A

MINI PROJECT REPORT ON (SIZE 16)

ATTENDENCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY (14)

IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

by (12)
M.Vivek sai rohit - 16P61A05
K.Anvesh - 17P65A0501
P. Yeshwanth Reddy - 16P61A05

Under the guidance of

Yamini
Designation

VIGNANA BHARATHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(A UGC Autonomous Institution, Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH,
Kukatpally
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA), National Assessment
and Accreditation Council (NAAC)) Aushapur (V), Ghatkesar (M),
Medchal(dist.).

2019-2020
 (A UGC Autonomous Institution, Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH,
Kukatpally
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA),
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC))

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the mini project report titled “ATTENDENCE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM” is being submitted by M.VIVEK SAI
ROHIT(16P61A05)K.ANVESH(17P65A0501), YASHWANTH
REDDY(16P61A0552) in B. Tech IV-I semester Computer Science &
Engineering is a record of bonafide work carried out by them. The results
embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other University for
the award of any degree.

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

SMT.YAMINI MADAM Dr.K.Sreenivasa Rao

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DATE
 DECLARATION

We,(NAMES) bearing hall ticket number (ROLL NOs), ___

_____ ____, hereby declare that the project report entitled “TITLE”
under the guidance of GUIDE NAME, Department of Computer
Science And Engineering, Vignana Bharathi Institute of
Technology, Hyderabad, is submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science And Engineering.

This is a record of bonafide work carried out by us and the

results embodied in this project have not been reproduced or copied
from any source. The results embodied in this project report have not
been submitted to any other university or institute for the award of
any other degree or diploma.

Student Names & Roll No’s

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT(16)

Self-confidence, hard work, commitment and planning are essential to

carry-out any task. Possessing these qualities is sheer waste, if an opportunity
does not exist. So, we whole-heartedly thank Mr. Dr.G. AMARENDER RAO,
Principal, and Dr.K.Sreenivasa Rao, Head of the Department, Computer
Science and Engineering for their encouragement and support and guidance in
carrying out the project.

We thank our Project Guide, Guide name for providing us with an

excellent project and guiding us in completing our project successfully.

We would also like to thank our project coordinator Coordinator name

for his/her valuable advice and suggestions from time to time and for being a
constant source of inspiration to us.

We would also like to express our sincere thanks to all the staff of
Computer Science and Engineering, VBIT, for their kind cooperation and
timely help during the course of our project. Finally, we would like to thank our
parents and friends who have always stood by us whenever we were in need of
them.
 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
1. Design of test cases and database tables
LIST OF SCREENS

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Describe introduction about your project (or)
1.1 Problem Statement
1.2. Existing system
1.3 Proposed system

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

CHAPTER 3
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1Feasibility Study
3.1.1 Economic Feasibility
3.1.2 Technical Feasibility
3.1.3 Social Feasibility
3.2 Systems Requirement
3.2.1 Software requirement
3.2.2 Hardware requirement
3.3 Functional Requirements (Modules)
3.4 Non-Functional Requirements
CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM DESIGN
The design part must include the following items
▪
DFDs in case of Database projects
▪
UML diagrams. This UML diagrams must include the
following
Class Diagrams
Interaction diagrams-Sequence and Collaboration
diagrams
Object Diagrams
Usecase diagrams
▪
Control Flow diagrams

▪
Database Design
For database projects, the report must include the
following items.
o E-R Diagrams

CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION
Coding /Code Templates
Consist of coding or code outline for various files
Explain each class with functionality and methods with input and
output parameters.
For Database projects, the report consisting of
o Tables – explaining all fields and their data
types
o Stored procedures (PL/SQL)

CHAPTER 6
TESTING
Design of Test Cases and Scenarios

CHAPTER 7
Output Screens
Should include all user interfaces and output screens.

Conclusion & Further Enhancements

Bibliography
 ABSTRACT
The Attendance Management mainly concern with the access
control data, leave master, On-line leaves application monitoring.
Reports etc. The project deals with the attendance of the students in
College.

