1

[Chap:-2] Mean Value Theorem

Rolle’s Theorem:-

Let f(x) be a function defined on [a,b] such that

1) 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous in [a,b]

2) 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable in (a,b)
3) 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑏)

Then ∃ 𝑐 𝜖(𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑓′ 𝑐 = 0

Ex:-1] Verify Rolle’s Theorem for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟓 in [1,5] .

Sol Let,

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5

We observe that

1. 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous in [1,5]
2. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 5
∴ 𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 6
∴ 𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (1,5)
3. 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓 1
= 1−6+5
=0
𝑓 𝑏 =𝑓 5
= 5 2−6 5 +5

= 25 − 30 + 5

=0

∴ 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑏)

∴𝑓(𝑥) satisfied all the conditions of Rolle’s Theorem.

∴ By Rolle’s Theorem,

∃ 𝑐 𝜖 (1,5) such that

𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑐 = 0

∴ 2𝐶 − 6 = 0

∴ 2𝐶 = 6
 2

∴ 𝐶 = 3 𝜖 (1,5)

Ex:-2] Verify Rolle’s Theorem for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒊𝒏 [𝟎, 𝝅]

Sol Let,

𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

We observe that

1) 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous in [0, 𝜋]
2) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥
∴ 𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
∴ 𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 0, 𝜋

3) 𝑓 𝑎 =𝑓 0
= sin 0
=0
𝑓 𝑏 =𝑓 𝜋
= sin 𝜋

=0

∴ 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑏)

∴𝑓(𝑥) satisfied all the conditions of Rolle’s Theorem.

∴ By Rolle’s Theorem,

∃ 𝑐 𝜖 0, 𝜋 such that

𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑐 = 0

∴ cos 𝑐 = 0

∴ 𝑐 = ± 𝜋 2 , ± 3𝜋 2 , ± 5𝜋 2 , ± − − − − − − − − −

∴ 𝑐 = 𝜋 2 𝜖 (0, 𝜋)

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
Ex:-3] Verify Rolle’s Theorem for 𝒇 𝒙 = in [0,π] .
𝒆𝒙

Sol Let,
sin 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥

We observe that

1) 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous in [0, 𝜋]
 3

sin 𝑥
2) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 . cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 . 𝑒 𝑥
∴ 𝑓 ̍ʹ 𝑥 =
𝑒𝑥 2

∴ 𝑓 ̍ʹ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (0, 𝜋)

3) 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓 0
sin 0
= 𝑒0
=0
𝑓 𝑏 =𝑓 𝜋
sin 𝜋
= 𝑒𝜋

=0

∴ 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑏)

∴𝑓(𝑥) satisfied all the conditions of Rolle’s Theorem.

∴ By Rolle’s Theorem,

∃ 𝑐 𝜖 0, 𝜋 such that

𝑓 ̍ʹ 𝑐 = 0

𝑒 𝑐 .𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 .𝑒 𝐶
∴ 2 =0
𝑒𝐶

𝑒 𝐶 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐. 𝑒 𝐶 = 0

⇒ 𝑒 𝐶 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐) = 0

⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 = 0

⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑐 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐
𝜋
⇒𝑐= 𝜖 0, 𝜋
4
𝒎 𝒏
Ex:-4] Verify Rolle’s Theorem for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙−𝒂 . 𝒙−𝒃 on [a,b]

Sol Let,
𝑚 𝑛
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−𝑎 . 𝑥−𝑏

We observe that

1) 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous in [a,b]
 4

𝑚 𝑛
2) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 . 𝑥−𝑏
𝑚 𝑛−1
∴ 𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑎 .𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑏 + 𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑛. 𝑚 𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑚 −1

∴ 𝑓 ̍ʹ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏)

3) 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓 𝑎
𝑚
= 𝑎−𝑎 . (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑛
=0

𝑓 𝑏 =𝑓 𝑏
𝑚
= 𝑏−𝑎 . (𝑏 − 𝑏)𝑛

=0

∴ 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑏)

∴𝑓(𝑥) satisfied all the conditions of Rolle’s Theorem.

