Atomic Models

Scientists made experimental investigations that reshaped

Dalton’s idea of the atom
Joseph John Thomson
The Plum Pudding Model
• J. J. Thomson was credited for
the discovery of the electron
(-)
Ernest Rutherford
The Nuclear Model
• did the Gold Foil Experiment where
some charged rays passed through
and some rebounded
• The atom is mostly empty space
• Discovery of the nucleus
(positively charged and occupies a
small space in the atom)
Niels Bohr
The Astronomical/Planetary
Model
• Electrons were like rotating in orbits
around the nucleus, like planets
around the sun.
• The orbits were named K (2 e-),L (8
e-), M (18 e-) and N (32 e-).
 Erwin Schrodinger

an Austrian physicist, took the Bohr

atom model one step further. He
used mathematical equations to
describe the likelihood of finding an
electron in a certain position.
Periodic Table
Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev
Periodic Table (Group vs Periods)
Electron Configuration
Electron Configuration
Electron Configuration
✘The ways in which electrons are
arranged in various orbitals around the
nuclei of atoms are called electron
configurations.
Electron Configuration
✘The electron configuration of an
atom is a shorthand method of writing
the location of electrons by sublevel.
 5.2

Electron Configurations
✘Aufbau Principle
✗According to the aufbau principle,
electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest
energy first.
 5.2

Electron Configurations
✘Aufbau Principle
Electron Configuration
✘The sublevel is written followed by a superscript
with the number of electrons in the sublevel.
✘If the 2p sublevel contains 2 electrons, it is written
2p2
 5.1

Atomic Orbitals
✘The numbers and kinds of atomic orbitals depend on the
energy sublevel.
Energy Level, # of sublevels Letter of # of orbitals # of electrons Total
n sublevels per sublevel in each orbital electrons in
energy level
 5.1

Atomic Orbitals

✘The numbers and kinds of atomic orbitals depend on the

energy sublevel.
Energy Level, # of sublevels Letter of # of orbitals # of electrons Total
n sublevels per sublevel in each orbital electrons in
energy level

1 1 s 1 2 2

s 1 2
2 2 8
p 3 6

s 1 2
3 3 p 3 6 18
d 5 10

s 1 2
4 p 3 6
4 32
d 5 10
f 7 14
 Blocks and Sublevels

✘We can use the periodic table to predict which

sublevel is being filled by a particular element.
 Electron Configurations

Condensed Electron Configurations

• Neon completes the 2p subshell.
• Sodium marks the beginning of a new row.
• So, we write the condensed electron configuration for
sodium as
Na: [Ne] 3s1
• [Ne] represents the electron configuration of neon.
• Core electrons: electrons in [Noble Gas].
• Valence electrons: electrons outside of [Noble Gas].
Electron Configuration
✘The electron configuration to bohr
model:
 QUANTUM NUMBERS
✘Numbers that describe the energies of
electrons in atoms
✘Specify the properties of atomic orbitals and
the properties of electrons in orbitals
✘Think of the quantum numbers as
addresses/descriptions for electrons

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 QUANTUM NUMBERS
✘Quantum numbers are important because
they can be used to determine the electron
configuration of an atom and the probable
location of the atom's electrons.

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QUANTUM NUMBERS
✘Quantum numbers are also
used to understand other
characteristics of atoms, such
as ionization energy and the
atomic radius.

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 INTRO TO THE FOUR QUANTUM
NUMBERS

✘Principal Quantum Number (n)

✘Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l )
✘Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
✘Spin Quantum Number (s )

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PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER

✘Electron Cloud Size (n)

✘Indicates the main energy level occupied
by the electron
✘Can take on integer values n = 1, 2, 3,….
✘Largely determine the energy of the orbital
(bigger n value = higher energy)
✘All electrons in an atom with the same
value of n belong to the same shell/level
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ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER
✘Shape of Electron Cloud (l)
✘Also known as sublevel or subshell
✘Indicates the shape of the orbital within a shell
✘Only integer values between 0 and n-1 are allowed
✘Affects orbital energies (bigger l = higher energy)
✘All electrons in an atom with the same value of l are
said to belong to the same subshell
✘Sometimes called the orbital azimuthal quantum
number

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ANGULAR MOMENTUM QUANTUM NUMBER

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MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER
✘Orientation in space of orbitals (ml)
✘Determines the orientation of orbitals within a
subshell
✘Does not affect orbital energy (except in magnetic
fields!)
✘Only integer values between –l and +l are allowed
✘The number of ml values within a subshell equals the
number of orbitals within a subshell

