4.97E-01 8.65E-02 1.74E-01
2.68 2.44E+00 2.26E+01 9.27E+00 3.12E+00 4.93E-01 8.38E-02 1.70E-01
2.7 2.46E+00 2.33E+01 9.47E+00 3.18E+00 4.88E-01 8.13E-02 1.67E-01
2.72 2.48E+00 2.40E+01 9.68E+00 3.24E+00 4.84E-01 7.88E-02 1.63E-01
2.74 2.50E+00 2.48E+01 9.90E+00 3.31E+00 4.80E-01 7.65E-02 1.59E-01
2.76 2.52E+00 2.55E+01 1.01E+01 3.37E+00 4.76E-01 7.42E-02 1.56E-01
2.78 2.55E+00 2.63E+01 1.03E+01 3.43E+00 4.71E-01 7.19E-02 1.53E-01
2.8 2.57E+00 2.71E+01 1.06E+01 3.50E+00 4.67E-01 6.98E-02 1.49E-01
(continued)
Appendix A: Isentropic Flow Table 517

Table A.1 (continued)

M Tt /T pt / p ρt /ρ A/A∗ T /T ∗ p/ p ∗ ρ/ρ ∗
2.82 2.59E+00 2.80E+01 1.08E+01 3.57E+00 4.63E-01 6.77E-02 1.46E-01
2.84 2.61E+00 2.88E+01 1.10E+01 3.64E+00 4.59E-01 6.56E-02 1.43E-01
2.86 2.64E+00 2.97E+01 1.13E+01 3.71E+00 4.55E-01 6.37E-02 1.40E-01
2.88 2.66E+00 3.07E+01 1.15E+01 3.78E+00 4.51E-01 6.18E-02 1.37E-01
2.9 2.68E+00 3.16E+01 1.18E+01 3.85E+00 4.47E-01 5.99E-02 1.34E-01
2.92 2.71E+00 3.26E+01 1.20E+01 3.92E+00 4.44E-01 5.81E-02 1.31E-01
2.94 2.73E+00 3.36E+01 1.23E+01 4.00E+00 4.40E-01 5.64E-02 1.28E-01
2.96 2.75E+00 3.46E+01 1.26E+01 4.08E+00 4.36E-01 5.47E-02 1.26E-01
2.98 2.78E+00 3.56E+01 1.28E+01 4.15E+00 4.32E-01 5.31E-02 1.23E-01
3 2.80E+00 3.67E+01 1.31E+01 4.23E+00 4.29E-01 5.15E-02 1.20E-01
3.05 2.86E+00 3.96E+01 1.38E+01 4.44E+00 4.20E-01 4.78E-02 1.14E-01
3.1 2.92E+00 4.26E+01 1.46E+01 4.66E+00 4.11E-01 4.44E-02 1.08E-01
3.15 2.98E+00 4.59E+01 1.54E+01 4.88E+00 4.02E-01 4.12E-02 1.03E-01
3.2 3.05E+00 4.94E+01 1.62E+01 5.12E+00 3.94E-01 3.83E-02 9.73E-02
3.25 3.11E+00 5.32E+01 1.71E+01 5.37E+00 3.86E-01 3.56E-02 9.23E-02
3.3 3.18E+00 5.72E+01 1.80E+01 5.63E+00 3.78E-01 3.31E-02 8.76E-02
3.35 3.24E+00 6.15E+01 1.90E+01 5.90E+00 3.70E-01 3.08E-02 8.32E-02
3.4 3.31E+00 6.61E+01 2.00E+01 6.18E+00 3.62E-01 2.86E-02 7.90E-02
3.45 3.38E+00 7.10E+01 2.10E+01 6.48E+00 3.55E-01 2.67E-02 7.51E-02
3.5 3.45E+00 7.63E+01 2.21E+01 6.79E+00 3.48E-01 2.48E-02 7.14E-02
3.55 3.52E+00 8.19E+01 2.33E+01 7.11E+00 3.41E-01 2.31E-02 6.78E-02
3.6 3.59E+00 8.78E+01 2.45E+01 7.45E+00 3.34E-01 2.16E-02 6.45E-02
3.65 3.66E+00 9.42E+01 2.57E+01 7.80E+00 3.27E-01 2.01E-02 6.14E-02
3.7 3.74E+00 1.01E+02 2.70E+01 8.17E+00 3.21E-01 1.87E-02 5.84E-02
3.75 3.81E+00 1.08E+02 2.84E+01 8.55E+00 3.15E-01 1.75E-02 5.56E-02
3.8 3.89E+00 1.16E+02 2.98E+01 8.95E+00 3.09E-01 1.63E-02 5.29E-02
3.85 3.96E+00 1.24E+02 3.13E+01 9.37E+00 3.03E-01 1.53E-02 5.04E-02
3.9 4.04E+00 1.33E+02 3.28E+01 9.80E+00 2.97E-01 1.43E-02 4.80E-02
3.95 4.12E+00 1.42E+02 3.45E+01 1.03E+01 2.91E-01 1.33E-02 4.58E-02
4 4.20E+00 1.52E+02 3.62E+01 1.07E+01 2.86E-01 1.25E-02 4.36E-02
4.05 4.28E+00 1.62E+02 3.79E+01 1.12E+01 2.80E-01 1.17E-02 4.16E-02
4.1 4.36E+00 1.73E+02 3.97E+01 1.17E+01 2.75E-01 1.09E-02 3.97E-02
4.15 4.44E+00 1.85E+02 4.16E+01 1.22E+01 2.70E-01 1.02E-02 3.79E-02
4.2 4.53E+00 1.98E+02 4.36E+01 1.28E+01 2.65E-01 9.58E-03 3.62E-02
4.25 4.61E+00 2.11E+02 4.57E+01 1.34E+01 2.60E-01 8.98E-03 3.45E-02
4.3 4.70E+00 2.25E+02 4.78E+01 1.40E+01 2.55E-01 8.42E-03 3.30E-02
4.35 4.78E+00 2.40E+02 5.01E+01 1.46E+01 2.51E-01 7.90E-03 3.15E-02
4.4 4.87E+00 2.55E+02 5.24E+01 1.52E+01 2.46E-01 7.42E-03 3.01E-02
4.45 4.96E+00 2.72E+02 5.48E+01 1.59E+01 2.42E-01 6.96E-03 2.88E-02
(continued)
518 Appendix A: Isentropic Flow Table

Table A.1 (continued)

M Tt /T pt / p ρt /ρ A/A∗ T /T ∗ p/ p ∗ ρ/ρ ∗
4.5 5.05E+00 2.89E+02 5.73E+01 1.66E+01 2.38E-01 6.54E-03 2.75E-02
4.55 5.14E+00 3.08E+02 5.99E+01 1.73E+01 2.33E-01 6.15E-03 2.63E-02
4.6 5.23E+00 3.28E+02 6.26E+01 1.80E+01 2.29E-01 5.78E-03 2.52E-02
4.65 5.32E+00 3.48E+02 6.54E+01 1.88E+01 2.25E-01 5.43E-03 2.41E-02
4.7 5.42E+00 3.70E+02 6.83E+01 1.96E+01 2.21E-01 5.11E-03 2.31E-02
4.75 5.51E+00 3.93E+02 7.13E+01 2.04E+01 2.18E-01 4.81E-03 2.21E-02
4.8 5.61E+00 4.18E+02 7.45E+01 2.13E+01 2.14E-01 4.53E-03 2.12E-02
4.85 5.70E+00 4.43E+02 7.77E+01 2.21E+01 2.10E-01 4.27E-03 2.03E-02
4.9 5.80E+00 4.70E+02 8.11E+01 2.31E+01 2.07E-01 4.02E-03 1.95E-02
4.95 5.90E+00 4.99E+02 8.46E+01 2.40E+01 2.03E-01 3.79E-03 1.87E-02
5 6.00E+00 5.29E+02 8.82E+01 2.50E+01 2.00E-01 3.58E-03 1.79E-02
5.1 6.20E+00 5.94E+02 9.58E+01 2.71E+01 1.93E-01 3.19E-03 1.65E-02
5.2 6.41E+00 6.66E+02 1.04E+02 2.93E+01 1.87E-01 2.84E-03 1.52E-02
5.3 6.62E+00 7.46E+02 1.13E+02 3.16E+01 1.81E-01 2.54E-03 1.40E-02
5.4 6.83E+00 8.34E+02 1.22E+02 3.42E+01 1.76E-01 2.27E-03 1.29E-02
5.5 7.05E+00 9.30E+02 1.32E+02 3.69E+01 1.70E-01 2.03E-03 1.20E-02
5.6 7.27E+00 1.04E+03 1.43E+02 3.97E+01 1.65E-01 1.83E-03 1.11E-02
5.7 7.50E+00 1.15E+03 1.54E+02 4.28E+01 1.60E-01 1.64E-03 1.02E-02
5.8 7.73E+00 1.28E+03 1.66E+02 4.60E+01 1.55E-01 1.48E-03 9.50E-03
5.9 7.96E+00 1.42E+03 1.79E+02 4.95E+01 1.51E-01 1.33E-03 8.82E-03
6 8.20E+00 1.58E+03 1.93E+02 5.32E+01 1.46E-01 1.20E-03 8.19E-03
6.1 8.44E+00 1.75E+03 2.07E+02 5.71E+01 1.42E-01 1.08E-03 7.62E-03
6.2 8.69E+00 1.93E+03 2.22E+02 6.12E+01 1.38E-01 9.79E-04 7.09E-03
6.3 8.94E+00 2.13E+03 2.39E+02 6.56E+01 1.34E-01 8.87E-04 6.60E-03
6.4 9.19E+00 2.35E+03 2.56E+02 7.02E+01 1.31E-01 8.04E-04 6.16E-03
6.5 9.45E+00 2.59E+03 2.75E+02 7.51E+01 1.27E-01 7.30E-04 5.75E-03
6.6 9.71E+00 2.85E+03 2.94E+02 8.03E+01 1.24E-01 6.63E-04 5.37E-03
6.7 9.98E+00 3.14E+03 3.14E+02 8.58E+01 1.20E-01 6.03E-04 5.02E-03
6.8 1.02E+01 3.45E+03 3.36E+02 9.16E+01 1.17E-01 5.49E-04 4.69E-03
6.9 1.05E+01 3.78E+03 3.59E+02 9.77E+01 1.14E-01 5.01E-04 4.39E-03
7 1.08E+01 4.14E+03 3.83E+02 1.04E+02 1.11E-01 4.57E-04 4.12E-03
7.1 1.11E+01 4.53E+03 4.09E+02 1.11E+02 1.08E-01 4.18E-04 3.86E-03
7.2 1.14E+01 4.95E+03 4.36E+02 1.18E+02 1.06E-01 3.82E-04 3.62E-03
7.3 1.17E+01 5.41E+03 4.64E+02 1.26E+02 1.03E-01 3.50E-04 3.40E-03
7.4 1.20E+01 5.90E+03 4.94E+02 1.34E+02 1.00E-01 3.21E-04 3.19E-03
7.5 1.23E+01 6.43E+03 5.25E+02 1.42E+02 9.80E-02 2.94E-04 3.00E-03
7.6 1.26E+01 7.01E+03 5.58E+02 1.51E+02 9.56E-02 2.70E-04 2.83E-03
7.7 1.29E+01 7.62E+03 5.93E+02 1.60E+02 9.33E-02 2.48E-04 2.66E-03
7.8 1.32E+01 8.29E+03 6.29E+02 1.69E+02 9.11E-02 2.28E-04 2.51E-03
(continued)
Appendix A: Isentropic Flow Table 519