∴ By Rolle’s Theorem,

∃ 𝑐 𝜖(𝑎, 𝑏) such that

𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑐 = 0

∴ (𝑐 − 𝑎)𝑚 . 𝑛 𝑐 − 𝑏 𝑛−1
+ 𝑐 − 𝑏 𝑛 . 𝑛(𝑐 − 𝑎)𝑚 −1 = 0

∴ (𝑐 − 𝑎)𝑚 −1 . 𝑐 − 𝑏 𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑐−𝑎 +𝑚 𝑐−𝑏 =0

⇒ (𝑐 − 𝑎)𝑚 −1 = 0, 𝑐 − 𝑏 𝑛−1
= 0, 𝑛 𝑐 − 𝑎 + 𝑚 𝑐 − 𝑏 = 0

⇒𝑐−𝑎 =0, 𝑐−𝑏 = 0, 𝑛𝑐 − 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑚𝑐 − 𝑚𝑏 = 0

⇒ 𝑐 = 𝑎, 𝑐=𝑏 𝑛𝑐 + 𝑚𝑐 = 𝑚𝑏 + 𝑛𝑎

⇒ 𝑐 = 𝑎 ∉ 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑐 = 𝑏 ∉ 𝑎, 𝑏 , 𝑐(𝑛 + 𝑚) = 𝑚𝑏 + 𝑛𝑎
mb +na
𝑐= ϵ(a, 𝑏)
m+n

𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝒃
Ex:-5] Verify Rolle’s Theorem for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 on [a,b] .
𝒂+𝒃 𝒙

Sol Let,

𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑏
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑎+𝑏 𝑥

We observe that
 5

1) 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous in [a,b]
𝑥 2 +𝑎𝑏
2) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎+𝑏 𝑥
2
𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 − log 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑥
1 1
∴ 𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑥 = 2 2𝑥 − (𝑎 + 𝑏)
𝑥 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑎+𝑏 𝑥
2𝑥 1
𝑓 ̍ʹ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 +𝑎𝑏 − 𝑥
∴ 𝑓 ̍ʹ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏)
3) 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓 𝑎
𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎
𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
𝑎 + 𝑎𝑏
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔1
=0
𝑓 𝑏 =𝑓 𝑏
𝑏 2 +𝑎𝑏
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏
2
𝑏 + 𝑎𝑏
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔1
=0

∴ 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑏)

∴𝑓(𝑥) satisfied all the conditions of Rolle’s Theorem.

∴ By Rolle’s Theorem,

∃ 𝑐 𝜖 (𝑎, 𝑏) such that

𝑓 ̍ʹ 𝑐 = 0

2𝑐 1
∴ − =0
𝑐2 + 𝑎𝑏 𝑐

2𝑐 2 − 𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 = 0

𝑐 2 − 𝑎𝑏 = 0

𝑐 2 = 𝑎𝑏

∴ 𝑐 = ± 𝑎𝑏

∴ 𝑐 = − 𝑎𝑏 ∉ 𝑎, 𝑏 & 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏 𝜖 𝑎, 𝑏
 6

Ex:-6] Verify Rolle’s Theorem for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) in [π/4 , 5π/4] .

Sol Let,

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)

We observe that

1) 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous in [π/4 , 5π/4]

2) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)

𝑓 ̍ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥)

= 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

= 2𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

∴ 𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 differentiable 𝑖𝑛 (π/4 , 5π/4)

3) 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓 π/4
= 𝑒 π/4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 π/4 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 π/4
π 1 1
= 𝑒4 −
2 2
=0

𝑓 𝑏 = 𝑓 5π/4
5π 5π 5π
= 𝑒 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠
4 4
5π π π
= 𝑒4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 π + − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 π +
4 4
5π
π π
= 𝑒 4 −𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠
4 4

5π −1 1
= 𝑒4 +
2 2

=0

∴ 𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓(𝑏)

∴𝑓(𝑥) satisfied all the conditions of Rolle’s Theorem.

∴ By Rolle’s Theorem,

∃𝑐 𝜖(π/4 , 5π/4)such that

𝑓 ̍ʹ 𝑐 = 0
 7

∴ 2𝑒 𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 = 0

∴ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 = 0

∴ 𝑐 = 0, ±𝜋, ±2𝜋 ± 3𝜋, ± − − −

π 5π
∴ 𝑐 =𝜋𝜖 ,
4 4
 State and prove Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem.

