Department of Mathemati

DEPARTMENT OF
MATHEMATICS
[YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT – 1997]
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS,
CVRCE
MATHEMATICS - II
FOR B.TECH. SECOND SEMESTER COURSE [COMMON TO ALL

BRANCHES
•Basic concepts of Vector OF ENGINEERING]
Space, Subspace, Basis and
Dimension.
•Four Fundamental Subspaces. TEXT
•Orthogonal Vectors and Subspaces
•Orthogonal Bases and Gram Schmidt BOOK
Orthogonalisation process.
•Eigen values and Eigen Vectors of matrices.
•Diagonalisation of matrices.
•Complex matrices and their Eigen Values.
•Similarity Transformations.
LECTURE-16
Similarity Transformations.
[Chapter – 5.6] DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS,
CVRCE
Complex Matrices (Contd.)
Similarity
of
11/2/2017
Matrices
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
7-3
similarity of matrices
Similarity of Matrices.
DEFINITION:
An n × n matrix Â is called similar to an n × n
matrix A if
Â = P−1AP
for some (nonsingular) n × n matrix P.
Similarity Transformation:
This transformation, which gives Â from A, is
called a similarity transformation.

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
7-4
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Similar

Matrices
If Â is similar to A, then Â has the same
eigenvalues as A.
Furthermore, if x is an eigenvector of A,
then y = P−1x is an eigenvector of Â
corresponding to the same eigenvalue.
7-5
long answer question
Question-1: Verify that the spectra for the similarity
matrices A and Â =P-1AP are same. Find eigen vectors y
of Â. Show that x = Py are eigenvectors of A.
1 2 1 3
A , P
2 4 3 6
Solution:
1 2 1 3
A , P
Given, 2 4 3 6
1 6 3 2 1

P
1
1 P 3
3 3 1 1
3
7-6
long answer question(contd…)
1 2 1 1 2 1 3
So , Aˆ P AP
1 1 3 2 4 3 6
2 1 7 15
1 1 3 14 30
0 0
7 3 5
7-7
long answer question (contd…)
The eigenvalues of A are 0, 5 also for Â=P-1AP is
0, 5.
Eigenvectors of A (for x),xwe 2consider
x2 0 Ax = λx.
F or 0, eq u ati o n s ar e
1
x1 2 x 2
2 x1 4 x 2 0
2
So , i s a e i g e n v e c to r .
1
4 x1 2 x 2 0
N ow for 5, equ ati on s are x1 2 x 2
2 x1 x 2 0
1
S o, i s th e o th er ei g en v ec to r .
2
7-8
ˆ ( Sa y y ) ,
E i g en v ecto r s f o r A
0 x1 0 x 2 0 15
F or 0, w e h av e x1  x2
7 3 x1 5 x 2 0 7
15
S o, i s o n e v ec to r .
7
5 x1 0
F or 5, w e h av e x1 0 f o r al l x 2 ,
7 3 x1 0
0
so , i s o n e v ecto r .
1
7-9
Now We Have To Establish x = Py:
F or 0,
1 3 15 6 2
Py 3 ,
3 6 7 3 1
2
w h i c h i s a m u l ti p l e o f .
1
F or 5,
1 3 0 3 1
Py 3 ,
3 6 1 6 2
1
w h i ch i s a m u l ti p l e o f .
2
7 - 10
3 4 4 2
A , P
4 3 3 1
Solution:
3 4 4 2
A , P
Given, 4 3 3 1
 1 1 2
P
1
P 4 6 2
2 3 4
7 - 11
1 1 1 2 3 4 4 2
N ow , Aˆ = P A P 
2 3 4 4 3 3 1
1 1 2 0 2

2 3 4 25 11
1 50 24 25 12

2 100 50 50 25
7 - 12
For eigen value of A we consider, |A -

λI|=0.

