Iglesia ni Cristo

Iglesia Ni Cristo (Church Of Christ)[1][2] (Tagalog pronunciation: [ɪˈglɛ̝ʃɐ ni

Iglesia Ni Cristo
ˈkɾisto̞ ], abbreviated as INC) is an independent nontrinitarian Christian sect
that originated in the Philippines. It was registered in 1914 by Felix Y.
Manalo,[3][4][5] who became its first Executive Minister.

INC claims itself to be the one true church and the restoration of the original
church founded by Jesus, and that all other Christian churches are
apostates.[4][6] INC doctrine cites that the official registration of the church
with the government of the Philippines on July 27, 1914, by Felix Y. Manalo—
upheld by its members to be the last messenger of God—was an act of divine
providence and the fulfillment of biblical prophecy concerning the re-
establishment of the original church of Christ in the Far East[7][8] concurrent
Official seal
with the coming of the seventh seal marking the end of days.[9][10]
Abbreviation INC
By the time of Manalo's death in 1963, INC had become a nationwide church
Classification Restorationism
with 1,250 local chapels and 35 large concrete cathedrals.[11] His son, Eraño G.
Governance Centralized
Manalo, became the next church leader and led a campaign to grow and
internationalize the church until his death on August 31, 2009,[12] whereupon Executive Minister Eduardo V.
his son, Eduardo V. Manalo, succeeded him as Executive Minister.[13] In 2015, Manalo
the Philippine census by the Philippine Statistics Authority found that 2.64% of Region 152 countries
the population in the Philippines are affiliated with the Iglesia Ni Cristo, and territories
making it the religion with the third largest number of adherents, with Islam at (concentrated
6.01% and Roman Catholicism at 79.53%.[14] in the
Philippines)
Headquarters Quezon City,
Contents Philippines

History
Founder Félix Ysagun y
Background Manalo (as the
Reaching the Far West and expansion registrant for the
21st century Philippine
Beliefs and core values government)
Bible
Origin July 27, 1914
God the Father, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit
One true church
Punta, Santa
Felix Y. Manalo Ana, Manila,
Baptism Philippine
Excommunication Islands
Eschatology and resurrection Congregations 7,000
Practices
Members 3 million
Worship and prayer
(estimated
Evangelism
Outreach worldwide)

Administration and organization Hospitals New Era

 Architecture General
Political influence in the Philippines Hospital
Controversy Aid organization Felix Y.
Reception from other religions Manalo
Notes Foundation
See also UNLAD
References International
External links Tertiary institutions New Era
University
Iglesia Ni
History Cristo (Church
During American colonial rule over the Philippines, there were a variety of of Christ)
rural anti-colonial movements, often with religious undertones,[15] and School for
American Protestant missionaries introduced several alternatives to the Catholic Ministers
Church, the established church during Spanish colonial period.[16]
Other name(s)
Church of
Christ
Background
Iglesia ni
Felix Y. Manalo, born on May Kristo
10, 1886, in Taguig,
Official website iglesianicristo
Philippines, was baptized in
.net (http://igle
the Catholic Church. In his
sianicristo.net)
teenage years, Manalo became
dissatisfied with Catholic
theology. According to the National Historical Commission of the Philippines,
the establishment of the Philippine Independent Church (also called the
Built in 1937, the former chapel of
the Punta, Manila, congregation is Aglipayan Church) was his major turning point, but Manalo remained
now an INC museum[17] uninterested since its doctrines were mainly Catholic. In 1904, he joined the
Methodist Episcopal Church,[18] entered the Methodist seminary, and became a
pastor for a while.[19] He also sought through various denominations, including
the Presbyterian Church, Christian Mission, and finally Seventh-day Adventist Church in 1911. Manalo left Adventistism in 1913
and associated himself with atheist, and agnostic peers.[3][20]