Table A.1 (continued)

M Tt /T pt / p ρt /ρ A/A∗ T /T ∗ p/ p ∗ ρ/ρ ∗
7.9 1.35E+01 9.00E+03 6.67E+02 1.80E+02 8.90E-02 2.10E-04 2.36E-03
8 1.38E+01 9.76E+03 7.07E+02 1.90E+02 8.70E-02 1.94E-04 2.23E-03
8.1 1.41E+01 1.06E+04 7.49E+02 2.01E+02 8.50E-02 1.79E-04 2.10E-03
8.2 1.44E+01 1.15E+04 7.93E+02 2.13E+02 8.31E-02 1.65E-04 1.99E-03
8.3 1.48E+01 1.24E+04 8.40E+02 2.25E+02 8.12E-02 1.53E-04 1.88E-03
8.4 1.51E+01 1.34E+04 8.88E+02 2.38E+02 7.94E-02 1.41E-04 1.78E-03
8.5 1.55E+01 1.45E+04 9.38E+02 2.51E+02 7.77E-02 1.31E-04 1.68E-03
8.6 1.58E+01 1.57E+04 9.91E+02 2.65E+02 7.60E-02 1.21E-04 1.59E-03
8.7 1.61E+01 1.69E+04 1.05E+03 2.80E+02 7.44E-02 1.12E-04 1.51E-03
8.8 1.65E+01 1.82E+04 1.10E+03 2.95E+02 7.28E-02 1.04E-04 1.43E-03
8.9 1.68E+01 1.96E+04 1.16E+03 3.11E+02 7.13E-02 9.66E-05 1.36E-03
9 1.72E+01 2.11E+04 1.23E+03 3.27E+02 6.98E-02 8.97E-05 1.29E-03
9.1 1.76E+01 2.27E+04 1.29E+03 3.44E+02 6.83E-02 8.34E-05 1.22E-03
9.2 1.79E+01 2.44E+04 1.36E+03 3.62E+02 6.69E-02 7.76E-05 1.16E-03
9.3 1.83E+01 2.62E+04 1.43E+03 3.81E+02 6.56E-02 7.22E-05 1.10E-03
9.4 1.87E+01 2.81E+04 1.51E+03 4.01E+02 6.43E-02 6.73E-05 1.05E-03
9.5 1.91E+01 3.02E+04 1.58E+03 4.21E+02 6.30E-02 6.27E-05 9.96E-04
9.6 1.94E+01 3.23E+04 1.66E+03 4.42E+02 6.18E-02 5.85E-05 9.48E-04
9.7 1.98E+01 3.47E+04 1.75E+03 4.64E+02 6.06E-02 5.46E-05 9.02E-04
9.8 2.02E+01 3.71E+04 1.84E+03 4.87E+02 5.94E-02 5.10E-05 8.59E-04
9.9 2.06E+01 3.97E+04 1.93E+03 5.11E+02 5.82E-02 4.77E-05 8.19E-04
10 2.10E+01 4.24E+04 2.02E+03 5.36E+02 5.71E-02 4.46E-05 7.81E-04
Appendix B
Normal Shock Table

Table B.1 shows the normal shock table for γ = 1.4.

Table B.1 Normal shock table for γ = 1.4

M1 M2 T2 /T1 p2 / p1 ρ2 /ρ1 pt2 / pt1 Pt2 / p1 s/R
1 1 1 1 1 1 1.8929 0
1.02 0.9805 1.01E+00 1.05E+00 1.03E+00 1.00E+00 1.94E+00 9.96E-06
1.04 0.962 1.03E+00 1.10E+00 1.07E+00 1.00E+00 1.98E+00 7.67E-05
1.06 0.9444 1.04E+00 1.14E+00 1.10E+00 1.00E+00 2.03E+00 2.49E-04
1.08 0.9277 1.05E+00 1.19E+00 1.13E+00 9.99E-01 2.08E+00 5.69E-04
1.1 0.9118 1.06E+00 1.25E+00 1.17E+00 9.99E-01 2.13E+00 1.07E-03
1.12 0.8966 1.08E+00 1.30E+00 1.20E+00 9.98E-01 2.19E+00 1.79E-03
1.14 0.882 1.09E+00 1.35E+00 1.24E+00 9.97E-01 2.24E+00 2.74E-03
1.16 0.8682 1.10E+00 1.40E+00 1.27E+00 9.96E-01 2.29E+00 3.96E-03
1.18 0.8549 1.12E+00 1.46E+00 1.31E+00 9.95E-01 2.35E+00 5.45E-03
1.2 0.8422 1.13E+00 1.51E+00 1.34E+00 9.93E-01 2.41E+00 7.23E-03
1.22 0.83 1.14E+00 1.57E+00 1.38E+00 9.91E-01 2.47E+00 9.31E-03
1.24 0.8183 1.15E+00 1.63E+00 1.41E+00 9.88E-01 2.53E+00 1.17E-02
1.26 0.8071 1.17E+00 1.69E+00 1.45E+00 9.86E-01 2.59E+00 1.44E-02
1.28 0.7963 1.18E+00 1.74E+00 1.48E+00 9.83E-01 2.65E+00 1.75E-02
1.3 0.786 1.19E+00 1.81E+00 1.52E+00 9.79E-01 2.71E+00 2.08E-02
1.32 0.776 1.20E+00 1.87E+00 1.55E+00 9.76E-01 2.78E+00 2.45E-02
1.34 0.7664 1.22E+00 1.93E+00 1.59E+00 9.72E-01 2.84E+00 2.86E-02
1.36 0.7572 1.23E+00 1.99E+00 1.62E+00 9.68E-01 2.91E+00 3.30E-02
1.38 0.7483 1.24E+00 2.06E+00 1.65E+00 9.63E-01 2.98E+00 3.77E-02
1.4 0.7397 1.25E+00 2.12E+00 1.69E+00 9.58E-01 3.05E+00 4.27E-02
1.42 0.7314 1.27E+00 2.19E+00 1.72E+00 9.53E-01 3.12E+00 4.81E-02
1.44 0.7235 1.28E+00 2.25E+00 1.76E+00 9.48E-01 3.19E+00 5.38E-02
(continued)

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 521

R. Vos and S. Farokhi, Introduction to Transonic Aerodynamics,
Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications 110, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9747-4
522 Appendix B: Normal Shock Table

Table B.1 (continued)