3  3  16 0
2
9 1 6 0
2
2 5 0
5, 5.
7 - 13
For eigen value of Â we consider, |Â -
λI|=0.
 25     2 5  6 0 0 0
2
6 2 5 6 0 0 0
2
2 5 0
5, 5.
i.e. both A and Â has same

spectra.
7 - 14
Eigenvector
sThe
: eigenvectors X = [x1 x2] T of A
corresponding to the eigenvalue λ =λ1 = 5 are
5equation,
obtained by solving 3the 4 0 x1 0
A 5 I X 0
4 0 3 5 x2 0
2 4 x1 0
4 8 x2 0
2 x1 4 x 2 0, 4 x1 8 x 2 0
7 - 15
Eigenvector
s:C o n si d er i n g , x1 2 x 2 , w e h av e
2
th e co r r esp o n d i n g ei g en v ecto r as x .
1
Again, the eigenvectors X = [x1 x2] T of A

corresponding to the eigenvalue λ =λ2 = -5 are
obtained by solving the equation,
3 5 0
4 x1 0
A 5 I X 0
4 0 3 5 x2 0

7 - 16
Eigenvector
s: 3 5 4 0 x1 0
4 0 3 5 x2 0
8 4 x1 0
4 2 x2 0
8 x1 4 x 2 0, 4 x1 2 x 2 0
Considering, x2 = -2x1, we have the
corresponding eigen vector
1 as
x .
2
7 - 17
Eigenvector
sThe
: eigenvectors X = [x1 x2] T of Â
corresponding to the eigenvalue λ =λ1 = 5 are
Â 5 I X 0
25 5 12 0 x1 0
5 0 0 25 5 x2 0

7 - 18
Eigenvector
s:  30 12 x1 0
50 20 x2 0
3 0 x1 12 x2 0, 5 0 x1 2 0 x 2 0
5
Considering,30 x 12 x 0, i .e. x
1 2
x we have the
2 1
2
corresponding eigen vector as
2
x .
5

7 - 19
Eigenvector
s : eigenvectors X = [x1 x2] T of Â
The
corresponding to the eigenvalue λ = λ2 = -5 are
Â 5 I X 0
2 5 5 12 0 x1 0
5 0 0 25 5 x2 0

7 - 20
Eigenvector
s:  20 12 x1 0
50 30 x2 0
2 0 x1 12 x2 0, 5 0 x1 3 0 x 2 0
5
Considering,20 x1 12 x 2 0, i .e. x 2 x1 we have the
3
corresponding eigen vector as
3
x .
5

7 - 21
Now We Have To Establish x =
Py:  4 2 2 2
F or 5, w e h av e, ,

1
3 1 5 1
w h i ch i s th e ei g en v ecto r o f A f o r 5.
4 2 3 2
F or 5, w e h av e, ,

2
3 1 5 4
w h i ch i s th e ei g en v ecto r o f A f o r 5.

7 - 22
10 3 5 2 0 3
A 0 1 0 , P 0 1 0
15 9 10 3 0 5
Solution:
10 3 5 2 0 3
Given,
A 0 1 0 , P 0 1 0
15 9 10 3 0 5
7 - 23
The eigen values of A are obtained by solving the
characteristic equation, |A-λI|=0
10  3 5
0 1 0 0
15 9 10 
10 5
1
  0
15 10 
1  
 1 0  10  7 5  0

7 - 24
1   0 or

1 0 0 1 0 1 0  2
7 5  0
1 or
2
2 5 0
1 or 5
So, the spectrum of A = {1, 5, -5}

7 - 25
Now, to ﬁnd the matrix Â=P-1AP, consider
2 0 3
2 3
d et P 0 1 0 1 10 9 1.
3 5
3 0 5
1 1 0
1 
1
N o w , th e co facto r o f 2 i s P1 1  5
0 5
S i m i l ar l y , P1 2 0 P1 3 3
P2 1 0 P2 2 1 P2 3 0
P3 1 3 P3 2 0 P3 3 2
7 - 26
S o , ad j o i n t o f P adj P
T
P1 1 P1 2 P1 3 P1 1 P2 1 P3 1
P2 1 P2 2 P2 3 = P1 2 P2 2 P3 2
P3 1 P3 2 P3 3 P1 3 P2 3 P3 3
5 0 3
= 0 1 0
3 0 2