The flow of the project:

 Maintain the daily attendance of the student.
 Maintains the leave records of student.
 Accept the leaves online by the system.
 Late in coming monitoring(Stipulated time allotted
by management)
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1.PROBLEM STATEMENT

The project will be used by the universities to share the information

among the students and staff of the universities. Previously the information
that is being shared was only on papers. Though the members have
maintained a very perfect record of the details of students and staff, the
accessibility was no ease. When students ask queries about their details or
results and their attendance they may be delayed to get the reply from the staff
and they can ask to staff of a particular university to which they belong. This
may also delay their planned schedule. Sometimes the absence of staff may
also delay in providing the information or the material that is required by the
student. The staff cannot assign their work to other staff member when they
are going to absent. The searching, downloading and uploading of materials is
alsodifficult due to storage of access amount of information in the
records.Hence to overcome the above problems a system is being developed.
This system is based on Role Based Access Control. The admin has full access
to the database and manages the information. The information of each and
every person present in that institution is added by the admin. Here every user
is provided with a unique login id and password. The staff can add the details
of the attendance and results of their respective class’s details. And they do not
have the access to delete the data directly through their profile. The students
also will be given with a unique id and password through which they can login
into the site to view their profile. In their profile they can view the details of
their attendance and results till date. Thus accessing, viewing and uploading of
materials is easy.

1.2.EXISTING SYSTEM

In existing system we do not have a common platform where we can have

details of each and every person in that institution and the records of all
ofthem are on papers only, and accessing of the information by either student
or staff is found difficult when more than one person tries to access at a time.
This is even hard for staff and management to maintain the record of members
of the institution on paper.
Disadvantages:
Sharing of large amount of information is difficult.
Though the staff have every detail of the students accessing the information at
the same time is found difficult.
Misplacing the records of the students or staff will make the data collection
difficult.
Assigning the work to another person may give errors in the data collected.
 1.3.PROPOSED SYSTEM

The effective collaboration with information sharing in universities is based on

role-based access control management. There are three users- admin, student
and staff. Each user has respective unique id and password. Admin is
responsible for adding or deleting universities, viewing the universities, their
respective staff and students.
Advantages:
Large amount of information can be shared easily. As only authenticated
persons can access the system, more security is maintained.There is no delay
in providing updates and replying to the queries of the students.Searching of
information, uploading and downloading of materials is easy.

CHAPTER-2

CHAPTER- 3

SYSTEM ANALYSIS

3.1 Feasibility Study

A feasibility study is an evaluation of the proposal is to determine the

difficulty in carry out a task. Generally a feasibility study precedes technical
development and project implementation in other words, a feasibility study is
a evaluation (or) analysis of the potential impact of the proposed project.

3.1.1 TYPES OF FEASIBILITY

1. TECHNOLOGY FEASIBILITY:
The assessment is based the outline design of system required in terms
of input processes, output, fields, programs and procedures. This can be
quantified in terms of volumes of data trends, frequency of updating etc in
order to estimate whether the new system will perform adequately or not.
Technology feasibility is carried to determine whether the company has
capability in terms of software, hardware, personal and expertise the
completion of project.

2. ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY:
 Economic feasibility analysis is the most frequently used method for
evaluating
the effectiveness of new system, commonly cost of benefit analysis. The
procedure is to determine the benefits outweigh cost then the decision is made
to design and implemented the system entrepreneur must accurately weigh the
cost is a benefit before taking an action.

3. LEGAL FEASIBILITY:

Determines whether the proposed system conflicts with legal

equirements eg-a data processing system comply with a local protection acts.

4. OPERATING FEASIBILITY:

It is a measure how we are proposed system solves the problems and takes
advantages of the opportunity identify during scope definition and how it
satisfies the requirements identified the requirements analysis phase of system
development.

5. SCHEDULE FEASIBILITY:

A project will fail if it takes too long to be completion before it is used.

Typically this means estimating how long the system will take to develop and
if it can be completed in a given time period using so many methods like
payback period. Schedule feasibility is a measure how the responsible the
project timetable is.

3.2 Systems Requirement

3.2.1 Software requirement

Operating System : Windows 7

Technology : Java/J2EE (Servlets, JSP, JDBC)
Web Technologies : Html, JavaScript, CSS
Web Server : Tomcat 7.0
Database : Oracle 10g Express Edition

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Hardware : Pentium based systems with a minimum of
P4
RAM : 1GB (minimum)
 3.3 Functional Requirements (Modules)

The Attendance Management mainly concern with the access control

data, leave master, On-line leaves application monitoring. Reports etc.
The project deals with the attendance of the students in College.