On November 1913, Manalo secluded himself with religious literature and unused notebooks in a friend's house in Pasay,
instructing everyone in the house not to disturb him. He emerged from seclusion three days later with his new-found
doctrines.[3][4] Manalo, together with his wife, went to Punta, Santa Ana, Manila, in November 1913 and started preaching. He
left the congregation in the care of his first ordained minister and returned to his native Taguig to evangelise; there, he was
ridiculed and stoned at his meetings with locals. He was later able to baptize a few converts, including some of his persecutors.
He later registered his new-found religion as the Iglesia Ni Cristo (English: Church of Christ; Spanish: Iglesia de Cristo) on July
27, 1914, at the Bureau of Commerce as a corporation sole, with himself as the first executive minister.[3][18][20] Expansion
followed as INC started building congregations in the provinces in 1916, with Pasig (then in Rizal province) having two locals
established.[21] The first three ministers were ordained in 1919.[4]

By 1924, INC had about 3,000 to 5,000 adherents in 43 or 45 congregations in Manila and six nearby provinces.[20] By 1936,
INC had 85,000 members. This figure grew to 200,000 by 1954.[21] A Cebu congregation was built in 1937—the first to be
established outside of Luzon, and the first in the Visayas. The first mission to Mindanao was commissioned in 1946. Meanwhile,
its first concrete chapel was built in Sampaloc, Manila, in 1948.[20][22] Adherents fleeing for the provinces away from Manila,
where the Japanese forces were concentrated during World War II, were used for evangelization.[20] As Manalo's health began to
fail in the 1950s, his son Eraño began taking leadership of the church. Felix Manalo died on April 12, 1963.[21][22] Within the
span of 49 years of his administration, INC had 1,250 local chapels and 35 large concrete cathedrals.[11]

Reaching the Far West and expansion

On July 27, 1968, Eraño G. Manalo officiated the inaugural worship service of
the church in Ewa Beach, Honolulu, Hawaii—the first mission of the church
outside the Philippines. The following month, INC established the San
Francisco congregation.[23] [24] INC reached Europe through the United
Kingdom in 1971, and Canada in 1973. INC established its first congregation
in South Africa in 1978.[25] INC established congregations in Rome, Italy on
July 27, 1994; Jerusalem, Israel on March 31, 1996; and Athens, Greece on
May 10, 1997.[26] In 1998, INC has established 543 congregations, and
missions in 74 countries outside the Philippines. [20]
INC Central Temple in Quezon City,
In 1965, INC launched its first resettlement and land reform program in Barrio Philippines
Maligaya, Laur, Nueva Ecija. INC started operating a radio station in 1969
while its first television program aired in 1983.[21] The Ministerial Institute of
Development, renamed as "Iglesia Ni Cristo (Church Of Christ) School for Ministers", was founded in 1974 in Quiapo, Manila,
and moved in Quezon City in 1978. In 1971, the INC Central Office building was built in Quezon City. In 1984, the 7,000-seat
Central Temple was added in the complex. The Tabernacle, a multipurpose tent-like building which can accommodate up to 4,000
people, was finished in 1989. The complex also includes the New Era University, a higher-education institution run by INC.[20]
Eraño G. Manalo died on August 31, 2009.[12] His son, Eduardo V. Manalo, succeeded him as executive minister upon his
death.[13]

21st century
On July 21, 2014, former President Benigno Aquino III and INC executive
minister Eduardo V. Manalo led the inauguration of Ciudad de Victoria,[27]
a 140-hectare tourism zone in Bocaue and Santa Maria, Bulacan, where the
Philippine Arena is also located. The Philippine Arena, a 50,000-seat
multi-purpose structure owned by the INC, currently holds the Guinness
World Record for the largest mixed-used indoor theater.[28]

Philippine government declared the year 2014 as the "Iglesia ni Cristo

Centennial Year" through Proclamation No. 815[29], whereas, the 27th of
July of the same year was declared as a special non-working holiday to
The Philippine Arena commemorate the 100th founding anniversary of Iglesia ni Cristo.[30]