M1 M2 T2 /T1 p2 / p1 ρ2 /ρ1 pt2 / pt1 Pt2 / p1 s/R
1.46 0.7157 1.29E+00 2.32E+00 1.79E+00 9.42E-01 3.26E+00 5.98E-02
1.48 0.7083 1.31E+00 2.39E+00 1.83E+00 9.36E-01 3.34E+00 6.61E-02
1.5 0.7011 1.32E+00 2.46E+00 1.86E+00 9.30E-01 3.41E+00 7.28E-02
1.52 0.6941 1.33E+00 2.53E+00 1.90E+00 9.23E-01 3.49E+00 7.98E-02
1.54 0.6874 1.35E+00 2.60E+00 1.93E+00 9.17E-01 3.57E+00 8.71E-02
1.56 0.6809 1.36E+00 2.67E+00 1.96E+00 9.10E-01 3.65E+00 9.46E-02
1.58 0.6746 1.37E+00 2.75E+00 2.00E+00 9.03E-01 3.72E+00 1.03E-01
1.6 0.6684 1.39E+00 2.82E+00 2.03E+00 8.95E-01 3.81E+00 1.11E-01
1.62 0.6625 1.40E+00 2.90E+00 2.07E+00 8.88E-01 3.89E+00 1.19E-01
1.64 0.6568 1.42E+00 2.97E+00 2.10E+00 8.80E-01 3.97E+00 1.28E-01
1.66 0.6512 1.43E+00 3.05E+00 2.13E+00 8.72E-01 4.05E+00 1.37E-01
1.68 0.6458 1.44E+00 3.13E+00 2.16E+00 8.64E-01 4.14E+00 1.46E-01
1.7 0.6405 1.46E+00 3.21E+00 2.20E+00 8.56E-01 4.22E+00 1.56E-01
1.72 0.6355 1.47E+00 3.28E+00 2.23E+00 8.47E-01 4.31E+00 1.66E-01
1.74 0.6305 1.49E+00 3.37E+00 2.26E+00 8.39E-01 4.40E+00 1.76E-01
1.76 0.6257 1.50E+00 3.45E+00 2.30E+00 8.30E-01 4.49E+00 1.86E-01
1.78 0.621 1.52E+00 3.53E+00 2.33E+00 8.22E-01 4.58E+00 1.97E-01
1.8 0.6165 1.53E+00 3.61E+00 2.36E+00 8.13E-01 4.67E+00 2.07E-01
1.82 0.6121 1.55E+00 3.70E+00 2.39E+00 8.04E-01 4.76E+00 2.18E-01
1.84 0.6078 1.56E+00 3.78E+00 2.42E+00 7.95E-01 4.86E+00 2.30E-01
1.86 0.6036 1.58E+00 3.87E+00 2.45E+00 7.86E-01 4.95E+00 2.41E-01
1.88 0.5996 1.59E+00 3.96E+00 2.48E+00 7.77E-01 5.05E+00 2.53E-01
1.9 0.5956 1.61E+00 4.05E+00 2.52E+00 7.67E-01 5.14E+00 2.65E-01
1.92 0.5918 1.62E+00 4.13E+00 2.55E+00 7.58E-01 5.24E+00 2.77E-01
1.94 0.588 1.64E+00 4.22E+00 2.58E+00 7.49E-01 5.34E+00 2.89E-01
1.96 0.5844 1.66E+00 4.32E+00 2.61E+00 7.40E-01 5.44E+00 3.02E-01
1.98 0.5808 1.67E+00 4.41E+00 2.64E+00 7.30E-01 5.54E+00 3.14E-01
2 0.5774 1.69E+00 4.50E+00 2.67E+00 7.21E-01 5.64E+00 3.27E-01
2.02 0.574 1.70E+00 4.59E+00 2.70E+00 7.12E-01 5.74E+00 3.40E-01
2.04 0.5707 1.72E+00 4.69E+00 2.73E+00 7.02E-01 5.85E+00 3.54E-01
2.06 0.5675 1.74E+00 4.78E+00 2.75E+00 6.93E-01 5.95E+00 3.67E-01
2.08 0.5643 1.75E+00 4.88E+00 2.78E+00 6.84E-01 6.06E+00 3.81E-01
2.1 0.5613 1.77E+00 4.98E+00 2.81E+00 6.74E-01 6.17E+00 3.94E-01
2.12 0.5583 1.79E+00 5.08E+00 2.84E+00 6.65E-01 6.27E+00 4.08E-01
2.14 0.5554 1.80E+00 5.18E+00 2.87E+00 6.56E-01 6.38E+00 4.22E-01
2.16 0.5525 1.82E+00 5.28E+00 2.90E+00 6.46E-01 6.49E+00 4.36E-01
2.18 0.5498 1.84E+00 5.38E+00 2.92E+00 6.37E-01 6.60E+00 4.51E-01
2.2 0.5471 1.86E+00 5.48E+00 2.95E+00 6.28E-01 6.72E+00 4.65E-01
2.22 0.5444 1.87E+00 5.58E+00 2.98E+00 6.19E-01 6.83E+00 4.80E-01
(continued)
Appendix B: Normal Shock Table 523

Table B.1 (continued)

M1 M2 T2 /T1 p2 / p1 ρ2 /ρ1 pt2 / pt1 Pt2 / p1 s/R
2.24 0.5418 1.89E+00 5.69E+00 3.01E+00 6.10E-01 6.94E+00 4.94E-01
2.26 0.5393 1.91E+00 5.79E+00 3.03E+00 6.01E-01 7.06E+00 5.09E-01
2.28 0.5368 1.93E+00 5.90E+00 3.06E+00 5.92E-01 7.18E+00 5.24E-01
2.3 0.5344 1.95E+00 6.01E+00 3.08E+00 5.83E-01 7.29E+00 5.39E-01
2.32 0.5321 1.97E+00 6.11E+00 3.11E+00 5.75E-01 7.41E+00 5.54E-01
2.34 0.5297 1.98E+00 6.22E+00 3.14E+00 5.66E-01 7.53E+00 5.70E-01
2.36 0.5275 2.00E+00 6.33E+00 3.16E+00 5.57E-01 7.65E+00 5.85E-01
2.38 0.5253 2.02E+00 6.44E+00 3.19E+00 5.49E-01 7.77E+00 6.00E-01
2.4 0.5231 2.04E+00 6.55E+00 3.21E+00 5.40E-01 7.90E+00 6.16E-01
2.42 0.521 2.06E+00 6.67E+00 3.24E+00 5.32E-01 8.02E+00 6.32E-01
2.44 0.5189 2.08E+00 6.78E+00 3.26E+00 5.23E-01 8.15E+00 6.47E-01
2.46 0.5169 2.10E+00 6.89E+00 3.29E+00 5.15E-01 8.27E+00 6.63E-01
2.48 0.5149 2.12E+00 7.01E+00 3.31E+00 5.07E-01 8.40E+00 6.79E-01
2.5 0.513 2.14E+00 7.13E+00 3.33E+00 4.99E-01 8.53E+00 6.95E-01
2.52 0.5111 2.16E+00 7.24E+00 3.36E+00 4.91E-01 8.66E+00 7.11E-01
2.54 0.5092 2.18E+00 7.36E+00 3.38E+00 4.83E-01 8.79E+00 7.27E-01
2.56 0.5074 2.20E+00 7.48E+00 3.40E+00 4.75E-01 8.92E+00 7.44E-01
2.58 0.5056 2.22E+00 7.60E+00 3.43E+00 4.68E-01 9.05E+00 7.60E-01
2.6 0.5039 2.24E+00 7.72E+00 3.45E+00 4.60E-01 9.18E+00 7.76E-01
2.62 0.5022 2.26E+00 7.84E+00 3.47E+00 4.53E-01 9.32E+00 7.93E-01
2.64 0.5005 2.28E+00 7.96E+00 3.49E+00 4.45E-01 9.45E+00 8.09E-01
2.66 0.4988 2.30E+00 8.09E+00 3.52E+00 4.38E-01 9.59E+00 8.26E-01
2.68 0.4972 2.32E+00 8.21E+00 3.54E+00 4.31E-01 9.72E+00 8.42E-01
2.7 0.4956 2.34E+00 8.34E+00 3.56E+00 4.24E-01 9.86E+00 8.59E-01
2.72 0.4941 2.36E+00 8.46E+00 3.58E+00 4.17E-01 1.00E+01 8.76E-01
2.74 0.4926 2.39E+00 8.59E+00 3.60E+00 4.10E-01 1.01E+01 8.92E-01
2.76 0.4911 2.41E+00 8.72E+00 3.62E+00 4.03E-01 1.03E+01 9.09E-01
2.78 0.4896 2.43E+00 8.85E+00 3.64E+00 3.96E-01 1.04E+01 9.26E-01
2.8 0.4882 2.45E+00 8.98E+00 3.66E+00 3.89E-01 1.06E+01 9.43E-01
2.82 0.4868 2.47E+00 9.11E+00 3.68E+00 3.83E-01 1.07E+01 9.60E-01
2.84 0.4854 2.50E+00 9.24E+00 3.70E+00 3.76E-01 1.09E+01 9.77E-01
2.86 0.484 2.52E+00 9.38E+00 3.72E+00 3.70E-01 1.10E+01 9.94E-01
2.88 0.4827 2.54E+00 9.51E+00 3.74E+00 3.64E-01 1.12E+01 1.01E+00
2.9 0.4814 2.56E+00 9.65E+00 3.76E+00 3.58E-01 1.13E+01 1.03E+00
2.92 0.4801 2.59E+00 9.78E+00 3.78E+00 3.52E-01 1.15E+01 1.05E+00
2.94 0.4788 2.61E+00 9.92E+00 3.80E+00 3.46E-01 1.16E+01 1.06E+00
2.96 0.4776 2.63E+00 1.01E+01 3.82E+00 3.40E-01 1.18E+01 1.08E+00
2.98 0.4764 2.66E+00 1.02E+01 3.84E+00 3.34E-01 1.19E+01 1.10E+00
(continued)
524 Appendix B: Normal Shock Table

Table B.1 (continued)