7 - 27
P1 1 P2 1 P3 1 5 0 3
1 1 1
N ow , P P1 2 P2 2 P3 2 0 1 0
d et P 1
P1 3 P2 3 P3 3 3 0 2
5 0 3
1
P 0 1 0
3 0 2

7 - 28
5 0 3 10 3 5 2 0 3
1
N ow , 翽 A P 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
3 0 2 15 9 10 3 0 5
95 42 55 2 0 3
0 1 0 0 1 0
60 27 35 3 0 5
355 42 560
0 1 0
225 27 3 55
7 - 29
The eigen values of Â are obtained by solving the
characteristic equation, | Â -λI|=0
355  42 560
0 1 0 0
225 27 355 
355  560
1
  0
225 355 
1   
  355  355  225 560 0
7 - 30
1  2 5 
2
  0
1 2 5
2
0 or 0
1 or 5
Therefore, the spectrum of Â is {1, 5,
-5}.
Thus,the matrices A and Â are similar
matrices as they have equal spectra.
7 - 31
Eigenvector
sThe
: eigenvectors X = [x1 x2 x3] T of A
corresponding to the eigenvalue λ =λ1 = 1
are obtained by solving the equation,
10 1 3 5 x1 0
A I X 0 0 1 1 0 x2 0
1 5 9 1 0 1 x3 0

7 - 32
9 3 5 x1 0
0 0 0 x2 0
1 5 9 1 1 x3 0
9 3 5 x1 0
0 0 0 x2 0 R 3 R3 3 R 1 
12 0 4 x3 0
9 x1 3 x 2 5 x 3 0, 1 2 x1 4 x 3 0
7 - 33
1
C o n si d er , 1 2 x1 4 x 3 0 x1  x3
3
S o , fo r x 3 3, x1 1
Again consider, 9x1-3x2+5x3 = 0, with x3=3,
x1=-1, we have
9 × -1 -3x2 + 5 × 3 = 0-3x2 = -6 x2 =2.
Hence, we have the 

corresponding
1 eigen
vector as x 2 1
3
7 - 34
Eigenvector
sThe
: eigenvectors X2 = [x1 x2 x3] T of A
1 0 5 3 5 x1 0
A 5 I X 0 0 1 5 0 x2 0
1 5 9 1 0 5 x3 0

7 - 35
5 3 5 x1 0
0 4 0 x2 0
1 5 9 1 5 x3 0
5 3 5 x1 0
0 4 0 x2 0 R 3 R3 3 R 1 
0 0 0 x3 0
5 x1 3 x 2 5 x 3 0, 4 x 2 0
7 - 36
C o n si d er , 4 x 2 0 x2 0
N o w co n si d er , 5 x1 3 x 2 5 x 3 0
5 x1 0 5 x 3 0  x2 0
x3 x1
Hence, we have the corresponding eigen
vector as  1
x 2
0
1
7 - 37
Eigenvector
sThe
: eigenvectors X3 = [x1 x2 x3] T of A
corresponding to the eigenvalue λ =λ1 = 
5
1 0 5 3 5 x1 0
A 5 I X 0 0 1 5 0 x2 0
1 5 9 1 0 5 x3 0

7 - 38
15 3 5 x1 0
0 6 0 x2 0
15 9 5 x3 0
15 3 5 x1 0
0 6 0 x2 0 R 3 R3 R 1 R 2 
0 0 0 x3 0
15 x1 3 x 2 5 x 3 0, 6 x 2 0
7 - 39
C o n si d er , 6 x2 0 x2 0
N o w co n si d er , 1 5 x1 3 x 2 5 x 3 0
1 5 x1 0 5 x 3 0  x2 0
x3 3 x1
vector as  1
x3 0
3
7 - 40
Eigenvector
sThe
: eigenvectors Y1 = [y1 y2 y3] T of Â
355 1 42 560 y1 0
Â I Y1 0 0 1 1 0 y2 0
225 27 355 1 y3 0