On July 27, 2014, INC celebrated its centennial anniversary at Ciudad de

Victoria, with Philippine Arena as the main venue, and in about 1,180 worship buildings worldwide through live video feed. The
week-long celebration consisted of pyro-musical displays, worship service led by Manalo, oratorio, musical presentation,
theatrical play, quiz show, and evangelical mission.[31] For the worship service conducted for the INC centennial, INC secured
two Guinness World Records for the largest gospel choir with 4,745 members and largest mixed-used indoor theater for the
Philippine Arena with 51,929 attendees.[32] On July 26, 2015, INC capped their centennial year through different activities such
as International Unity Games, worship service led by Manalo, and Closing Centennial Celebration which were held at
Washington D.C. United States, and the Philippine Arena.[33]
On October 4, 2015, INC, through Viva films, conducted the world premiere of Felix Manalo, a film depicting the origin of the
INC and the life of its first executive minister, which was held at the Philippine Arena.[34]

According to the resolution passed by the Senate of the Philippines to commemorate INC's 104th anniversary, INC has already
established more than 7,000 congregations in 151 countries and territories throughout the world.[35]

Beliefs and core values

Iglesia Ni Cristo believes that it is the true church established by Jesus Christ in the first century, and that its registration in the
Philippines is the fulfillment of biblical prophecies that Christ's church would re-emerge in the Far East.[7] Because of a number
of similarities, INC's doctrines have been described as restorationist in outlook and theme.[36]

Bible
The Iglesia Ni Cristo believes that the Bible is the only book inspired by God. It is the sole basis of all their beliefs and
practices.[37]

God the Father, Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit

The Iglesia Ni Cristo believes that God the Father is the creator deity and the only true God. INC rejects the traditional Christian
belief in the Trinity as heresy,[9][20] adopting a version of unitarianism. They believe that this position is attested by Jesus Christ
and the Apostles.[4][37][38]

Christ and the Apostles are united in teaching how many and who is the real God. Similar to other true Christians,
according to Apostle Paul, there is only one God, the Father—not the Son and more so not the Holy Spirit. The
Apostles also did not teach that there is one God who has three personas who are also Gods. ... It [Trinity] is not
found in the Holy Scriptures or the Bible, and if [Catholic] priests ever use the Bible to prove this teaching of
theirs, all are based only on suppositions and presumptions.
—trans. from Pasugo (November 1968)[38]

The church believes that Jesus Christ is the Son of God[37] and the mediator between God the Father and humanity,[20] and was
created by God the Father. God sanctified him to be without sin, and bestowed upon him the titles "Lord" and "Son of God". The
church sees Jesus as God's highest creation, believe that he is only a Man and denies the deity of Jesus.[19] Adherents profess
Jesus' substitutionary role in the redemption of humankind. He is believed to have been "foreordained before the foundation of
the world" and sent by God "to deal with sin". Members "are saved by Christ's blood" who died because of his "self-sacrificing
love".[9][39]

INC believes that the Holy Spirit is the power of God and also not a deity, being sent by God the Father and Jesus Christ to guide
God's people. [40]

One true church

The Iglesia Ni Cristo believes that it is the one true church founded by Jesus Christ[37] and was restored by Felix Manalo in the
last days. They believe that the first century church apostasized in that century,[41] or in the 4th century due to false
teachings.[4][6] INC says that this apostate church is the Roman Catholic Church. Meanwhile, its reestablishment is seen as the
signal for the end of days.[9][19][20]
They believe that the Iglesia Ni Cristo is the fulfillment of the Bible verse, Isaiah
43:5, where "east" refers to the Philippines where the Church of Christ would be
founded.[4][10][19][20][41] INC teaches that its members constitute the "elect of God"
and there is no salvation outside the Iglesia Ni Cristo.[20][42] Faith alone is
insufficient for salvation.[9][6] The Iglesia ni Cristo says that the official name of the
true church is "Church of Christ or Iglesia Ni Cristo (in Tagalog)". The two passages
often cited by INC to support this are Romans 16:16 "Greet one another with a holy
kiss. The churches of Christ greet you",[43] and the George Lamsa translation of Iglesia Ni Cristo flag (the colors
Acts 20:28: "Take heed therefore ... to feed the church of Christ which he has represent faith, hope and love
purchased with his blood."[44] while the seven-branched
candelabrum or menorah
represents the church in the
Bible)
Felix Y. Manalo
Felix Y. Manalo is said to be the restorer of the church of Christ, and "God's last
messenger" (Sugo in Tagalog).[19][41]