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MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER . . .
✘Number of ml values determines the number of orbitals
in a subshell (between –l and +l)

# orbitals in the
l Possible values of ml
subshell
0 (s) 0 1
1 (p) -1,0,+1 3
2 (d) -2,-1,0,+1,+2 5
3 (f) -3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3 7

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SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER

✘Direction of spin (s)

✘Spin makes the electron behave like tiny magnets
✗Opposite spin attracts e- to each other & helps overcome the
negative repulsion they have for each other
✗Allows them to exist in the same orbitals
✘Spin can be clockwise or counterclockwise
✘Spin quantum numbers can have values of +½ or -½

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SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER

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ATOMIC ORBITALS

✘Region in space where there is a high probability of

finding an electron
✘Shapes
✗s – spherical
✗p – dumbbell-shaped
✗d & f – complex shapes
✘Special People Don’t Forget 1, 3, 5, 7

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 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION (RULES)
✘PAULI EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE
✗No two electrons can have the same set of quantum
numbers
✗An atomic orbital contains a maximum of two electrons with
opposite spin (last quantum # will be different) (must have
one up arrow & one down arrow)

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 ELECTRON CONFIGURATION (RULES)

✘HUND’S RULE
✗Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by one electron before
any orbital is occupied by a second electron
✗Electrons in singly occupied orbitals must have the same spins
(show all orbitals even if empty)

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Kinetic Molecular Model of
Liquids and solids
Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids
and solids

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 Kinetic Molecular Model of Liquids
and solids

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Arrangement of Closely Packed Less closely Far from each

Particles Orderly packed than in a other
solid Disorderly
Disorderly
Kinetic Energy Particles vibrate Particles slide Particles move
of Particles and rotate about over each other about a great
a fixed position speed
Particle Motion Very low low high
Attractive Forces Very strong strong Very weak

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The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids & Solids

✘Distance between gas molecules are so great at ordinary

temperatures and pressures that there is no real
interaction between gas molecules.
✘Liquids – the molecules are so close together that there
is little empty space. Allowing for a definite volume but
taking the shape of it’s container.
✘Solids – molecules are held rigidly in a position with
virtually no freedom of motion. So that they have a definite
volume and shape.
43
The strengths of intermolecular forces are generally
weaker than either ionic or covalent bonds.

16 kJ/mol (to separate molecules)

+ - + -

431 kJ/mol (to break bond)

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46
Intermolecular Forces are also
called van der Waals forces

Dutch scientist
Johannes Diderik van
der Waals

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London forces
-weakest intermolecular force.
- Also called induced dipole-
induced dipole attraction or van
der Waals’.

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51
Dipole-Induced Dipole

a weak attraction that results when a polar

molecule induces a dipole in an atom or in
a nonpolar molecule by disturbing the
arrangement of electrons in the nonpolar
species.

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54
Ion- Induced dipole Forces
An ion-induced dipole force occurs when an ion
interacts with a non-polar molecule. Like a dipole-
induced dipole force, the charge of the ion causes a
distortion of the electron cloud in the non-polar
molecule, causing a temporary partial charge.

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Ion- Induced dipole Forces

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Dipole-dipole forces

Dipole-dipole forces are attractive forces

between the positive end of one polar molecule
and the negative end of another polar
molecule.

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Dipole-dipole forces

dipole-dipole attraction

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Hydrogen Bonding
- A strong dipole dipole bond
- Bound to a highly electronegative atoms N, O, F.

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Hydrogen Bonding

a special type of dipole-dipole attraction between

molecules, not a covalent bond to a hydrogen atom.

It results from the attractive force between

a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a very
electronegative atom such as a N, O, or F atom

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Hydrogen Bonding

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Hydrogen Bonding

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Hydrogen Bonding

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Ion-dipole Forces
-attractive force that results from the electrostatic
attraction between an ion and a neutral molecule that has
a dipole.

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Ion-dipole Forces

-An ion is an atom or group of atoms in which the

number of electron s is different from the number of
proton s. If the number of electrons is less than the
number of protons, the particle is a positive ion, also
called a cation. If the number of electrons is greater than
the number of protons, the particle is a negative ion, also
called an anion.)

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Ion-dipole Forces

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Ion-dipole Forces

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Ion-dipole Forces

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Ion-dipole Forces

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