This application consists of following modules

1.Admin
2.Student

Module 1: Admin

 Admin adds students and maintain all the leave details.

 Admin can edit or delete the student.

Module 2:Student

 Student can check the leave balance and apply for leaves
accordingly.

 Student can check the updated timecard and leave history.

3.4 Non-Functional Requirements

3.4.1 Performance Easy tracking of records and updating can be done. All the requirements
relating to performance characteristics of the system are specified in the section below. There are two
types of requirements.
Static Requirements These requirements do not impose any constraints on the execution
characteristics of the System. They are:
Number of Terminals The software makes use of an underlying database that will reside at the
server, while the front end will be available online to the administrative and departmental computers
as well as students and teachers.
Number of Users: The number of users may vary, as this software finds applications in almost
all department of the organization.
Dynamic Requirements These specify constraints on the execution characteristics of the
system. They typically include response time and throughout of the system. Since these factors are not
applicable to the proposed software, it will suffice if the response tine is high and the transactions are
carried out precisely and quickly.
4.4.2 Reliability The software will not be able to connect to the centralized database in the event
that the college LAN fails or in the event of the server being down due to a hardware or software
failure.
4.4.3 Availability The software will be available only to authorized users of the colleges like
teachers to mark the students’ attendance, student to view their enrolled course, admin to add an
update students records.
4.4.4 Security The security requirements deal with the primary security. The software should be
handled only by the administrator and authorized users. Only the administrator has right to assign
permission like creating new accounts and generating password. Only authorized users can access the
system with username and password.
4.4.5 Maintainability Backups for database are available. 4.4.6 Portability:- The Software is a
windows-based application and is built in VB.Net and MYSQL so it is platform independent and is
independent of operating system

CHAPTER 4

SYSTEM DESIGN

CLASS DIAGRAM
USECASE DIAGRAM
SEQUENCE DIAGRAM
ACTIVITY DIAGRAM
 CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION
INTRODUCTION TO JAVA
About Java:
Initially the language was called as “oak” but it was renamed as “java” in 1995.The primary
motivation of this language was the need for a platform-independent(i.e. architecture
neutral)language that could be used to create software to be embedded in various consumer
electronic devices.
Java is a programmer’s language
Java is cohesive and consistentExcept for those constraint imposed by the Internet environment. Java
gives theprogrammer, full control Finally Java is to Internet Programming where c was to System
Programming.
Importance of Java to the Internet
Java has had a profound effect on the Internet. This is because; java expands the Universe of
objects that can move about freely in Cyberspace. In a network, two categories of objects are
transmitted between the server and the personal computer. They are passive information and
Dynamic active programs. in the areas of Security and probability. But Java addresses these
concerns and by doing so, has opened the door to an exciting new form of program called the
Applet.
Applications and applets. An application is a program that runs on our Computer under the
operating system of that computer. It is more or less like one creating using C or C++ .Java’s
ability to create Applets makes it important. An Applet I san application, designed to be
transmitted over the Internet and executed by a Java-compatible web browser. An applet I
actually a tiny Java program, dynamically downloaded across the network, just like an image.
But the difference is, it is an intelligent program, not just a media file. It can be react to the
user input and dynamically change.

Java Architecture
Java architecture provides a portable, robust, high performing environment for development.
Java provides portability by compiling the byte codes for the Java Virtual Machine, which is
then interpreted on each platform by the run-time environment. Java is a dynamic system,
able to load code when needed from a machine in the same room or across the planet.

Compilation of code
When you compile the code, the Java compiler creates machine code (called byte code)for
a hypothetical machine called Java Virtual Machine(JVM). The JVM is supposed texecuted the byte
code. The JVM is created for the overcoming the issue of probability.The code is written and
compiled for one machine and interpreted on all machines .This machine is called Java Virtual
Machine.
Compiling and interpreting java source code.
During run-time the Java interpreter tricks the byte code file into thinking that it is running on a
Java Virtual Machine. In reality this could be an Intel Pentium windows 95 or sun SPARCstation
running Solaris or Apple Macintosh running system and all could receive code from any
computer through internet and run the Applets. Source Code PC compiler Macintosh compiler
SPARC Compiler Java Byte code Platform independent Java interpreter Java interpreter
macintosh Java interpreter (SPARC).