INC says that Manalo is the "angel from the east", mentioned in Revelation 7:1–3 who started the INC at the same time that
World War I broke out. This is the start of the period according to INC being referred to in the Bible as the ends of the earth (cf Is
41:9-10; 43:5-6) the time when the end of the world is near, even at the doors (cf. Mt. 24:3, 33), which began with the outbreak of
a war of global proportions (cf. Mt. 24:6-7)[6][45] Felix Manalo is from the Philippines, which they say is in the "center" of the
Far East.[46] The ‘four winds’ in Revelation 7:1-3, they say refers to World War I and the four angels are the four leaders known
as the big four (Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, and Vittorio Orlando) who they say worked on the
prevention of the war to continue.[47][48]

Manalo is also portrayed as the fulfillment of several passages in Isaiah and other books of the Bible.[4][20] Manalo's titles are
"ravenous bird from the east" (Isa. 46:11), "worm Jacob" (Ps. 22:6-7), "one shepherd" (John 10:16) and "the third Elijah"
(Mt.17:10-11; Mal.4:5) and proclaimed to be an "Angel" on the book of Revelations.

As the one who sent by God to restore INC, Manalo became the first executive minister and spiritual leader of the church.[10] As
such, he taught that what is written in the Bible was the ultimate authority in all aspects of the church, and effectively as a
messenger of God, Manalo is "the foremost Biblical authority for all humanity and the divinely designated leader of a
reestablished church of Christ in the modern world."[20]

Baptism
The church believes that baptism is done by immersion baptism or Believer's baptism by adults in water, and that it is necessary
that people be baptised in the Iglesia Ni Cristo to become disciples of Jesus Christ.[37] The church rejects infant baptism.
Newborn children of members are instead dedicated to God through a congregational prayer, led by an ordained minister of the
INC.[49]

People who wish to be baptized in the INC must first submit to a formal process taking at least six months. Once someone
officially registers with their local congregation, the person is given the status of being a Bible student (Tagalog:
dinudoktrinahan) and taught the lessons concerning fundamental teachings and its beginnings in the Philippines. These lessons
are contained in the doctrine manual written by Eraño G. Manalo entitled "Fundamental Beliefs of the Iglesia Ni Cristo". This
book is given to ministers, evangelical workers, and ministerial students of the INC. Each lesson is usually thirty minutes to one
hour in length. After hearing all the lessons, the students enters a probationary period (Tagalog: sinusubok) during which they are
obliged to attend fifteen once-a-week group prayer meetings, where they are taught to pray and are guided in their adjustment to
the INC lifestyle. When the sixth month comes, students who have been active in attending the twice-a-week worship services
and whose lifestyles are in accordance with INC doctrines are screened before being baptized. During the screening, they are
asked questions about the teachings of the church.

Excommunication
Members who are not living in accordance with the doctrines taught in the INC are admonished. Those who continue in violation
of INC doctrines after being admonished are excommunicated or expelled from the INC and thus lose salvation, and therefore,
the church does not believe in the perseverance of the saints. Certain violations, such as eating blood,[a] being absent from
worship services too long without any solid reason, drinking alcohol, or marrying or having a romantic relationship with a non-
member may result in mandatory excommunication.[9][42][50][51]