Statement:-

Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a function defined on [a,b]

Such that,

1. 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous in [𝑎, 𝑏]

2. 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable in (𝑎, 𝑏)

then ∃ 𝐶 𝜖(𝑎, 𝑏) such that

𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ̍(𝑐) =
𝑏−𝑎
Proof:-Let us define the following function on [𝑎, 𝑏] as

Φ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝜆. 𝑥 − − − − − ❶ 1

Where 𝜆 is a constant and chosen so that

Φ a = Φ(b)

∴ 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝜆. 𝑎 = 𝑓 𝑏 + 𝜆. 𝑏

∴ 𝜆𝑎 − 𝜆𝑏 = 𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓(𝑎)

−𝜆 𝑏 − 𝑎 = 𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
−𝜆 = −−−−− 2 ❷
𝑏−𝑎

Now,

1) Since 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous in 𝑎, 𝑏

∴Φ 𝑥 is also continuous in [𝑎, 𝑏]

2) Since 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable in (𝑎, 𝑏)

 8

∴Φ 𝑥 is also differntable in (𝑎, 𝑏)

3) Also

Φ a = Φ(b)

∴Φ(𝑥) satisfied all the conditions of Rolle’s Theorem.

∴ By Rolle’s Theorem,

∃ 𝑐 𝜖 (𝑎, 𝑏) such that

∴ Φ ̍ʹ 𝑐 = 0

∴ 𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑐 + 𝜆 = 0

∴ 𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑐 = −𝜆
𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
∴ 𝑓ʹ′ 𝑐 ʹ = − − − − − from eqn 2
𝑏−𝑎

Ex:-1]Verify the L.M.V.T for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 in [𝟐, 𝟓]

Sol Let

𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10

We observe that

1. 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous in [2,5]
2. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 10
𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑥 = 4𝑥 − 7
∴ 𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is differentiable in (2,5)
∴𝑓(𝑥) satisfied both the conditions of L.M.V.T

∴ By Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem

∃ 𝑐 𝜖 (2,5) such that

𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑐 = −−−−−−− 1 ❶
𝑏−𝑎
Now, 𝑓 𝑏 = 𝑓 5

= 2(5)2 − 7 5 + 10

= 50 − 35 + 10

= 50 − 25

= 25
 9

𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓(2)

= 2(2)2 − 7 2 + 10

= 8 − 14 + 10

=8−4

=4

∴eqn(1) becomes,

25 − 4
4𝑐 − 7 =
5−2
21
∴ 4𝑐 − 7 = 3

∴ 4𝑐 − 7 = 7

∴ 4𝑐 = 14

∴ 𝑐 = 14/4

∴ 𝑐 = 7/2

∴ 𝑐 = 3.5 𝜖(2,5)

Ex:-2] Verify the L.M.V.T for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙. (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝒊𝒏 [𝟎 , 𝟏/𝟐].

Sol Let

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)

𝑓 𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑥)(𝑥 − 2)

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

We observe that

1) 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous in [0,1/2]
2) 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
∴ 𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2
∴ 𝑓 ̍ʹ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is differentiable in (0,1/2)

∴𝑓(𝑥) satisfied both the conditions of L.M.V.T

3) ∴ By Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem

 10

∃ 𝑐 𝜖(0,1/2) Such that

𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓ʹ ̍ 𝑐 = −−−−− 1 ❶
𝑏−𝑎
Now, 𝑓 𝑏 = 𝑓 1/2

1 1 1
= −1 −2
2 2 2
1 1 3
= − −
2 2 2
3
=
8
𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓(0)

= 0(0 − 1)(0 − 2)

=0(-1)(-2)

=0

∴ eqn(1) becomes
3
−0
∴ 3𝑐 − 6𝑐 + 2 = 81
2
−1
2

3
3𝑐 2 − 6𝑐 + 2 =
4
12𝑐 2 − 24𝑐 + 8 = 3

12𝑐 2 − 24𝑐 + 5 = 0

24 ± 576 − 4(12)(5)
∴ 𝑐=
2(12)