7 - 41

7 - 42
177 21 280 y1 0

1
24 3 38 y2 0 R2 R2
2
0 0 0 y3 0
177 21 280 y1 0
24 3 38 y2 0 R 1 R1 7 R 2 
0 0 0 y3 0

7 - 43
177 2 1 280 y1 0
1
2 4 3 3 8 y2 0 R2 R2
2
0 0 0 y3 0
9 0 14 y1 0
2 4 3 3 8 y2 0 R 1 R1 7 R 2 
0 0 0 y3 0
9 y1 1 4 y 3 0, 2 4 y 1 3 y 2 3 8 y 3 0

7 - 44
9
N o w , p u tti n g y 3  y 1 i n th e seco n d eq u ati o n , w e g et,
14
9
2 4 y1 3 y 2 3 8  y1 0
14
3
 y1 3 y 2 0
7
y1 7 y2
y1 7 y 2
9 9
S o, y 3  7 y2  y2
14 2
7 - 45

vector as
14
Y1 2

7 - 46
Eigenvector
sThe
: eigenvector Y2 = [y1 y2 y3] T of Â
355 5 42 560 y1 0
Â 5 I Y 2 0 0 1 5 0 y2 0
225 27 355 5 y3 0

7 - 47

7 - 48
0 0 0 y1 0
0 1 0 y2 0 R 1 R1 7 R 3 
2 5 3 4 0 y3 0
y2 0, 2 5 y 1 3 y 2 4 0 y 3 0
Now, putting y2=0, in the second equation, we get,

25 5
y3  y1  y1
40 8

7 - 49

vector as
8
Y2 0

7 - 50
Eigenvector
sThe
: eigenvector Y3 = [y1 y2 y3] T of Â
corresponding to the eigenvalue λ =λ3 =
5
355 5 42 560 y1 0
Â 5 I Y 2 0 0 1 5 0 y2 0
225 27 355 5 y3 0

7 - 51

7 - 52

7 - 53
vector as 14
Y3 0
So, we have the respective eigen

vectors
1 as
1 1 1 4 8 1 4
X 2 0 0 an d Y 2 0 0
3 1 3 9 5 9

7 - 54
Now, we have to show that x=Py.
Taking, L.H.S.= Py
2 0 3 14 8 14
0 1 0 2 0 0
3 0 5 9 5 9
1 1 1
2 0 0 X R .H .S
3 1 3
Hence, x=Py is a Unitary Eigen Basis.

7 - 55
Question:
Verify that the spectra for the similarity matrices A and Â =P-1AP
are same. Find eigen vectors y of Â. Show that x = Py are
eigenvectors of A.
1 2 1 3 8 -4 0. 28 0. 96
1. A = ,P = 2. A = ,P =
2 4 3 6 2 2 - 0. 96 0. 28
3 4 -4 2 1 0 7 -5
3. A = ,P = 4. A = ,P =
4 -3 3 -1 2 -1 10 -7
10 -3 5 2 0 3 7 0 3 0 1 0
5. A = 0 1 0 ,P= 0 1 0 6. A = 2 1 1 ,P= 1 0 0
-15 9 -10 3 0 5 2 0 2 0 0 1
7 - 56
Thank You

Department of Mathemati

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DEPARTMENT OF

FOR B.TECH. SECOND SEMESTER COURSE [COMMON TO ALL

called a similarity transformation.

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of Similar

For eigen value of A we consider, |A -

i.e. both A and Â has same

Again, the eigenvectors X = [x1 x2] T of A

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

So, the spectrum of A = {1, 5, -5}

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

355 42 560

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Hence, we have the 

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

355 1 42 560 y1 0

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

177 21 280 y1 0

177 21 280 y1 0

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Hence, we have the corresponding eigen

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Now, putting y2=0, in the second equation, we get,

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Hence, we have the corresponding eigen

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

So, we have the respective eigen

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

11/2/2017 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

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