Eschatology and resurrection

INC believes that a person is composed of a body ("vehicle"), soul ("individual") and spirit ("life" or fuel). Members believe that
when a person dies, his/her body and soul both die and go into the grave where both will remain until the Second Coming of
Christ, whereas the spirit will go back to God. Upon Christ's return, all dead servants of God, from the time of the patriarchs up to
the last days, would be resurrected to join living faithful and loyal INC members. They will be rewarded by living in the Holy
City or New Jerusalem, together with God the Father, and Jesus Christ. At the right time chosen by God, a second resurrection
would occur, and non-INC members will experience second death which is the Lake of Fire (Dagát-dagatang Apóy).[9]

The church believes that God set a day where He will judge all people. They believe that this day is also the Second Coming of
Jesus Christ.[37]

INC divides time into three eras: the era of the Patriarchs from creation to the birth of Moses, the era of the Prophets from the
birth of Moses to the birth of Jesus, and the Christian era from the birth of Jesus to the Last Judgment. Adherents believe Felix
Manalo to be the last messenger of God in the Christian Era.

Practices

Worship and prayer

The church conducts regular worship services, one during the week, and
one during the weekend, conducted in the local languages (providing sign
language interpreters and translators in some congregations). It consists of
singing of hymns, prayers, studies of the bible, collection of voluntary
offerings, and benediction.[52][53] Both God the Father and Jesus are
worshiped.[54] The ministers of every congregation in a given worship
service use the same sermon outline prepared by the executive minister.
Deacons and Deaconesses guide worshipers to their seats and collect
voluntary offerings.[6] The singing of hymns is led by the locale's choir.
The first hymnbook, termed Ang Himnario ng Iglesia Ni Cristo, which
A missionary gathering inside the
consists of 300+ songs, was published in 1937. Children’s worship services Philippine Arena
(Tagalog: Pagsamba ng Kabataan or PNK) are held every weekend. They
use similar lessons as the standard worship services taught using the
Socratic method (question and answer).[4] The church teaches that willfully forsaking the worship service is a grievous sin,[55]
thus members are expected to attend the congregational worship services twice a week without fail.[56]
The church encourages its members to make prayer a part of everyday life. Thus, prayer before various activities, such as taking
meals and going to sleep, are commonly practiced.[57] Prayers recited in rote repetition are not observed.[58]

Evangelism
Since February 1939, the church has been publishing Pasugo[9] (English: God's Message) in both Tagalog and English.[41]
Filipino has been the only language used since its inception in 1939 until 1953. Currently, about two - thirds of its pages are
devoted to the English - speaking population.[59] Felix Manalo wrote its first editorial where he stated the publication's purpose,
including the propagation of the faith.[4] Issues contain articles which detail INC doctrines and refute doctrines which it considers
as heresy, such as the Trinity.[6][19] It also features information on church history, educational programs and missionary
achievements, including lists and photographs of newly dedicated chapels. In 2001, it had a monthly circulation of 235,000
copies.[20] For the year 2009, there were more than four million copies of Pasugo distributed worldwide.[60]

In the Philippines, through the Christian Era Broadcasting Service International Incorporated (CEBSI Incorporated), INC
broadcasts programs that discuss Bible teachings over the radio and television. These programs are aired by about 60 other radio
stations all over the Philippines (i.e. INC Radio- DZEM 954kHz) and several more in the US and Australia. INCTV-49, as well as
major cable stations in the Philippines and some channels in the US Direct TV ch 2068, telecast the INC’s religious programs.
These programs can also be seen in the Internet via the website www.incmedia.org (http://www.incmedia.org)[61]

INC holds religious gatherings called evangelical missions regularly which aim to attract more followers. On February 28, 2012,
INC held its largest Philippine-wide evangelical missions simultaneously on 19 sites across the country.[62] In Manila site alone,
more than 600,000 people attended the event.[63] On April 13, 2013, INC launched Lingap-Pamamahayag under its project
Kabayan Ko, Kapatid Ko (English: My Countrymen, My Brethren), which incorporates outreach missions to its evangelical
missions.[64] On September 26, 2015, INC held its first worldwide evangelical mission at the Philippine Arena as the main venue
and in 2,125 sites throughout the world through video conferencing. It was officiated by INC executive minister, Eduardo
Manalo.[65]