24 ± 576 − 240
∴𝑐=
24

24 ± 336
∴𝑐=
24

336
∴𝑐 = 1±
24
336 336
∴𝑐 = 1+ ∉ 0, 1/2 & 1− 𝜖 0, 1/2
24 24
 11

𝒃−𝒂 𝒃−𝒂
Ex:-3] Show that 𝟏+𝒃𝟐 < 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒃 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂 < 𝟏+𝒂𝟐and hence

𝝅 𝟑 𝟒 𝝅 𝟏
Show that 𝟒 + 𝟐𝟓 < 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟑 < 𝟒 + 𝟔

SolLet

𝑓 𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 on [𝑎, 𝑏]

We observe that

1) 𝑓 𝑥 is continous in [𝑎, 𝑏]
2) 𝑓 𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥

∴ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 exist

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is differentiable in (a,b).

∴𝑓(𝑥) satisfied both the conditions of L.M.V.T

∴ By Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem ,

∃ 𝑐 𝜖(𝑎, 𝑏) Such that

′ 𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓ʹ 𝑐 = 𝑏−𝑎

1 tan−1 𝑏 − tan−1 𝑎
= −−−−−−−− 1
1 + c2 b−a
Now, 𝑐 𝜖 (𝑎, 𝑏)

⇒𝑎<𝑐<𝑏

⇒ 𝑎2 < 𝑐 2 < 𝑏 2

⇒ 1 + 𝑎2 < 1 + 𝑐 2 < 1 + 𝑏 2

1 1 1
⇒ > >
1 + a2 1 + c 2 1 + b 2
1 tan −1 𝑏 − tan −1 𝑎 1
∴ > > 1+b 2 − − − − from eqn 1
1+a 2 b−a

b−a b−a
∴ > tan−1 𝑏 − tan−1 𝑎 > 1+b 2
1+a 2

b−a −1 −1
b−a
𝑖. 𝑒. < tan 𝑏 − tan 𝑎 <
1 + b2 1 + a2

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑎 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 4/3

We get
 12

4 4
−1 4 −1
3
16 < tan−1 3 − tan−1 1 < 1+1
3
1+
9

1 1
3 4 𝜋
25 < tan−1 − < 3
3 4 2
9

3 4 𝜋 1
< tan−1 3 − 4 < 6
25

𝜋 3 4 𝜋 1
+ < tan−1 < +
4 25 3 4 6
𝐚 𝒃 𝒃
Ex:-4] Show that 𝟏 − 𝐛 < 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 < 𝒂 − 𝟏 and hence

𝟏 𝟔 𝟏
Show that 𝟔 < 𝐥𝐨𝐠 <𝟓
𝟓

Sol Let

𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 [𝑎, 𝑏]

We observe that

1) 𝑓 𝑥 is continous in [𝑎, 𝑏]
2) 𝑓 𝑥 = log 𝑥
1
∴ 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑥

∴ 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 exist

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 is differentiable in (a,b).

∴𝑓(𝑥) satisfied both the conditions of L.M.V.T

∴ By Lagrange’s Mean Value Theorem ,

∃ 𝑐 𝜖(𝑎, 𝑏) Such that

′ 𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓ʹ 𝑐 = 𝑏−𝑎

1 log b −log a
∴c= −−−−−− 1
b−a

Now, 𝑐 𝜖(𝑎, 𝑏)

⇒𝑎<𝑐<𝑏
1 1 1
⇒𝑎>𝑐 >𝑏

1 log b −log a 1
⇒𝑎> > 𝑏 − − − − − −𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑛 1
b−a
 13

b−a b−a
⇒ > log b −log a >
𝑎 𝑏

b a
⇒ − 1 > log b −log a > 1 −
𝑎 b
b b 𝑎
− 1 > log 𝑎 > 1 − 𝑏
𝑎

a b b
𝑖. 𝑒. 1 − b < log 𝑎 < 𝑎 − 1

Put 𝑏 = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = 5
5 6 6
1 − 6 < log <5−1
5