M1 M2 T2 /T1 p2 / p1 ρ2 /ρ1 pt2 / pt1 Pt2 / p1 s/R
3 0.4752 2.68E+00 1.03E+01 3.86E+00 3.28E-01 1.21E+01 1.11E+00
3.02 0.474 2.70E+00 1.05E+01 3.88E+00 3.23E-01 1.22E+01 1.13E+00
3.04 0.4729 2.73E+00 1.06E+01 3.89E+00 3.17E-01 1.24E+01 1.15E+00
3.06 0.4717 2.75E+00 1.08E+01 3.91E+00 3.12E-01 1.25E+01 1.17E+00
3.08 0.4706 2.77E+00 1.09E+01 3.93E+00 3.06E-01 1.27E+01 1.18E+00
3.1 0.4695 2.80E+00 1.10E+01 3.95E+00 3.01E-01 1.28E+01 1.20E+00
3.12 0.4685 2.82E+00 1.12E+01 3.96E+00 2.96E-01 1.30E+01 1.22E+00
3.14 0.4674 2.85E+00 1.13E+01 3.98E+00 2.91E-01 1.32E+01 1.23E+00
3.16 0.4664 2.87E+00 1.15E+01 4.00E+00 2.86E-01 1.33E+01 1.25E+00
3.18 0.4654 2.90E+00 1.16E+01 4.01E+00 2.81E-01 1.35E+01 1.27E+00
3.2 0.4643 2.92E+00 1.18E+01 4.03E+00 2.76E-01 1.37E+01 1.29E+00
3.22 0.4634 2.95E+00 1.19E+01 4.05E+00 2.71E-01 1.38E+01 1.30E+00
3.24 0.4624 2.97E+00 1.21E+01 4.06E+00 2.67E-01 1.40E+01 1.32E+00
3.26 0.4614 3.00E+00 1.22E+01 4.08E+00 2.62E-01 1.42E+01 1.34E+00
3.28 0.4605 3.02E+00 1.24E+01 4.10E+00 2.58E-01 1.43E+01 1.36E+00
3.3 0.4596 3.05E+00 1.25E+01 4.11E+00 2.53E-01 1.45E+01 1.37E+00
3.32 0.4587 3.08E+00 1.27E+01 4.13E+00 2.49E-01 1.47E+01 1.39E+00
3.34 0.4578 3.10E+00 1.28E+01 4.14E+00 2.45E-01 1.48E+01 1.41E+00
3.36 0.4569 3.13E+00 1.30E+01 4.16E+00 2.40E-01 1.50E+01 1.43E+00
3.38 0.456 3.15E+00 1.32E+01 4.17E+00 2.36E-01 1.52E+01 1.44E+00
3.4 0.4552 3.18E+00 1.33E+01 4.19E+00 2.32E-01 1.54E+01 1.46E+00
3.42 0.4544 3.21E+00 1.35E+01 4.20E+00 2.28E-01 1.55E+01 1.48E+00
3.44 0.4535 3.23E+00 1.36E+01 4.22E+00 2.24E-01 1.57E+01 1.49E+00
3.46 0.4527 3.26E+00 1.38E+01 4.23E+00 2.20E-01 1.59E+01 1.51E+00
3.48 0.4519 3.29E+00 1.40E+01 4.25E+00 2.17E-01 1.61E+01 1.53E+00
3.5 0.4512 3.32E+00 1.41E+01 4.26E+00 2.13E-01 1.62E+01 1.55E+00
3.52 0.4504 3.34E+00 1.43E+01 4.27E+00 2.09E-01 1.64E+01 1.56E+00
3.54 0.4496 3.37E+00 1.45E+01 4.29E+00 2.06E-01 1.66E+01 1.58E+00
3.56 0.4489 3.40E+00 1.46E+01 4.30E+00 2.02E-01 1.68E+01 1.60E+00
3.58 0.4481 3.43E+00 1.48E+01 4.32E+00 1.99E-01 1.70E+01 1.62E+00
3.6 0.4474 3.45E+00 1.50E+01 4.33E+00 1.95E-01 1.72E+01 1.63E+00
3.62 0.4467 3.48E+00 1.51E+01 4.34E+00 1.92E-01 1.73E+01 1.65E+00
3.64 0.446 3.51E+00 1.53E+01 4.36E+00 1.89E-01 1.75E+01 1.67E+00
3.66 0.4453 3.54E+00 1.55E+01 4.37E+00 1.85E-01 1.77E+01 1.68E+00
3.68 0.4446 3.57E+00 1.56E+01 4.38E+00 1.82E-01 1.79E+01 1.70E+00
3.7 0.4439 3.60E+00 1.58E+01 4.39E+00 1.79E-01 1.81E+01 1.72E+00
3.72 0.4433 3.63E+00 1.60E+01 4.41E+00 1.76E-01 1.83E+01 1.74E+00
3.74 0.4426 3.65E+00 1.62E+01 4.42E+00 1.73E-01 1.85E+01 1.75E+00
3.76 0.442 3.68E+00 1.63E+01 4.43E+00 1.70E-01 1.87E+01 1.77E+00
(continued)
Appendix B: Normal Shock Table 525

Table B.1 (continued)

M1 M2 T2 /T1 p2 / p1 ρ2 /ρ1 pt2 / pt1 Pt2 / p1 s/R
3.78 0.4414 3.71E+00 1.65E+01 4.44E+00 1.67E-01 1.89E+01 1.79E+00
3.8 0.4407 3.74E+00 1.67E+01 4.46E+00 1.64E-01 1.91E+01 1.81E+00
3.82 0.4401 3.77E+00 1.69E+01 4.47E+00 1.62E-01 1.93E+01 1.82E+00
3.84 0.4395 3.80E+00 1.70E+01 4.48E+00 1.59E-01 1.95E+01 1.84E+00
3.86 0.4389 3.83E+00 1.72E+01 4.49E+00 1.56E-01 1.97E+01 1.86E+00
3.88 0.4383 3.86E+00 1.74E+01 4.50E+00 1.54E-01 1.99E+01 1.87E+00
3.9 0.4377 3.89E+00 1.76E+01 4.52E+00 1.51E-01 2.01E+01 1.89E+00
3.92 0.4372 3.92E+00 1.78E+01 4.53E+00 1.48E-01 2.03E+01 1.91E+00
3.94 0.4366 3.95E+00 1.79E+01 4.54E+00 1.46E-01 2.05E+01 1.92E+00
3.96 0.436 3.98E+00 1.81E+01 4.55E+00 1.44E-01 2.07E+01 1.94E+00
3.98 0.4355 4.02E+00 1.83E+01 4.56E+00 1.41E-01 2.09E+01 1.96E+00
4 0.435 4.05E+00 1.85E+01 4.57E+00 1.39E-01 2.11E+01 1.98E+00
4.1 0.4324 4.20E+00 1.94E+01 4.62E+00 1.28E-01 2.21E+01 2.06E+00
4.2 0.4299 4.37E+00 2.04E+01 4.67E+00 1.17E-01 2.32E+01 2.14E+00
4.3 0.4277 4.53E+00 2.14E+01 4.72E+00 1.08E-01 2.43E+01 2.23E+00
4.4 0.4255 4.70E+00 2.24E+01 4.77E+00 9.95E-02 2.54E+01 2.31E+00
4.5 0.4236 4.88E+00 2.35E+01 4.81E+00 9.17E-02 2.65E+01 2.39E+00
4.6 0.4217 5.05E+00 2.45E+01 4.85E+00 8.46E-02 2.77E+01 2.47E+00
4.7 0.4199 5.23E+00 2.56E+01 4.89E+00 7.81E-02 2.89E+01 2.55E+00
4.8 0.4183 5.42E+00 2.67E+01 4.93E+00 7.21E-02 3.01E+01 2.63E+00
4.9 0.4167 5.61E+00 2.78E+01 4.97E+00 6.67E-02 3.14E+01 2.71E+00
5 0.4152 5.80E+00 2.90E+01 5.00E+00 6.17E-02 3.27E+01 2.79E+00
5.1 0.4138 6.00E+00 3.02E+01 5.03E+00 5.72E-02 3.40E+01 2.86E+00
5.2 0.4125 6.20E+00 3.14E+01 5.06E+00 5.30E-02 3.53E+01 2.94E+00
5.3 0.4113 6.40E+00 3.26E+01 5.09E+00 4.91E-02 3.66E+01 3.01E+00
5.4 0.4101 6.61E+00 3.39E+01 5.12E+00 4.56E-02 3.80E+01 3.09E+00
5.5 0.409 6.82E+00 3.51E+01 5.15E+00 4.24E-02 3.94E+01 3.16E+00
5.6 0.4079 7.04E+00 3.64E+01 5.17E+00 3.94E-02 4.08E+01 3.23E+00
5.7 0.4069 7.26E+00 3.77E+01 5.20E+00 3.66E-02 4.23E+01 3.31E+00
5.8 0.4059 7.48E+00 3.91E+01 5.22E+00 3.41E-02 4.38E+01 3.38E+00
5.9 0.405 7.71E+00 4.04E+01 5.25E+00 3.18E-02 4.53E+01 3.45E+00
6 0.4042 7.94E+00 4.18E+01 5.27E+00 2.97E-02 4.68E+01 3.52E+00
6.1 0.4033 8.18E+00 4.32E+01 5.29E+00 2.77E-02 4.84E+01 3.59E+00
6.2 0.4025 8.42E+00 4.47E+01 5.31E+00 2.58E-02 5.00E+01 3.66E+00
6.3 0.4018 8.66E+00 4.61E+01 5.33E+00 2.42E-02 5.16E+01 3.72E+00
6.4 0.4011 8.91E+00 4.76E+01 5.35E+00 2.26E-02 5.32E+01 3.79E+00
6.5 0.4004 9.16E+00 4.91E+01 5.37E+00 2.11E-02 5.49E+01 3.86E+00
6.6 0.3997 9.41E+00 5.07E+01 5.38E+00 1.98E-02 5.65E+01 3.92E+00
6.7 0.3991 9.67E+00 5.22E+01 5.40E+00 1.86E-02 5.83E+01 3.99E+00
(continued)
526 Appendix B: Normal Shock Table

Table B.1 (continued)