Outreach
On November 19, 1981, INC has launched the Lingap sa
Mamamayan (Aid To Humanity) Program. The program aims to
provide relief goods, health care, and other services to the needy,
especially those who are afflicted by calamities and disasters. It
also provides seminars for disaster preparedness, first aid, and
family planning. Other humanitarian activities such as blood
donation and community clean up drives were also conducted in
different parts of the world where the Iglesia Ni Cristo is
established.[66]

Felix Y. Manalo (FYM) Foundation, the INC's arm in executing

the Lingap sa Mamamayan and other related programs, was INC members participate in the charity walk,
formally registered in the Philippines on February 4, 2011, and in "Worldwide Walk to Fight Poverty", in Manila.
the United States on May 17, 2012. The institution is also
recognized in Japan, South Korea, Spain, and Russia.[67]

INC also established the Unlad International, Inc in 2012.[68] It is the INC's arm in providing sustainable livelihood to its
members.
On July 7, 2012, the INC Lingap sa Mamamayan was conducted in the slums of Parola in Tondo, Manila and was awarded three
Guinness world records for breaking records in the most people involved in a dental health check, the most blood pressure
readings taken in 8 hours and the most blood glucose level tests in 8 hours.[69] On April 29, 2016, four more Guinness world
records were broke by the INC. These records are the largest collection of clothes for recycle/donation, the most shoes donated to
charity in 24 hours, the most medical ultrasound examinations in eight hours, and the most medical risk assessment in eight hours
which was also held in Tondo, Manila.[70][71]

On February 15, 2014, INC bagged another two Guinness world records when they conducted a worldwide charity walk
simultaneously on 135 different sites scattered in 29 countries. INC holds the records for the largest charity walk on a single
venue when 175,509 members of the church finished the 1.6 km walk in Manila; and for the largest charity walk in 24 hours
(multiple venues) when a total of 519,521 participants finished the charity walk in different parts of the world. The proceeds were
used for the housing and livelihood projects of super Typhoon Haiyan survivors.[72] INC also broke the same records on May 6,
2018 for its Worldwide Walk to Fight Poverty with 283,171 people in single venue, and 773,136 people in multiple venues for its
African missions and outreach. [73]

On February 22, 2014, INC conducted another Lingap sa Mamamayan at its first resettlement project in Barrio Maligaya in
Palayan City, Nueva Ecija. Coinciding with the barrio's 49th anniversary, INC bagged another world record after setting the
record for the most number of hunger relief packs distributed within eight hours. A total of 302,311 hunger relief packages were
given.[74]

On March 14, 2014, after conducting a worship service in Tacloban, Leyte, INC executive minister Eduardo V. Manalo, led the
groundbreaking ceremony of the EVM Self-Sustainable Community Rehabilitation Project in Sitio New Era, a 3000-hectare
property of the church in Brgy. Langit, Alang-alang, Leyte. The project which costs more than one billion pesos includes at least
1000 housing units for the survivors of super typhoon Haiyan. Garments and dried fish factories, and eco-farming project are also
included to provide livelihood to the community. More than 150,000 hunger relief packages were also given which contains 3
kilos of rice, canned goods and instant noodles aside from the free medical and dental services conducted that day.[75] On January
23, 2015, Manalo inaugurated the livelihood and housing project.[76]

On November 9, 2015, Manalo inaugurated a community project for Kabihug tribe, an indigenous group in Camarines Norte. The
project is situated in a 100-hectare land which includes 300 housing units, calamansi orchard, ecological farm, dried fish factory,
garments factory, clinic, learning center, and an INC worship building.[77] After 6 months, another housing and eco-farming
community project was inaugurated by the church on May 27, 2016 for the B'laan tribe in Bgy. Danlag, Tampakan South, South
Cotabato in southern Philippines.[78]