About Servlets
INTRODUCTION
A Servlet Is a generic server extension. a Java class that can be loaded Dynamically to expand the
functionality of a server.Servlets are commonly used with web servers. Where they can take the place
CGI scripts.A servlet is similar to proprietary server extension, except that it runs inside a Java Virtual
Machine (JVM) on the server, so it is safe and portable Servlets operate solely within the domain of
the server.Unlike CGI and Fast CGI, which use multiple processes to handle separate program or
separate requests, separate threads within web server process handle all servlets. This means that
servlets are all efficient and scalable.Servlets are portable; both across operating systems and also
across web servers. Java Servlets offer the best possible platform for web application development.
Servlets are used as replacement for CGI scripts on a web server, they can extend any sort of
server such as a mail server that allows servletsextend its functionality perhaps by performing a virus
scan on all attached documents or handling mail filtering tasks.
Servlets provide a Java-based solution used to address the problems currently associated with
doing server-side programming including inextensible scripting solutions platform-specific
API’s and incomplete interface.Servlets are objects that conform to a specific interface that can be
plugged into a Java-based server.Servlets are to the server-side what applets are to the server-side
what applets are to the client-side-object byte codes that can be dynamically loaded off the net. They
differ form applets in than they are faceless objects(with out graphics or a GUI component).They
serve as platform independent, dynamically loadable,plugable helper byte code objects on the
server side that can be used to dynamically extend server-side functionality.
For example an HTTP servlet can be used to generate dynamic HTML content when you use
servlets to do dynamic content you get the following advantages:
They’re faster and cleaner then CGI scripts
They use a standard API( the servlet API)
They provide all the advantages of Java (run on a variety of servers without needing to be
rewritten) Attractiveness of Servlets:
They are many features of servlets that make them easy and attractive to tuse these include:
Easily configure using the GUI-based Admin tool]Can be Loaded and Invoked from a local disk or
remotely across the network.
Can be linked together or chained, so that on servlet can call another servlet, or
several servlets in sequence.
Can be called dynamically from within HTML, pages using server-side include-tags.
Are secure-even when downloading across the network, the servlet security model and servlet
and box protect your system from unfriendly behavior.
Advantages of the servlet API:
One of the great advantages of the servlet API is protocol independent. It assumes nothing about:
How it is loaded
The server environment
These quantities are important, becauseembedded in many different kinds of servers.There are other
advantages to the servelt API as well These include: It’s extensible-you can inherit all y
available to you It’s simple small, maintain services between requests. Servlets are fast. Since servlets
only better performance over their CGI counterparts. Servlets are platform independent.
Servlets are extensible Java is a ro which easily can be extended to suit your needs. Servlets are
secure.
Servlets are used with a variety of client.
Servlets are classes and interfaces.
javax.servlet.http.The java.servlet package contains classes t support generic, protocol-
independent servlets.The classes in the javax.servelt.http package To and HTTP specific
functionality extend these classes Every servlet must implement the javax.servelt
extending one of two classes.javax.servlet.GenericServlet or javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.
Aprotocol-independent servlet should subclass Generic-Servlet.while an Http servlet should subclass
Http Servlet, which is itself a subclass of Generic-servlet with added HTTP-specific functionality.
Unlike a java program, a servlet does not have a main() method,Instead the server in the process of
handling requests invoke certain methods of a servlet.Each time the server dispatches a request to a
servlet, it invokes the servelts Service() method,A generic servlet should override its service() method
to handle requests as appropriate for the servlet. The service() accepts two parameters a request object
and a response object .The request object tells the servlet about the request, while the response object
is used to return a response.
In Contrast.anHttp servlet usually does not override the service() method.Instead it overrides
doGet() to handle GET requests and doPost() to handle Post requests. An Http servlet can
override either or both of these modules the service() method of HttpServlet handles the
setup and dispatching to all the doXXX() methods.which is why it usually should not be
overridden.
The remainders in the javax.servlet and javax.servlet.http.package are largely support classes
.The ServletRequest and ServletResponse classes in javax.servlet provide access to generic
server requests and responses while HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse classes in
javax.servlet provide access to generic server requests and responses while
HttpServletRequest and HttpServletResponse in javax.servlet.http provide access a HTTP
requests and responses . The javax.servlet.http provide contains an HttpSession class that
provides built-in session tracking functionality and Cookie class that allows quickly setup
and processing HttpCookies.
Loading Servlets:
Servlets can be loaded from their places. From a directory that is on the CLASSPATH. The
CLASSPATH of the JavaWebServer includes service root/classes/, which is where the
system classes reside From the <SERVICE_ROOT/servlets/directory.This is not in the server’s
classpath. A class
loader is used to create servlets form this directory.New servlets can be added-existing
servlets can be recompiled and the server will notice these changes. From a remote
location.For this a code base like http://nine.eng/classes/foo/ is required in addtion to the
servlet’s class name.Refer to the admin Gui docs on servlet section to see how to set this up.
Loading Remote Servlets.
Remote servlets can be loaded by:
Configuring the admin Tool to setup automatic loading of remote servlets.
Selectiong up server side include tags in .html files Defining a filter chain Configuration.