1 6 1
< log <5
6 5

State and prove Cauchy’s Mean Value theorem

Statement:-

Let

𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑎, 𝑏

1. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎, 𝑏

2. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏)
3. 𝑔′ 𝑥 ≠ 0 𝑖𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏)
′
𝑓ʹ 𝑐 𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓(𝑎)
Then ∃ 𝑐 𝜖(𝑎, 𝑏) Such that ′ = 𝑔(𝑏)−𝑔(𝑎)
𝑔ʹ 𝑐

Proof:- Let us define the following function on [a,b] as

Φ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝜆𝑔 𝑥 − − − − − 1

Where, λ is a constant and chosen so that

𝛷 𝑎 = 𝛷(𝑏)

∴ 𝑓 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑔 𝑎 = 𝑓 𝑏 + 𝜆𝑔(𝑏)

∴ 𝜆𝑔 𝑎 − 𝜆𝑔 𝑏 = 𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓(𝑎)

∴ −𝜆 𝑔 𝑏 − 𝑔 𝑎 = 𝑓 𝑏 − 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓(𝑎)
∴ −𝜆 = 𝑔 −−−−−−−− 2
𝑏 −𝑔(𝑎)

1) Since 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) are continous in [𝑎, 𝑏]

∴ 𝛷(𝑥) is also continous in [𝑎, 𝑏]

 14

2) Since 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔(𝑥) are differentiable in 𝑎, 𝑏

∴ 𝛷(𝑥) is also differentiable in 𝑎, 𝑏

3) Also 𝛷 𝑎 = 𝛷(𝑏)

∴ 𝛷(𝑥) satisfied all the conditions of Rolle’s Theorem.

∴ By Rolle’s Theorem

∃ 𝑐 𝜖(𝑎, 𝑏) Such that

∴ 𝛷′ (𝑐) = 0

∴ 𝑓′ 𝑐 + 𝜆𝑔′ 𝑐 = 0 ∵ 𝛷′ 𝑥 = 𝑓′ 𝑥 + 𝜆𝑔′(𝑥)

∴ 𝑓′ 𝑐 = −𝜆𝑔′ 𝑐

𝑓′ 𝑐
∴ = −𝜆
𝑔′ 𝑐

𝑓′ 𝑐 𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
∴ = − − − − − −from eqn 2
𝑔′ 𝑐 𝑔 𝑏 −𝑔 𝑎

Ex:-1]Verify Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem for 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒈 𝒙 =

𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒊𝒏 𝟎 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟐

Sol Let, 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

We observe that
𝜋
1. 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑖𝑛 0, 2
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = cos 𝑥

∴ 𝑓′ 𝑥 = cos 𝑥 and 𝑔′ 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥

∴ 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔′(𝑥) exist

𝜋
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 0, 2

𝜋
3. 𝑔′ 𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 ≠ 0 𝑖𝑛 0, 2

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 satisfied all the conditions of C.M.V.T

∴ By Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem,

𝜋
∃ 𝑐 𝜖 0, 2 Such that
 15

𝑓′ 𝑐 𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
=𝑔 −−−−−− 1
𝑔′ 𝑐 𝑏 −𝑔 𝑎

Now,
𝜋
𝑓 𝑏 =𝑓 2

𝜋
= sin 2

=1

𝑓 𝑎 = 𝑓(0)

= sin 0

=0

also,
𝜋
𝑔 𝑏 =𝑔 2

𝜋
= cos 2

=0

𝑔 𝑎 = cos 0

=1

Putting these values in eqn (1) , we get

cos (𝑐) 1−0
− sin (𝑐) = 0−1

− cot 𝑐 = −1
𝜋 𝜋
𝑐= 𝜖 0,
4 2
Formulae:-
𝒂+𝒃
1) Arithmetic mean :- 𝒄 = 𝟐
𝟐𝒂𝒃
2) Hormonic mean:- 𝒄 = 𝒂+𝒃
3) Geometric mean:-𝒄 = 𝒂𝒃

Examples:-

Ex:1]If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒙 . Show that ‘C’ of C.M.V.T is the Arithmetic mean
between a & b
 16

