CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM-

GEYSER

A closed loop control system is a set of mechanical or electronic

devices that automatically regulates a process variable to a
desired state or set point without human interaction.

Water heating is a thermodynamic process where a source of energy is

used to heat water. The energy source may be natural gas, liquefied
petroleum gas, propane, oil, or electricity. Now-a-days solar energy is
also used for the water heating process​.
For the process of heating water we need three main components.
They are:
● Inlet tube:​ Cold water enters the tank through this tube.
● Outlet Tube:​ Hot water goes out of the tank through this tube.
● Heating element​: This element helps in heating the cold water.

How Electric Geysers Work:

Generally electric geysers have two heating elements each wired with a
thermostat. Both the heating elements do not function simultaneously.
First the top heating element functions until the upper tank is hot and
then the function is transferred to the bottom heating element, which
has its own thermostat. Usually the water in the upper tank is heated
from 120-140 F before the control is transferred to the lower heating
element.

Source: Bright hub

Thermostat:

Thermostat is a component which senses the temperature of the

physical system and perform actions so that temperature is maintained
near at a set value.
 Source: jvelectricals

It sends electrical signals when the temperature exceeds or falls below

a desired value in the geyser. In electric geyser the desiered point is set
at 120-140 F. when the tempertaure exceeds above the set value the
thermostat sends a electrical signal to stop the flow of current into the
heating element and geyser stops cooling.

When it temperature in the geyser decreases below a set point then

the themostat sends the electrical signals to start the current flow and
the heating element starts heating. This process is repeated such that a
desired temperature is maintained as the set value.

Electronic Thermostats:​ Today, there are electronic thermostats

that come with electronic heat sensors and circuits that can sense any
change in the ambient temperature and automatically turn on the
heating or cooling. They are similar to a mini-computer and can be
programmed. An electronic thermostat contains a device known as
thermistor, which is responsible for measuring the ambient
temperature. The thermistor is also a resistor that facilitates changes in
the electrical resistance as that temperature changes. The thermistor
generates heat when electrical current passes through it. This heats the
thermometer coil, which unwinds with heat, causing a microcontroller
in the electronic thermostat to switch off. As a result, the heating or
cooling shuts off. Once the thermistor and thermometer coil cool down,
they go back to their original position, causing the HVAC unit to turn on.
A digital or electronic thermostat prevents wastage of energy. It allows
you to program the heating and cooling of your home for different time
periods, so that minimal energy is used when optimal cooling or
heating is not required. It is a wonderful way to save money and
energy.