About JDBC

What is JDBC?
Any relational database. One can write a single program using the JDBC API,and the JDBC
is a Java Api for executing SQL,Statements(As a point of interest JDBC is trademarked name
and is not an acronym; nevertheless,Jdbc is often thought of as standing for Java Database
Connectivity. It consists of a set of classes and interfaces written in the Java Programming
language.JDBC provides a standard API for tool/database developers and makes it possible
to write database applications using a pure Java API
Using JDBC, it is easy to send SQL statements to virtually program will be able to send SQL
.statements to the appropriate database. The Combination of Java and JDBC lets a
programmer writes it once and run it anywhere.

What Does JDBC Do?

Simply put,JDBC makes it possible to do three things
o Establish a connection with a database
o Send SQL statements
o Process the results
o JDBC Driver Types
o The JDBC drivers that we are aware of this time fit into one of four categories
o JDBC-ODBC Bridge plus ODBC driver
o Native-API party-java driver
o JDBC-Net pure java driver
o Native-protocol pure Java driver
An individual database system is accessed via a specific JDBC driver that implements the
java.sql.Driver interface. Drivers exist for nearly all-popular RDBMS systems,
through few are available for free. Sun bundles a free JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
with the JDK to allow access to a standard ODBC,data sources, such as a Microsoft
Access database, Sun advises against using the bridge driver for anything other than development and
very limited development.
JDBC drivers are available for most database platforms, from a number of vendors and in a
number of different flavours. There are four driver categories.

Type 01-JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver

Type 01 drivers use a bridge technology to connect a java client to an ODBC database
service. Sun’s JDBC-ODBC bridge is the most common type 01 driver. These drivers
implemented using native code.
Type 02-Native-API party-java Driver
Type 02 drivers wrap a thin layer of java around database-specific native code libraries for
Oracle databases, the native code libraries might be based on the OCI(Oracle call Interface)
libraries, which were originally designed for c/c++ programmers, Because type-02 drivers
are implemented using native code. in some cases they have better performance than their
all-java counter parts. They add an element of risk, however, because a defect in a driver’s
native code section can crash the entire server.
Type 03-Net-Protocol All-Java Driver
Type 03 drivers communicate via a generic network protocol to a piece of custom
middleware. The middleware component might use any type of driver to provide the actual
database access. These drivers are all java, which makes them useful for applet deployment
and safe for servlet deployment.
Type-04-native-protocol All-java Driver
Type o4 drivers are the most direct of the lot. Written entirely in java, Type 04 drivers
understand database-specific networking. protocols and can access the database directly
without any additional software.

JDBC-ODBC Bridge
If possible use a Pure Java JDBC driver instead of the Bridge and an ODBC driver. This
completely eliminates the client configuration required by ODBC.It also eliminates the
potential that the Java VM could be corrupted by an error in the native code brought in by the
Bridge(that is, the Bridge native library, the ODBC driver manager library, library, the
ODBC driver library, and the database client library)

WHAT IS The JDBC-ODBE Bridge ?

The JDBC-ODBC Bridge is a Jdbc driver, which implements JDBC operations by translating
them into ODBC operations. To ODBC it appears as a normal application program. The
Bridge is implemented as the sun.jdbc.odbc Java package and contains a native library used
to access ODBC.The Bridge is joint development of Intersolv and Java Soft.