Administration and organization

Iglesia Ni Cristo has had three Executive Ministers Iglesia Ni Cristo Executive Ministers
(Tagalog: Tagapamahalang Pangkalahatan) that lead the Name Tenure of office
Church Administration in overseeing the faith of the
members. Eduardo V. Manalo, as the current Executive
Felix Y. Manalo July 27, 1914 – April 12, 1963
Minister, serves as the church's leader, and, in this capacity,
Eraño G. Manalo April 23, 1963 – August 31, 2009
manages the administration of the church.[79] Along with
other senior ministers which comprises the Church
Eduardo V. Manalo September 7, 2009 – present
Economic Council (Tagalog: Lupon ng Sanggunian), the Executive Minister forms the Central Administration of Iglesia Ni
Cristo.[42] All church ministers and ministerial workers are male, however, there are numerous female church officers. Ministers
are encouraged to marry for the purpose of obeying the command to marry and multiply, and to become effective counselors to
church members with family-related problems.
 The Central Office in Quezon City, built in 1971, is Iglesia Ni Cristo's headquarters. The
Central Office is one of several structures inside the INC Central Office Complex. It
houses the permanent offices of the central administration and some of the church's
departments. It is here where about a thousand INC professionals and volunteers hold
office.[80][81] It was located in Manila during its early years, then in San Juan, and later
in Makati, before moving to its present site. INC also has three main offices outside the
Philippines; in Burlingame, California, Washington D.C., USA and in Heathrow, London,
United Kingdom.[82]

Eduardo V. Manalo, Iglesia Ni
Cristo's current Executive
Minister.
Administration and ministerial work are delegated into ecclesiastical districts (termed
divisions until 1990) which are led by District Ministers (formerly, division
ministers).[20] Ecclesiastical districts comprise 40 congregations (referred to as locales)
on average.[82] All locales were directly managed by Felix Y. Manalo until 1924 when
the first ecclesiastical district was organized in Pampanga.[4].

Architecture
Iglesia Ni Cristo church buildings primarily serve as
places of worship and are used for other religious
functions. These are described by Culture and customs of
the Philippines, a book published by Greenwood
Publishing Group, as structures "which employ exterior
neo-Gothic vertical support columns with tall narrow
windows between, interlocking trapezoids, and rosette
motifs, as well as tower and spires." There are multiple
entrances leading to the main sanctuary, where males
and females sit on either side of the aisle facing a dais
where sermons are made. The choir loft is located
behind the dais, and in larger churches, a baptistry with
pools for immersion baptism is located at the back of the
church.[83] Meanwhile, Fernando Nakpil-Zialcita, an
anthropologist from Ateneo de Manila University,[84]
said that INC churches can be uniquely identified for "its
INC churches in Montclair, California and Washington, D.C.
exuberant use of fanciful forms and ornaments [and a]
brilliant white facade whose silhouette is a cusped
Gothic arch or a flattened Saracenic arch." [20] The distinctive spires represent "the reaching out of the faithful to God."[4]
Prominent architects, such as Juan Nakpil (a National Artist of the Philippines for architecture) and Carlos A. Santos-Viola, had
been involved in designing INC churches while the Engineering and Construction Department of INC, established in 1971,
oversees the uniformity in design of church buildings.[83]

The first chapel was built on Gabriela Street in Tondo, Manila in 1918, fashioned out of sawali (woven leaf panels), nipa and
wood, typified the style and materials of the early chapels. After World War II, INC began to build concrete chapels, the first of
these in Washington (Maceda), Sampaloc, Manila completed in 1948. Next came the chapel and former official residence of the
executive minister in San Juan, Rizal (now San Juan City, part of Metropolitan Manila). The complex in San Juan was designed
by Juan Nakpil.[85] The Central Temple which opened on July 27, 1984, can accommodate up to 7,000 persons was designed by
Carlos A. Santos-Viola.[86] The Central Temple features octagonal spires, "fine latticework" and ribbed windows. Recent
buildings are variations on the designs of the Central Temple. These are designed to accommodate 250 to 1,000 persons while
larger churches in Metro Manila and provincial capitals can accommodate up to 3,000 persons.[20]
INC churches outside the Philippines which were acquired from different religions undergo intensive renovations to meet the
standard of their worship services.[87] Since most of INC churches abroad were acquired from different religions, there is
significant variation from one house of worship to another.

