COLIN MACLAURIN

 Colin Maclaurin was born in Kilmodan, Scotland in February 1698. His

father, a brilliant man who pastored the parish of Kilmodan, died
when Colin was just six weeks old. When his mother died nine years
later, Colin was sent to live with his uncle, Daniel Maclaurin, who was
also a cleric.

 In 1725, Maclaurin was appointed deputy professor at the University

of Edinburgh, serving under the eminent mathematician, James
Gregory.

 Maclaurin’s first significant contribution was his Geometrica organica,

published in 1720 and endorsed by Isaac Newton. The Geometrica
organica supplied proofs for theorems earlier proposed by Newton,
and demonstrated Maclaurin’s extraordinary skill as a geometer.

 Despite these contributions to mathematics, Maclaurin’s life was

largely uneventful until a Highland army, in opposition to the Scottish
king, marched on Edinburgh in 1745. Maclaurin threw himself into the
fray, supervising the building of fortifications he devised to protect the
city. Despite his efforts, Edinburgh fell to rebel forces and Maclaurin
was forced to flee to England in the dead of winter.

 Though Edinburgh was soon recaptured and Maclaurin was able to

return to his home, his exertions had destroyed his health. He died on
January 14, 1746, soon after his arrival in Scotland. He was forty-eight
years old.

 Integration formula, Bernoulli polynomial;

derives from Darboux's formula


 LEONARD EULER

 The 18th-century Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler (1707–

1783) is among the most prolific and successful
mathematicians in the history of the field. His seminal work
had a profound impact in numerous areas of mathematics and
he is widely credited for introducing and popularizing modern
notation and terminology.
 Euler introduced much of the mathematical notation in use
today, such as the notation f(x) to describe a function and the
modern notation for the trigonometric functions. He was the
first to use the letter e for the base of the natural logarithm,
now also known as Euler's number.
 The use of the Greek letter φ to denote the ratio of a circle's
circumference to its diameter was also popularized by Euler
(although it did not originate with him).

 Euler made important contributions to complex analysis. He

introduced the scientific notation. He discovered what is now
known as Euler's formula, that that for any real number the
complex exponential function satisfies 𝑒 𝑖𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 + 𝑖 sin 𝜑 .
 topological invariance, it is written F + V = E + 2
JEAN-BAPTISTE-JOSEPH FOURNIER
 The commissions in the scientific corps of the army were reserved
for those of good birth, and being thus ineligible, he accepted a
military lectureship on mathematics. He took a prominent part in
his own district in promoting the French Revolution, serving on the
local Revolutionary Committee. He was imprisoned briefly during
the Terror but, in 1795, was appointed to the École Normale and
subsequently succeeded Joseph-Louis Lagrange at the École
Polytechnique.
 He showed how the conduction of heat in solid bodies may be
analyzed in terms of infinite mathematical series now called by his
name, the Fourier series. Far transcending the particular subject
of heat conduction, his work stimulated research in mathematical
physics, which has since been often identified with the solution
of boundary-value problems, encompassing many natural
occurrences such as sunspots, tides, and the weather. His work also
had a great influence on the theory of functions of a real variable,
one of the main branches of modern mathematics. Fourier began
his work on the Théorie analytique de la chaleur in Grenoble in
1807 and completed it in Paris in 1822. His work enabled him to
express the conduction of heat in two-dimensional objects (i.e., very
thin sheets of material) in terms of the differential equation.
 the Fourier series of a function is given by

 the forward ( ) Fourier transform,

=

=
 SIR ISAAC NEWTON
 Sir Isacc Newton was born on January 4, 1643. He was born in
Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. He
rose to be at the top in rankings in his school, mainly motivated to get
revenge towards a bully. He began attending Trinity College in Cambridge
in 1661. After receiving his degree he developed his theories on calculus
over the span of two years during the plague. Sir Isaac Newton worked as
a professor of mathematics at Cambridge. It was at Cambridge that he
developed a new field of mathematics called calculus; credit is also shared
with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral
calculus.
 Newton’s work in calculus intitially started as a way to find the slope at
any point on a curve whose slope was constantly varying (the slope of a
tangent line to the curve at any point). He calculated the derivative in
order to find the slope. He called this the “method of fluxions” rather than
differentiation. That is because he termed “fluxion” as the instantaneous
rate of change at a point on the curve and “fluents” as the changing values
of x and y. He then established that the opposite of differentiation is
integration, which he called the “method of fluents”. This allowed him to
create the First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which states that if a
function is integrated and then differentiated the original function can be
obtained because differentiation and integration are inverse functions.
 Newton is generally credited with the generalised binomial theorem, valid
for any exponent. He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method,
classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three in two
variables), made substantial contributions to the theory of finite
differences, and was the first to use fractional indices and to employ
coordinate geometry to derive solutions to Diophantine equations. He
approximated partial sums of the harmonic series by logarithms (a
precursor to Euler's summation formula), and was the first to use power
series with confidence and to revert power series. He also discovered a
new formula for calculating pi. Sir Isaac Newton was a truly amazing
mathematician and scientist. He achieved so much in his lifetime and the
amount of discoveries he made can seem almost impossible. He helped
make huge advancements in mathematics and created theorems that we
still use heavily to this day.
 COMPILATION PAPERS
FOR THE
HISTORY IN
MATHEMATICS

SUBMITTED TO: MR. BENNY S. MANSAGUITON

SUBJECT TEACHER

SUBMITTED BY: MICHAEL BRYAN O. BIONG

BSED-ii student