About Oracle
Oracle is a relational database management system, which organizes data in the form of
tables. Oracle is one of many database servers based on RDBMS model, which manages a
seer of data that attends three specific things-data structures, data integrity and data
manipulation.
With oracle cooperative server technology we can realize the benefits of open,
relational systems for all the applications. Oracle makes efficient use of all systems
resources, on all hardware architecture; to deliver unmatched performance, price
performance and scalability. Any DBMS to be called as RDBMS has to satisfy
Dr.E.F.Codd’s rules.

Features of Oracle:
Portable.
The Oracle RDBMS is available on wide range of platforms ranging from PCs to super
computers and as a multi user loadable module for Novel NetWare, if you develop application on
system you can run the same application on other systems without any modifications.
Compatible
Oracle commands can be used for communicating with IBM DB2 mainframe RDBMS
that is different from Oracle, which is Oracle compatible with DB2. Oracle RDBMS is a high
performance fault tolerant DBMS, which is specially designed for online transaction processing
and for handling large database applications.
Multithreaded Server Architecture..
Oracle adaptable multithreaded server architecture delivers scalable high performance for
very large number of users on all hardware architecture including symmetric multiprocessors
(sumps) and loosely coupled multiprocessors. Performance is achieved by eliminating CPU, I/O,
memory and operating system bottlenecks and by optimizing the Oracle DBMS server code to
eliminate all internal bottlenecks.
Oracle has become the most popular RDBMS in the market because of its ease of use
• Client/server architecture.
• Data independence.
• Ensuring data integrity and data security.
• Managing data concurrency.
• Parallel processing support for speed up data entry and online transaction processing used
for applications.
• DB procedures, functions and packages.

Dr.E.F.Codd’s Rules
These rules are used for valuating a product to be called as relational database management
systems. Out of 12 rules, a RDBMS product should satisfy at least 8 rules + rule called rule 0
that must be satisfied.
RULE 0: Foundation Rule
For any system to be advertised as, or claimed to be relational DBMS should manage
database with in it self, with out using an external language.
RULE 1: Information Rule
All information in relational database is represented at logical level in only one way as
values in tables.
RULE 2: Guaranteed Access
Each and every data in a relational database is guaranteed to be logically accessibility by
using to a combination of table name, primary key value and column name.
RULE 3: Systematic Treatment of Null Values
Null values are supported for representing missing information and inapplicable
information. They must be handled in systematic way, independent of data types.
RULE 4: Dynamic Online Catalog based Relation Model
The database description is represented at the logical level in the same way as ordinary
data so that authorized users can apply the same relational language to its interrogation as they
do to the regular data.
RULE 5: Comprehensive Data Sub Language
A relational system may support several languages and various models of terminal use.
However there must be one language whose statement can express all of the following:
Data Definitions, View Definitions, Data Manipulations, Integrity, Constraints,
Authorization and transaction boundaries.
RULE 6: View Updating
Any view that is theoretical can be updatable if changes can be made to the tables that
effect the desired changes in the view.
RULE 7: High level Update, Insert and Delete
The capability of handling a base relational or derived relational as a single operand
applies not only retrieval of data also to its insertion, updating, and deletion.
RULE 8: Physical Data Independence
Application program and terminal activities remain logically unimpaired whenever any
changes are made in either storage representation or access method.
RULE 9: Logical Data Independence
Application programs and terminal activities remain logically unimpaired whenever any
changes are made in either storage representation or access methods.
RULE 10: Integrity Independence
Integrity constraints specific to particular database must be definable in the relational data
stored in the catalog, not in application program.
RULE 11: Distributed Independence
Whether or not a system supports database distribution, it must have a data sub-language
that can support distributed databases without changing the application program.
RULE 12: Non Sub-Version
If a relational system has low level language, that low language cannot use to subversion
or by pass the integrity rules and constraints expressed in the higher level relational language.