M1 M2 T2 /T1 p2 / p1 ρ2 /ρ1 pt2 / pt1 Pt2 / p1 s/R
6.8 0.3985 9.93E+00 5.38E+01 5.41E+00 1.74E-02 6.00E+01 4.05E+00
6.9 0.3979 1.02E+01 5.54E+01 5.43E+00 1.63E-02 6.18E+01 4.11E+00
7 0.3974 1.05E+01 5.70E+01 5.44E+00 1.54E-02 6.36E+01 4.18E+00
7.1 0.3968 1.07E+01 5.86E+01 5.46E+00 1.44E-02 6.54E+01 4.24E+00
7.2 0.3963 1.10E+01 6.03E+01 5.47E+00 1.36E-02 6.72E+01 4.30E+00
7.3 0.3958 1.13E+01 6.20E+01 5.49E+00 1.28E-02 6.91E+01 4.36E+00
7.4 0.3954 1.16E+01 6.37E+01 5.50E+00 1.20E-02 7.10E+01 4.42E+00
7.5 0.3949 1.19E+01 6.55E+01 5.51E+00 1.13E-02 7.29E+01 4.48E+00
7.6 0.3945 1.22E+01 6.72E+01 5.52E+00 1.07E-02 7.48E+01 4.54E+00
7.7 0.3941 1.25E+01 6.90E+01 5.53E+00 1.01E-02 7.68E+01 4.60E+00
7.8 0.3937 1.28E+01 7.08E+01 5.54E+00 9.51E-03 7.88E+01 4.66E+00
7.9 0.3933 1.31E+01 7.26E+01 5.56E+00 8.98E-03 8.08E+01 4.71E+00
8 0.3929 1.34E+01 7.45E+01 5.57E+00 8.49E-03 8.29E+01 4.77E+00
8.1 0.3925 1.37E+01 7.64E+01 5.58E+00 8.03E-03 8.49E+01 4.83E+00
8.2 0.3922 1.40E+01 7.83E+01 5.58E+00 7.59E-03 8.70E+01 4.88E+00
8.3 0.3918 1.43E+01 8.02E+01 5.59E+00 7.19E-03 8.92E+01 4.94E+00
8.4 0.3915 1.47E+01 8.22E+01 5.60E+00 6.81E-03 9.13E+01 4.99E+00
8.5 0.3912 1.50E+01 8.41E+01 5.61E+00 6.45E-03 9.35E+01 5.04E+00
8.6 0.3909 1.53E+01 8.61E+01 5.62E+00 6.11E-03 9.57E+01 5.10E+00
8.7 0.3906 1.57E+01 8.81E+01 5.63E+00 5.80E-03 9.79E+01 5.15E+00
8.8 0.3903 1.60E+01 9.02E+01 5.64E+00 5.50E-03 1.00E+02 5.20E+00
8.9 0.3901 1.63E+01 9.22E+01 5.64E+00 5.23E-03 1.02E+02 5.25E+00
9 0.3898 1.67E+01 9.43E+01 5.65E+00 4.96E-03 1.05E+02 5.31E+00
9.1 0.3895 1.70E+01 9.64E+01 5.66E+00 4.72E-03 1.07E+02 5.36E+00
9.2 0.3893 1.74E+01 9.86E+01 5.67E+00 4.49E-03 1.09E+02 5.41E+00
9.3 0.3891 1.78E+01 1.01E+02 5.67E+00 4.27E-03 1.12E+02 5.46E+00
9.4 0.3888 1.81E+01 1.03E+02 5.68E+00 4.06E-03 1.14E+02 5.51E+00
9.5 0.3886 1.85E+01 1.05E+02 5.69E+00 3.87E-03 1.17E+02 5.56E+00
9.6 0.3884 1.89E+01 1.07E+02 5.69E+00 3.68E-03 1.19E+02 5.60E+00
9.7 0.3882 1.92E+01 1.10E+02 5.70E+00 3.51E-03 1.22E+02 5.65E+00
9.8 0.388 1.96E+01 1.12E+02 5.70E+00 3.35E-03 1.24E+02 5.70E+00
9.9 0.3878 2.00E+01 1.14E+02 5.71E+00 3.19E-03 1.27E+02 5.75E+00
Appendix C
Prandtl-Meyer Function

Table C.1 shows the Prandtl-Meyer fucntion and Mach angle for γ = 1.4.

Table C.1 Prandtl-Meyer function and Mach angle for γ = 1.4

M ν (deg) μ (deg) M ν (deg) μ (deg) M ν (deg) μ (deg)
1.0 0.00 90.00 3.6 60.09 16.13 6.4 87.56 8.99
1.1 1.34 65.38 3.7 61.60 15.68 6.6 88.76 8.71
1.2 3.56 56.44 3.8 63.05 15.26 6.8 89.90 8.46
1.3 6.17 50.28 3.9 64.44 14.86 7.0 90.97 8.21
1.4 8.99 45.58 4.0 65.79 14.48 7.5 93.44 7.66
1.5 11.91 41.81 4.1 67.08 14.12 8.0 95.63 7.18
1.6 14.86 38.68 4.2 68.33 13.77 8.5 97.57 6.76
1.7 17.81 36.03 4.3 69.54 13.45 9.0 99.32 6.38
1.8 20.73 33.75 4.4 70.71 13.14 9.5 100.89 6.04
1.9 23.59 31.76 4.5 71.83 12.84 10.0 102.32 5.74
2.0 26.38 30.00 4.6 72.92 12.56 10.5 103.61 5.47
2.1 29.10 28.44 4.7 73.97 12.28 11.0 104.80 5.22
2.2 31.73 27.04 4.8 74.99 12.02 11.5 105.88 4.99
2.3 34.28 25.77 4.9 75.97 11.78 12.0 106.88 4.78
2.4 36.75 24.62 5.0 76.92 11.54 12.5 107.80 4.59
2.5 39.12 23.58 5.1 77.84 11.31 13.0 108.65 4.41
2.6 41.42 22.62 5.2 78.73 11.09 13.5 109.44 4.25
2.7 43.62 21.74 5.3 79.60 10.88 14.0 110.18 4.10
2.8 45.75 20.92 5.4 80.43 10.67 14.5 110.87 3.95
2.9 47.79 20.17 5.5 81.25 10.48 15.0 111.51 3.82
(continued)

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 527

R. Vos and S. Farokhi, Introduction to Transonic Aerodynamics,
Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications 110, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9747-4
528 Appendix C: Prandtl-Meyer Function

Table C.1 (continued)

M ν (deg) μ (deg) M ν (deg) μ (deg) M ν (deg) μ (deg)
3.0 49.76 19.47 5.6 82.03 10.29 15.5 112.11 3.70
3.1 51.65 18.82 5.7 82.80 10.10 16.0 112.68 3.58
3.2 53.47 18.21 5.8 83.54 9.93 16.5 113.21 3.47
3.3 55.22 17.64 5.9 84.26 9.76 17.0 113.71 3.37
3.4 56.91 17.10 6.0 84.96 9.59 17.5 114.18 3.28
3.5 58.53 16.60 6.2 86.30 9.28 18.0 114.63 3.18
Partial Answers to Selected Problems

Chapter 1

1.1
(a) a = 296 m/s
(b) R| L/D=16 = 5350 km, R| L/D=19 = 6353 km, R| L/D=22 = 7356 km.
1.2
(c) L/D|max = 17.7 at C L = 0.74
(f) V × L/D|max = 3.3 km/s at C L = 0.43 and ρ = 0.3.

Chapter 2

2.3 14.1 m/s.

2.4
     
(a) eigenvalues:
∞ βn = πL n + 21 ; eigenfunctions: ϕn = sin πL n + 21 x ; u(x, t) =
n=0 (an cos(ω
 n
t) + bn sin(ωn t)) sin βn x, with ωn = βn c.
     
(b) u(x, t) = ∞ n=0  1 2 sin n + 2 t × sin n + 2 x .
2 1 1
π n+ 2
 t         
(c) u(x, t) = cos 2 + 4 sin 2t sin x2 − 65 sin 5t2 sin 5x 2 .

2.7
(a) u = 1/2t 2
(b) 1/2(x 2 + t 2 + 1) − xt − x − t

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 529

R. Vos and S. Farokhi, Introduction to Transonic Aerodynamics,
Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications 110, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9747-4
530 Partial Answers to Selected Problems

∞ −kλ2n t , with ϕ = sin(λ x), λ = π

 
2.10 u(x, t) = n=0 Dn ϕn e n n n n+ 1
, and
L L 2
Dn = 0 f (x)ϕn dx.

2 (−1)n
2.11 Dn = π ( 1 +n)2 .
2

2.12 classification: parabolic.

2.14
(a) (2, 7, −2)
(b) −61
(c) (53, −22, −24)
(d) (−53,
⎡ 22, 24) ⎤
−8 −4 −14
(e) ⎣ 20 10 35 ⎦ .
−36 −18 −63

2.15
(a) φ = x 2 /2 + y 2 + 3z 2 /2
(b) φ = x yz
(c) φ = ye x + z
(d) does not exist.
2.16
(a) 6
(b) 0
(c) ye x
(d) 0.
2.17
(a) 0
(b) 0
(c) 0
(d) (0, 0, 3).

2.18
γ = 1.4, cv = 716 J/kg/K, e = 160 kJ/k, h = 224 kJ/kg, and T = 223 K.
2.20
37.3 kJ/kg.
Partial Answers to Selected Problems 531

2.27
(b)
    2  2    
∂u 2 ∂v ∂w ∂v ∂u 2 ∂w ∂v 2
Φ= μ 2 + + + + + +
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z
    
∂u ∂w 2 2 ∂u ∂v ∂w 2
+ + − + +
∂z ∂x 3 ∂x ∂y ∂z

2.29
(a) p = (γ − 1)ρe
(b) q = − ckv ∇e
 3/2
c T0 + 110
(c) q = − Prp μ0 cveT0 e + 110cv ∇e; not conservative.

Chapter 3

3.1 −1.704
3.3 cl = 0.756; The circulation is 51.2 % higher than the circulation in the incom-
pressible limit
3.7
(a) cl2 = 0.9615
(b) Cp  = −2.248
 min  
(c) clα M =0.65 / clα M = 1.32
∞ ∞ =0

3.9
(a) Mmax = 1.372
(b) C p,crit = −2.133
(c) C p,stag = 1.064
(d) C p0 ,min = −3.031
3.11
(a) M A = 1.0909
3.13
(b) u = 178.18 m/s
(c) C p = 0.53
3.15
(a) cd,w = 0.0569
(b) h/ = 0.0256
532 Partial Answers to Selected Problems

3.17 C p,cone = 0.1486

 
3.19 τ2 = 6.79 %; C p2 = −0.2396; C p,crit M = −0.18786;
  ∞ =0.9
C p,crit M =0.85 = −0.30199
∞

3.21
(a) p A / p∞ = 1.56
(b) q∞ / p∞ = 2.8
3.23
(a) K = 07368
(b) τ2 = 0.0177
(c) C pmin ,2 = 0.06
3.25 cl2 = 0.1587
3.27
(a) Mmax = 1.43
(b) C p,stag = 1.117
3.29
(a) M∞2 = 0.937
(b) α2 = 3◦
(c) = 10.079
(d) C L2 /C L1 = 0.6299
(e) C D2 /C D1 = 0.3149
(f) Cm2 /Cm1 = 0.6299
3.31 δmax = 20◦
3.33 σc = 78.11◦

Chapter 4

4.1
(a) p1 / p∞ = 2.971
(b) p2 / p∞ = 1.991
(c) cd = 0.02755
4.3
(a) p1 = 20.793 kPa
(b) p1 = 11.923 kPa
(c) p1 = 9.953 kPa
Partial Answers to Selected Problems 533