Political influence in the Philippines

Iglesia Ni Cristo is known for its practice of bloc voting during
elections.[88][89][90] During the 2016 presidential election, INC communities in
Agusan del Sur, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Dasmariñas City, and Quezon City
delivered 98% to 100% of the total votes to the endorsed candidates.[91] The
church supported the candidacies of Benigno "Noynoy" Aquino III,[92][93] and
Rodrigo Duterte during the 2010, and 2016 presidential elections
respectively.[94]

On June 12, 2009, former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed Republic

Act 9645, declaring July 27 as "Iglesia ni Cristo Day", a special national
working holiday.[95] On February 13, 2018, President Duterte appointed INC's
executive minister, Eduardo Manalo, as special envoy for overseas Filipino
concerns.[96]

Controversy President Rodrigo Duterte meets

with Executive Minister Eduardo
During mid 2015, internal conflicts challenged the century-old church. It was
Manalo.
when Felix Nathaniel "Angel" Manalo, the brother of current executive minister,
Eduardo V. Manalo, and their mother, Cristina "Tenny" Manalo, the widow of
former executive minister Eraño G. Manalo, uploaded a video to YouTube alleging that the INC administration had threatened
their lives and that there has been a mass kidnapping of ministers. The Iglesia ni Cristo, however, denies the claims of
kidnapping. In July 23, 2015, Eduardo V. Manalo, expelled his two brothers, one of three sisters, and mother, for allegedly trying
to create a schism in the church and take over the church's leadership.[97] Former INC ministerial worker Lowell Menorca II
stated his life and that of his family were threatened by the INC administration, the Canadian government granted him asylum
stating "“When the panel considers the links between the INC and the law enforcement authorities in the Philippines... [t]he panel
is satisfied Menorca would be unable to avail himself of state protection, from the risks that he fears in that country." [98]

In response to these issues, the Church Administration launched the program “Tunay Na Defenders Of The Faith” (The True
Defenders Of The Faith) on March 31, 2018, on YouTube and Facebook, dismissing allegations made by the expelled.

Reception from other religions

Karl Keating, the founder of Catholic Answers, said in 1990 that the INC engages in anti-Catholicism and anti-Protestantism in
its God's Message magazine. Keating views the church as being built on a set of anti-Catholic doctrines, and that their lessons, as
well as their God's Message magazine are dedicated more to debunking Catholic and Protestant beliefs and doctrines than to
explaining their own positions.[99]

Let Us Reason Ministries, an online apologetics research group, has challenged the Iglesia ni Cristo's doctrines that one can only
receive salvation if they are a member of the INC, and for saying that the INC has the sole authority from God to interpret and
preach the Bible, while other religions do not.[100] They also say that the Iglesia ni Cristo fallaciously misinterprets Biblical
passages in order to suit their doctrines.[101]
James White, of Alpha and Omega Ministries, challenged the theology of the Iglesia Ni Cristo in a public debate. White and Jose
Ventilacion of the Iglesia ni Cristo met for a debate on April 21, 2017 in Rapid City, South Dakota.[102]

Notes
a. Pig blood is a major ingredient of Dinuguan, which is a popular dish in the Philippines.

See also
Christian Era Broadcasting Service International
Eagle Broadcasting Corporation
DZEM - INC Radio DZEM 954
DZCE-TV - INC TV
DZEC-TV - Net 25
Philippine Arena

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External links
Official website (http://iglesianicristo.net)
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