Sol

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑖𝑛 [𝑎, 𝑏]

We observe that,

1) 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑛 [𝑎, 𝑏]

2) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑥

∴ 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑔′ 𝑥 = −𝑒 −𝑥

∴ 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏)

3) 𝑔′ 𝑥 ≠ 0 𝑖𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏)

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑔 𝑥 satisfied all the conditions of C.M.V.T

∴ By C.M.V.T

𝑓′ 𝑐 𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
=
𝑔′ 𝑐 𝑔 𝑏 −𝑔 𝑎

𝑒𝑐 𝑒𝑏 − 𝑒𝑎
∴ =
−𝑒 −𝑐 𝑒 −𝑏 − 𝑒 −𝑎

𝒆𝒃 − 𝒆𝒂
∴ −𝒆𝒄+𝒄 = 𝟏 𝟏
− 𝒆𝒂
𝒆𝒃

𝟐𝒄
− 𝒆𝒃 − 𝒆𝒂
∴ −𝒆 = 𝒆𝒂 −𝒆𝒃
𝒆𝒂 .𝒆𝒃

− 𝒆𝒃 − 𝒆𝒂
∴ −𝒆𝟐𝒄 = 𝒆𝒂 −𝒆𝒃
𝒆𝒂+𝒃

∴ 𝑒 2𝑐 = 𝑒 𝑎+𝑏

∴ 2𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏

𝑎+𝑏
∴ 𝑐= 𝜖 𝑎, 𝑏
2
Hence , ‘C’ is the Arithmetic mean between a & b
𝟏 𝟏
Ex:-2]If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 Show that ‘c’ of C.M.V.T is the hormonic mean
between a and b.
 17

1 1
Sol Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 on [𝑎, 𝑏]

We observe that,
1 1
1) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 −2

−1 −2
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑔′ 𝑥 =
𝑥2 𝑥3

2) 𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏)

−2
3) 𝑔′ (𝑥) = ≠ 0 𝑖𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑥3

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑔 𝑥 satisfied all the conditions of C.M.V.T

∴ By C.M.V.T

𝑓′ 𝑐 𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
=
𝑔′ 𝑐 𝑔 𝑏 −𝑔 𝑎
−1 1 1
−𝑎
𝑐2 𝑏
∴ −2 = 1 1
− 𝑎2
𝑐3 𝑏2

𝑎−𝑏
c 𝑎𝑏
∴ = 𝑎 2 −𝑏 2
2
𝑎2𝑏2

𝑎−𝑏
c 𝑎𝑏
∴ = 𝑎+𝑏 (𝑎−𝑏)
2
𝑎2𝑏2

c ab
∴ =
2 a+b
2𝑎𝑏
∴ 𝑐= 𝜖 𝑎, 𝑏
𝑎+𝑏
Hence , ‘ C ’ is the Hormonic mean between a & b
𝟏
Ex:-3] If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 and 𝒈 𝒙 = Show that ‘c’ of C.M.V.T is the geometricic mean
𝒙
between a and b.
1
Sol Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = on [𝑎, 𝑏]
𝑥

We observe that,

1) 𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑛 [𝑎, 𝑏]

 18

1
2) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥

1 1 1
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 2 𝑔′ 𝑥 = − 2
𝑥 𝑥 3/2

𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔′ 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡

𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏)

1 1
3) 𝑔′ 𝑥 = 2 ≠ 0 𝑖𝑛 (𝑎, 𝑏)
𝑥 𝑥

∴ 𝑓 𝑥 & 𝑔 𝑥 satisfied all the conditions of C.M.V.T

∴ By C.M.V.T

𝑓′ 𝑐 𝑓 𝑏 −𝑓 𝑎
=
𝑔′ 𝑐 𝑔 𝑏 −𝑔 𝑎
1
2 𝑐 b− a
∴ 1 1 = 1 1
−
2 1/𝑐 𝑐 b a

b− a
∴ −𝑐 =
a− b
a b

− a− b
∴ −𝑐 =
a− b
𝑎𝑏

∴ 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑏 𝜖 𝑎, 𝑏

Hence , ‘ C ’ is the geometric mean between a & b.