4.5 pt,2 = 53.38 kPa; pt,3 = 6.02 kPa; pt,4 = 32.83 kPa
4.7
(a) θw = 32.15◦
(b) V2 /V1 = 1.264
4.9 cl = 0.65, cd = 0.31
4.11
(a) t/c = 0.08816
(b) C p2 = 0.1061, C p3 = 0.4236, C p4 = −0.1531, C p5 = −0.1537
(c) ca = 0.03687
4.13
(a) C p1 = C p4 = 0.433, C p2 = C p5 = −0.1099, C p3 = C p6 = 0.1124
(b) cd = 0.0545
4.15
(a) M2 = 3.4
(b) θw = 17.79
4.17
(a) θLE = 23.38
(b) p2 / p1 = 0.213
(c) p3 / p1 = 0.2419
(d) θTE = 16.02
4.19
(a) t1 /c = 0.1063, t2 /c = 0.1246
(b) C p1 = 0.2239, C p2 = 1.3896, C p3 = −0.2151, C p4 = −0.1322
(c) cn = 0.1652
(d) ca = 0.0609
(e) L  /D  = 2.46
(f) cm,LE = −0.0995
4.21
(a) a1 = 260 m/s
(b) M2∗ = 0.78
4.23
(a) pnose / p∞ = 1.350
(b) p A / p∞ ≈ 0.735
4.25 C p,N = 0.821, C p,A = 0.250
534 Partial Answers to Selected Problems

4.27
(a) R̄ = 6.5
(b) δ0 = 22.6
(c) C pp = 0.05, C pv = 0.20
(d) C D = 0.118
4.31
(a) σ = 48◦
(b) Mc = 0.8
(c) C D p = 0.65
4.33
(a) C p1 = 0, C p2 = 0.837
(b) cd = 0.4835
(c) cl = 0.8374
4.35 M3 = 2.85
4.39
(a) |α| > 3◦
(b) α = ±2.5◦

Chapter 5

5.1 M2 ≈ 2.2, dy/dx = 0.869

5.3

No K− K+ θ (deg) ν (deg) M μ (deg)

1 −0.14 −29.86 −15 14.86 1.6 36.68
2 20.73 −20.73 0 20.73 1.8 33.75
3 29.86 0.14 15 14.86 1.6 36.68
4 20.73 −29.86 −4.565 25.295 1.96 30.68
5 29.86 −20.73 4.565 25.295 1.96 30.68
6 20.73 −29.86 −4.565 25.295 1.96 30.68
7 29.86 −29.86 0 29.86 2.1 28.44
8 29.86 −20.73 4.565 25.295 1.96 30.68

5.5
(a) θw,max = 22.875◦
(c) dy/dx = −2.37
(d) dy/dx = 0.3823
Partial Answers to Selected Problems 535

5.7

No K− K+ θ (deg) ν (deg) M μ (deg)

1 26.38 −26.38 0 26.38 2 36.68
2 24.73 −16.73 4 20.73 1.8 33.75
3 19.91 −3.91 8 11.91 1.5 41.81
4 24.73 −26.38 −0.825 25.555 1.98 30.33
5 19.91 −16.73 1.59 18.32 1.72 35.55
6 24.73 −24.73 0 24.73 1.94 31.02
7 19.91 −26.38 −3.235 23.145 1.88 32.13
8 19.91 −16.73 1.59 18.32 1.72 35.55
9 19.91 −24.73 −2.41 22.32 1.86 32.52
10 19.91 −26.38 −3.235 23.145 1.88 32.13
11 19.91 −19.91 0 19.91 1.78 34.18
12 19.91 −24.73 −2.41 22.32 1.86 32.52

5.13

Parameter Initial data line

1 2 3 4 5
x (m) 0.966 0.991 1.000 0.991 0.966
y (m) −0.259 −0.131 0.000 0.131 0.259
θ (deg) −15 −7.5 0 7.5 15
μ (deg) −0.265 −0.131 0.000 0.131 0.265
ν (deg) 26.38 26.38 26.38 26.38 26.38
M 2 2 2 2 2

5.15
(a) M2 = 2.1
(b) M3 = 2
(c) (dy/dx)RRW = −0.536, (dy/dx)LRW = 0.582
(d) p3 / p1 = 1
5.17
3.2
3
2.8
y 2.6
2.4
2.2
2
0 5 10 15
x
536 Partial Answers to Selected Problems

5.19
(a) M2 = 2.85
(b) M3 = 4.05
(c) A3 /A1 = 6.645

Chapter 6

6.2
C C
(a) see text on p. 275: D = ρ D u 2 (u 1 − u 2 )dy ≈ ρV∞ D (V∞ − u 2 )dy
(b) pt∞ − pt2 = 21 ρ(V∞ 2 − u 2 ) ≈ ρV (V − u )
2 ∞ ∞ 2
(c) Using a Pitot rake the total pressure deficiency over the wake can be measured.
6.4 Notional pressure distributions:

- c
Cp
a

b
0

0 1
x/l

6.6
(b) 2.40
(c) 1.69 + 1.76i
(d) 2.23
6.8

(c)
6
Relative stream tube area, S/Smin (~)

1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Mach number, M (~)
Partial Answers to Selected Problems 537

6.10
x 
 2 3
(a) S(x) = 16V
− 4 xl ) 2
(4
3lπ
   2 3
l
(b) R(x) = Rmax (4 xl − 4 xl ) 4
6.11
1 π π
(a) V = π 0 R 2 (x)dx = 30 and Rmax = 16 .
(b) C Dwave = 0.461
(c) C Dwave = −11 %
6.15
(a) 5.12, 3.47, 2.60 [m/s/m]
(b) 5.13, 3.47, 2.60 [mN/m]
(c) 10.3 ·10−6 , 6.94 ·10−6 , 5.20 ·10−6
6.16
−3
x 10
3
Friction coefficient, C (~)

2.9
f

2.8

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.4
0 0.5 1 1.5
Mach number, M (~)

6.17

(a)

−0.4
Cp (~)

−0.2

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
postion, x (m)
538 Partial Answers to Selected Problems

(b) (x/c)separation = 0.54

(c, d)
−3
x 10
2
θ

θ, δ* (m)
1 δ*

0
0 2 4 6
postion, x (m)

(e)

10
τ (N/m )
2

5
w

0
0 2 4 6
postion, x (m)

6.18
(a) (x/c)separation = 0.72
(b) (x/c)separation = 0.54
(c) (x/c)separation = 0.30
6.23
 
Rewrite (6.121) to u + = 1/κ ln(y/k) + 1/κ ln 1
1/k + 0.3 + B. Substitute B = 5.0
and evaluate for k+ → ∞.
6.24
(a) c f = 0.00320
(b) τw = 19.6 N/m
(c) (∂u/∂ y)w = 1.07 μm
m/s

6.25
(a) Rel = 6.70, 20.1, 67.0, 134, 335 ·106
(b) C f = 0.0145, 0.0136, 0.0129, 0.0126, 0.0123
Partial Answers to Selected Problems 539

(c)
−3
x 10
3.5

f
C

2.5

2
0 1 2 3 4
Re 8
l x 10

6.26

(a)
−3
x 10
7
Local friction coefficient, cf (−)

2
0 1 2 3
x−position (m)

(b)
−3
x 10
4
Friction coefficient, C (~)
f

3.5

2.5

2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
sand grain height, k (m) x 10−4
540 Partial Answers to Selected Problems

Chapter 7

7.1
Mdd increases from 0.80 to 0.83.
7.10
(a) M0m ISA = 0.197
(b) C p M ∗ =√2 = −27.7
(c) Vstall = 72.4 m/s. Mstall = 0.217
(d) C p M ∗ =√2 = −22.8
(e) Since C p M ∗ =√2 > C pmin it is likely that the suction peak is lower in reality than
we have anticipated here and that the maximum lift coefficient is therefore also
lower.
7.12
(a) 7.7 km
(b) 40◦
7.14
(a) ϕ = 0.5433, 1.096, 1.783, 2.083 ms.
(b) amplitude = 0.7505, 0.4064, 0.3068, 0.2990
(c)
1
Shock jump amplitude (~)

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
5 4 3 2 1 0

2
Phase shift (rad)

1.5

0.5

0
5 4 3 2 1 0
dM1/dx (1/m)

7.15
(a) ϕ = 7, 20, 40, 44 (deg).
(b) amplitude = 0.44, 0.45, 0.32, 0.32
Partial Answers to Selected Problems 541

(c)

0.5

Shock jump amplitude (~)

0.45

0.4

0.35

0 20 40 60 80

25

20
Phase shift (rad)

15

10

0
0 20 40 60 80
frequency (Hz)

Chapter 8

8.2
(a) Mdd = 0.70
(b) Mdd = 0.77
8.6 As long as the drag divergence of the wing is governed by section characteristics
(such as for wings with 35◦ sweep or less) a rather rough estimate of Mdd is possible
with the method of (8.29), but that an upper limit exists for Mdd in the neighborhood
of 0.95 caused by three-dimensional sonic-flow conditions (onset of wave drag).
This boundary cannot be altered by a further increase in sweep or changes in section
other than by their contribution to a change in the longitudinal distribution of cross-
sectional area.
8.13
(a) b = 30 m
(b) croot = 9.6 m, ctip = 2.4 m
(c) le = 32.5◦
(d) ρ = 0.412 kg/m3 , μ = 14.7 · 10−6 kg/(ms)
c −c
(e) c = tip b root y + croot
542 Partial Answers to Selected Problems

(f)
250

200

150
Re θ (~)
al

100

50

0
0 10 20 30
y (m)

8.17
(a) θ = −3.33◦
(b) θ = −2.5◦
(c) θ = −3.31◦
(d) Most sensitive to changes in span (b).
8.18
(a) dθ/db = −1.45 deg/m
(b) dθ/d(E I ) = 7.15 · 10−6 deg/(Nm2 )
(c) dθ/d = −0.509 deg/deg
(d) Most sensitive to changes in sweep angle ().
l(bs /2)4
8.20 Use  = 8E I , L/2 b4s = k,  = (bs /2), and L = lbs .
8.21
y m̄η
(a) Use θ (y) = 0 G J dη
-0.5

-0.4

-0.3
θ (rad)

-0.2
average
-0.1

0
0 0.5 1
y (m)
Partial Answers to Selected Problems 543
b /2
(b) Use θaverage = bs1/2 0 s θ (y)dy to find θaverage = 1/24 rad
(c) Use k T θaverage = m̄bs /2
8.22
(b)

Λ=
0.6 0
15
30
0.4 45

0.2
α, θ, Γ (deg)

Λ= Λ=
0
15 0
0
15 45 30
−0.2 30
45

−0.4 α
θ
Γ
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Mach number, M (~)

8.24
(b)

0.6
h=
0
0.4 3
6
9
α, θ, Γ (deg)

0.2

h=
0 9
6
3
h= 0
−0.2 9
6
3
0
−0.4 α
θ
Γ
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Mach number, M (~)
Glossary

Latin symbols

A Cross-sectional area or axial force 2

√ (m , N) 2
a Ambient speed of sound (a = γ RT ) (m/s )
Aspect ratio (∼)
B Non-dimensional constant in law of the wake (6.109) (∼)
b Wing span (m)
C Characteristic curve in physical space (N/A)
c Chord length, wave propagation speed, or specific heat capacity in a soild
(m, m/s, J/kg/K)
ca Section axial force coefficient (∼)
CD Three-dimensional drag coefficient or dissipation coefficient (∼, ∼)
cd Section drag coefficient (∼)
l
Cf Friction coefficient C f = 1c 0 c f dx (∼)
cf Local friction coefficient (∼)
CL Lift coefficient (∼)
cl Section lift coefficient (∼)
cm Section moment coefficient (∼)
cn Section normal force coefficient (∼)
Cp Pressure coefficient (∼)
cp Specific heat at constant pressure (J/kg/K)
cv Specific heat at constant volume (J/kg/K)
D Drag (N)
E Young’s modulus (N/m2 )
e Internal energy, Oswald factor or normalized distance between elastic axis
and aerodynamic center (J/kg, ∼, ∼)
Et Total energy (J/m3 )
F Fineness ratio of a body (∼)
G Shear modulus (N/m2 )
g Gravitational constant (m/s2 )

© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 545

R. Vos and S. Farokhi, Introduction to Transonic Aerodynamics,
Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications 110, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9747-4
546 Glossary

H Total enthalpy per unit mass, altitude, or shape factor (J/kg, m, ∼)

h Enthalpy per unit mass or height (J/kg, m)
I Second moment of area or mass moment of inertia (m4 , kg m2 )
K Transonic similarity parameter or constant of integration (∼, rad)
k Heat transfer coefficient, sand grain height, or spring stiffness (J/m/s/K, m,
Nm/rad)
k̄ Specific kinetic energy of turbulence (J/kg)
L Lift (N)
l Characteristic length (m)
M Mach number (∼)
m Moment (Nm)
N Normal force or logarithm of maximum amplification factor in linear sta-
bility theory for laminar boundary layers (N, ∼)
n Load factor (∼)
P Steady-state pressure (N/m2 )
p Pressure (N/m2 )
Pr Prandtl number (Pr = 0.71 for air) (∼)
Q Heat per unit mass or volume flow rate from a source (J/kg, m3 /s)
q Heat flux (J/s/m2 )
R Range, radius, or gas constant (R = 287.05 for air) (m, m, J/kg/K)
r Radius or radius of gyration (m, m)
Re Reynolds number Rex = ρVμ x (∼)
S Surface area or stress parameter (m2 , ∼)
s Entropy or normalized static unbalance (J/kg/K, ∼)
Si j Rate of the mean strain tensor (1/s2 )
T Temperature (K)
t Time or thickness (s, m)
Tu Turbulence (%)
U Velocity or steady-state velocity (m/s, m/s)
u Excitation or cartesian velocity component (m, m/s)
u+ Normalized velocity inside a√ boundary layer (u + = u/u τ ) (∼)
uτ Wall friction velocity (u τ = τw /ρ) (m/s)
V Velocity (m/s)
V Volume (m3 )
v Specific volume (v = 1/ρ) or cartesian velocity component (m3 /kg, m/s)
W Nondimensional velocity (W = V /Vmax ) (∼)
w Specific work, cartesian velocity component or vertical displacement of a
beam (J/kg, m/s, m)
x, y, z Cartesian coordinates (m)
y+ Normalized distance from the wall inside a boundary layer (y + = yu τ /ν)
(m)
Glossary 547

Greek Symbols

α Thermal diffusivity: α = k/(ρc p ) or angle of attack (1/s, rad)

β Prandtl-Glauert compressibility correction factor in subsonic flow (β =

1 − M∞ 2 ), oblique shock wave angle, or angle between wall shear stress
vector and inviscid streamline (∼, rad, rad)
 Circulation or dihedral angle (m2 /s, rad)
γ Ratio of specific heats (γ = 1.4 for air) (∼)
δ Boundary layer thickness, shock thickness, cone angle, or flap deflection
angle (m, m, rad, rad)
δ∗ Displacement thickness (m)
δi j Kronecker delta (δi j = 1 if i = j, δi j = 0 if i
= j) (∼)
ε Dissipation rate of turbulent energy (J/m3 /s)
ζ Length scale (m)
η Position on the semispan: η = 2y/b (∼)
η, ξ, ζ Generalized coordinate system (∼)
θ Local body angle, momentum thickness, or twist angle (rad, m, rad)
κ Von Kármán constant: κ = 0.41 (∼)
 Sweep angle (rad) 
λ Compressibility correction factor in supersonic flow (λ = M∞ 2 − 1),

pressure gradient parameter in laminar boundary layer (λ = θν du

2
e
dx ),
measure for local friction coefficient in a turbulent boundary layer (λ =

2/c f ), wing taper ratio (λ = cT /cC ), or temperature lapse rate (λ =
−0.0065 K/m in troposphere of ISA) (∼, ∼, ∼, ∼, K/m)
μ Dynamic (shear) viscosity or Mach angle (kg/m/s, rad)
μ Bulk (volume) viscosity (kg/m/s)
μ̄ Normalized mass (μ̄ = m/ρv) (∼)
ν Kinematic viscosity coefficient (ν = μ/ρ) or Prandtl-Meyer angle (m2 /s,
rad)
ξ Flap deflection angle (rad)
 Coles’ wake parameter (∼)
ρ Density (kg/m3 )
σ Conical shock angle (rad)
τ Shear stress or thickness ratio (N/m2 , ∼)
Φ Velocity potential, azimuth angle, or dissipation function (m2 /s, rad, J/s)
φ Span efficiency factor or perturbed velocity potential (∼, m2 /s)
φ̂ Disturbance velocity potential (φ̂ = φ/V∞ ) (m)
ϕ Rotation of a beam (rad)
ω Frequency (rad/s)

Vectors

∇ Differential operator, ∇ ≡ ∂∂x i + ∂

∂y j+ ∂
∂z k (1/m)
ζ Vorticity: ζ = ∇ × V (1/s)
τ Shear stress tensor (N/m2 )
548 Glossary

E, F, G Steady vector terms in the governing equations (N/A)

f Body force per unit mass (N/kg)
F Force acting on a body (N)
g Gravitational acceleration constant (m/s2 )
i, j , k Orthogonal unit item in cartesian coordinate system (∼)
n Surface normal vector (∼)
q Heat transfer per unit area (J/s/m2 )
S Surface vector (m2 )
U Unsteady vector term in governing equations (N/A)
V Velocity vector (m/s)
v Perturbation velocity vector (V∞ v = V − V∞ i) (∼)

Subscripts

0 Stagnation
∞ Free stream conditions
α Angle of attack
θ Polar angle
Φ Azimuth angle
al Attachment line
aw Adiabatic wall
b Bending
C Center
crit Critical condition, i.e. ML = 1
d Drag
dd Drag divergence
e Boundary layer edge
f Friction or flutter
h Horizontal tailplane or bending
i, j Indices: 1,2,3
i Incomnpressible or induced
k Kinematic
L local
l Lower or lift
LE Leading edge
m Moment
min Minimum
N Nose
n Normal
p Pressure
r Radius
s Surface, static or structural
t Total
T Turbulent, thermal, tip, or torsion
th Thickness or throat
Glossary 549

tr Transition
turb Turbulent
u Upper
w Wall, wave, or wing
Wet Wetted
Supscripts
* Critical condition, i.e. ML = 1
+ Normalized distance or speed within the boundary layer
Acronyms
AGARD Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development
AIAA American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
CS Certification Specification
DC Douglas Company
DNS Direct Numerical Simulations
DoF Degrees of Freedom
DSMA Douglas Santa Monica Airfoil
ETW European Transonic Windtunnel
FAR Federal Aviation Regulation
FTC Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
ISA International Standard Atmosphere
KD Kinetic Diagram
LCO Limit Cycle Oscillation
LHS Left Hand Side
LRW Left Running Wave
MD McDonnell Douglas
MiG Mikoyan-and-Gurevich
MLN Minimum Length Nozzle
MOC Method of Characteristics
NACA National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NLF Natural Laminar Flow
NLR Nationaal Lucht-en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium
NS Navier-Stokes
NTF National Transonic Facility
ODE Ordinary Differential Equation
P-M Prandtl-Meyer
PDE Partial Differential Equation
RAE Royal Aircraft Establishment
RAF Royal Air Force
RANS Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Equations
RHS Right Hand Side
550 Glossary

RMS Root Mean Square

ROM Reduced Order Model
RRW Right Running Wave
SC Supercritical
SFC Specific Fuel Consumption
SI Système International
SWBLI Shock Wave Boundary Layer Interaction
USAF United States Air Force
WWII World War II
Index

A B
Adiabatic, 46 Blasius equation, 327
Aerodynamic Boundary layer, 303
center, 482 blending layer, 333
damping, 492 confluence, 404
stiffness, 492 crossflow, 461
twist, 476 laminar, 303
Aeroelastic merging layer, 333
penalty, 489 overlap layer, 333
tailoring, 476 separation, 302, 304, 470
Aeroelastic penalty, 475 shock wave interaction, 319
Aeroelasticity, 474 thickness, 305, 306
dynamic, 474 transition, 343, 372, 464
static, 474 turbulent, 313
Aeroservoelasticity, 495 Boussinesq assumption, 67
Aft loading, 376 Bréguet range formula, 2
Aileron Buffet, 405
high-speed, 488 onset boundary, 405
reversal, 481 transonic, 405, 412
Airfoil, 368
bi-convex, 173, 198
bi-convex parabolic, 200 C
circular-arc, 173 Calorically-prefect gas, 150
hexagonal, 198, 200 Camber, 369
laminar flow, 372 line, 369
natural-laminar-flow, 374 Canonical form, 35
‘peaky’, 382 Center of mass, 491
shock-Free, 379 Characteristic
sonic rooftop, 390 coordinates, 24
supercritical, 375 curves, 35
Angle-of-attack Characteristic Mach number, 150, 151
effective, 476 Characteristics, 211
Area rule, 12 Chord
supersonic, 13 length, 369
transonic, 288 Clauser’s equilibrium parameter, 335
Attachment line, 465 Coles, 333
instability, 465 Coles’ wake parameter, 333, 362
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015 551
R. Vos and S. Farokhi, Introduction to Transonic Aerodynamics,
Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications 110, DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-9747-4
552 Index

Compressible laminar boundary layer, 308 E

Conical flowfield, 163 Eigenfunction, 32
Conical shock, 146, 163 Eigenvalue, 32
Conical shock charts, 164 Energy
Conservation form, 33 equation, 56
Conservation principle, 52 kinetic, 56
Conservative form, 33 specific, 49
Constant of motion, 149–151, 155, 162 Enthalpy, 44
Continuity equation, 51, 52 specific, 49
Coordinated turn, 386 Entropy, 48
Critical Mach number, 4 Equation of state, 44
Critical pressure coefficient, 9 Equations of fluid motion, 51
Crocco’s eqaution, 70 Equations of motion, 33
Equilibrium thickness, 147
Crocco’s method, 309
Eulerian approach, 34
Crocco’s theorem, 42
Crossflow, 461
instability, 468
vortex, 468 F
Fatigue, 475
Curl, see vector field
First law of thermodynamics, 46
Flap
leading-edge, 403
D trailing-edge, 403
D’Alembert, 22, 24 Flow
Density, 44 reversal, 310
Design condition, 390 reversed, 312
Determinant, 27 Flutter, 491
Direct numerical simulations, 62 hard, 498
Displacement thickness, 71, 307 soft, 498
Dissipation function, 58 speed, 495
Form drag, 458
Divergence, see vector field
Fourier series, 29
Divergence theorem, 42, 78
sine series, 32
Domain of dependence, 28, 217
Fourier’s law, 57
Dorsal fin, 474
Fourier’s law of heat conduction, 30
Drag Friction coefficient, 303, 305
bucket, 374 Froude, 317
counts, 374 Full potential equation, 74
creep, 3 Fundamental theorem in calculus, 27, 30
divergence, 3, 324, 435 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, 27
friction, 302 Fuselage
inteference, 349 “coke bottle”, 300
interference, 349
pressure, 169
rise, 354 G
wave, 169, 287, 290, 291 Görtler vortices, 469
Drag coefficient, 18 Gas constant, 23, 44
induced, 18 Gauss, 42
zero-lift, 18 Geometric twist, 476
Drag divergence, 375 Glauert
Drag divergence Mach number, 3, 375, 377 variable, 297, 359
Dynamic effect, 419 Gradient, see scalar field
Dynamically scaled model, 497 Gradient theorem, 43
Index
H Mach angle, 146, 157
Heat equation, 29, 34
Helmbold equation, 485
High-lift devices, 403
Hirst, 333
Hydraulically rough surface, 339
Hydraulically smooth surface, 339
I Mach tuck, 422
Instability
centrifugal, 469
Interaction
strong, 321, 323
weak, 321
Internal energy, 44
Isentropic, 49
recompression, 380
Isentropic process, 48
Isentropic relations, 50
Isobaric process, 46
Isothermal process, 46
K Newtonian fluid, 55
Küchemann, 13
Küchemann carrots, 301
Küchemann tip, 457
Kelvin-Stokes theorem, 43
Kronecker delta, 55
Kutta condition, 391
L Ogive nose, 188
Laminar separation bubble, 395
Laminar sublayer, 331
Laminar-flow control, 343
Law of the wake, 333
Law of the wall, 333
Leading edge
radius, 369
Leading-edge contamination, 465
Leading-edge root extensions, 474
Leading-edge vortex, 472
Left-running waves, 165
Limit cycle oscillation, 491
Linear momentum equation, 53
Linear stability theory, 346
Load alleviation, 495
M 175
Mach
tuck, 386
553
Mach cone, 161, 183
Mach number, 51
characteristic, 150, 151
critical, 399, 435
drag divergence, 3, 435
effect on maximum lift coefficient, 399
maximum local ∼ over convex profile,
402
Mach wave, 146
Maximum take-off weight, 18
Mean-free path, 147
Mixing length, 67
Momentum integral equation, 327
Momentum theory, 291
Momentum thickness, 307
N
Natural frequency, 474
Navier-Stokes equations, 22, 61
Near-field analysis, 376
Newton, 53, 305
Nonconservative form, 34
Normal shock
thickness, 149
O
Oblique flow, 430
Oblique shock charts, 157
Order of PDE, 23
Oswald factor, 446
Outer product, 39
P
Partial differential equations, 22
elliptic, 35
hyperbolic, 35
parabolic, 35
Perfect gas law, 44
Poiseuille, 305
Polytropic compression, 46
Power law, 315
Prandtl’s relation, 151, 152
Prandtl-Meyer expansion theory, 169
Prandtl-Meyer expansion waves, 147, 168,
Prandtl-Meyer function, 168
Pressure, 44
554 Index

Pressure coefficient, 282 lambda, 323

minimum, 401 oblique, 155, 160
Pressure distribution, 282 recompression, 319
Pressure gradient thickness, 148, 149
adverse, 304, 312 wave, 147
favorable, 310 Shock wave
unfavorable, 312 boundary layer interaction, 319
Principle of stationary local Mach numbers, Shock-expansion theory, 145, 200
192 Slat, 403
Slip line, 323
Slipstream, 175
R Sonic domain, 4
Range parameter, 2 Sonic line, 321, 379
Ratio of specific heats, 23 Sound pressure, 23
Rayleigh circulation criterion, 469 Spalding, 334
Receptivity, 468 Span efficiency factor, 446, 454
Reflection Specific fuel consumption, 2
from a boundary of constant pressure, Specific heat
379 constant pressure, 44
from a solid boundary, 380 constant volume, 44
Region of influence, 36, 217, 282, 286 ratio of ∼, 44
Reversible process, 48 Stability
Reynolds decomposition, 62 aircraft longitudinal, 480
Reynolds number, 51 Stall, 303, 304, 393
critical, 313, 344, 345 high-speed, 405
cut-off, 340 hysteresis, 393
effect on maximum lift coefficient, 397 leading-edge, 395
transition, 345 low-speed, 393
Reynolds stress, 63
qualification of ∼, 394
Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes equa-
thin-airfoil, 395
tions, 62
trailing-edge, 396
Right-running waves, 165
State principle of thermodynamics, 44
Root effect, 454, 499
State property, 48
Roughness, 338
Static unbalance, 491
Runge-Kutta, 163
Stokes flow, 339
Runge-Kutta method, 337
Stokes’ theorem, see Kelvin-Stokes theorem
Strakes, 474
S Strong interaction, 321
Scalar field, 38 Strong solution, 157
gradient of a ∼, 40 Subsonic domain, 4
Sears-Haack body, 298 Substantial derivative, 52
Second law of motion, 53 Supercritical condition, 376
Second law of thermodynamics, 48 Supersonic
Separation, 470 bubble, 379
shock-induced, 406 Supersonic domain, 4
bubble, 323 Supersonic tongue, 322
point, 312 Sutherland’s equation, 45
trailing edge, 324 Sweep, 428
Shadow zone, 184 theory, 430, 431
Shock
bow, 5
conical, 161, 163, 183 T
detached, 160 Tangent ogive, 188
Index 555

Taper, 432 curl of a, 42

Taylor-Maccoll equation, 162, 163 divergence of a, 41
Temperature, 44 Velocity
Thermodynamic pressure, 54 distribution in boundary layer, 331
Thermodynamics, 43 gradient, 305
Thickness, 369 Velocity potential function, 41
to-chord ratio, 369 Viscosity, 55
Three-dimensional relieving effect, 163, 165 bulk, 55
Thwaites’ method, 328 dynamic, 305
Tip effect, 454, 499 kinematic, 306
Tollmien Schlichting waves, 464 second coefficient of ∼, 55
Trailing edge Viscous sublayer, 331
thickness, 390 Von Kármán
Transition, 343, 395, 464 constant, 333
Transonic, 1 momentum integral relation, 327
Transonic dip, 493 ogive, 299
Transonic flow definition, 4
Trefftz plane, 293
Triple point, 323
W
Tuck under, 386, 422
Wave cancelation, 223
Turbulence
Wave envelope, 168
spots, 313
Wave equation, 22
Weak interaction, 321
V Weak solution, 157
Vector Wetted area, 302
addition, 38 Whitcomb, 288
cross product, 39 area rule, 288
direction, 38 Wing
dot product, 38 oblique, 434
inner product, 38 sheared, 434
magnitude, 38 yawed, 434
product, 39
scalar product, 38
subtraction, 38 Z
Vector algebra, 38 Zone of action, 154, 155
Vector field, 38, 40 Zone of silence, 154, 155