Oracle supports the following Codd’s Rules

Rule 1: Information Rule (Representation of information)-YES.
Rule 2: Guaranteed Access-YES.
Rule 3: Systematic treatment of Null values-YES.
Rule 4: Dynamic on-line catalog-based Relational Model-YES.
Rule 5: Comprehensive data sub language-YES.
Rule 6: View Updating-PARTIAL.
Rule 7: High-level Update, Insert and Delete-YES.
Rule 8: Physical data Independence-PARTIAL.
Rule 9: Logical data Independence-PARTIAL.
Rule 10: Integrity Independence-PARTIAL.
Rule 11: Distributed Independence-YES.
Rule 12: Non-subversion-YES.

About HTML
Hypertext Markup Language(HTML), the languages of the world wide web(WWW), allows
users to produces web pages that included text, graphics and pointer to other web pages
(Hyperlinks).
HTML is not a programming language but it is an application of ISO Standard
8879,SGML(Standard Generalized Markup Language),but
Specialized to hypertext and adapted to the Web. The idea behind Hypertext one point to
another point. We can navigate through the information based on out interest and preference.
A markup language is simply a series of items enclosed within the elements should be
displayed.
Hyperlinks are underlined or emphasized works that load to other documents or some
portions of the same document.
Html can be used to display any type of document on the host computer, which can be
sgeographically at a different location. It is a versatile language and can be used on any
platform or desktop
HTML provides tags(special codes) to make the document look attractive.
HTML provides are not case-sensitive. Using graphics,fonts,different sizes, color, etc.. can
enhance the presentation of the document. Anything
That is not a tag is part of the document it self.
Basic Html Tags:
<!-- --> Specific Comments.
<A>………</A> Creates Hypertext links.
<B>………</B> Creates hypertext links.
<Big>……..</Big> Formats text in large-font
<Body>…….</Body> contains all tags and text in the Html-document
<Center>……</Center> Creates Text

20
<DD>………..</DD> Definition of a term.
<TABLE>……</TABLE> creates table
<Td>………..</Td> indicates table data in a table.
<Tr>………..</Tr> designates a table row
<Th>……….</Th> creates a heading in a table.
ADVANTAGES:-

A HTML document is small and hence easy to send over the net.It is small because it
does not include formatted information.
HTML is platform independent
HTML tags are not case-sensitive.

About Java Script

The Java Script Language
JavaScript is a compact , object-based scripting language for developing client and server
internet applications. Netscape Navigator 2.0 interprets JavaScript statements embedded
directly in an HTML page. and Livewire enables you to create server-based applications
similar to common gateway interface(cgi) programs.
In a client application for Navigator, JavaScript statements embedded in an HTML Page can
recognize and respond to user events such as mouse clicks form
Input, and page navigation.
For example, you can write a JavaScript function to verify that users enter valid information into
a form requesting a telephone number or zip code . Without any network transmission, an Html
page with embedded Java Script can interpret the entered text and alert the user with a message
dialog if the input is invalid or you can use JavaScript to perform an action (such as play an
audio file, execute an applet, or communicate with a plug-in) in response to the user opening or
exiting a page.

9. 2 INTRODUCTION TO SQL SERVER

Microsoft SQL server is a relational data base server, developed by Microsoft: It is a
software product whose primary function to store and retrieve data a s requested by other
software applications, be it those on the same computer or those on running on other computers
across the network (including the internet). These are at least a dozen different editions of
Microsoft SQL server aimed at different audiences and for different workloads (ranging from
small applications that store and retrieve data on the same computer, to the millions of users and
computers that access huge amount of data from the internet at the same time).

DATA STORAGE
The main unit of data storage is a data base, which is a collection of tables with typed
columns. SQL server supports different data types, including primary types such as integer, float,
decimal, char (including characters strings), Varchar (variable character strings), binary (for
unstructured blobs of data), text (for textual data) among others. The rounding of floats to
integers uses either symmetric arithmetic rounding or symmetric round down (fix) depending on
arguments: SELECT Round (2.5,0) gives 3.
Microsoft SQL server also allows user define composite types to be defined and used. It
also makes server statistics available as virtual cables and views. In addition to tables, a data base
can also contain other objects including views, stored procedures, indexes and constraints along
with transaction log.
 DATA RETRIEVAL
The main mode of retrieving data from an SQL Server database is querying for it. He
query is expressed using a variant of SQL called T-SQL, a dialect Microsoft SQL Server share
with with Sybase SQL Server due to its legacy. The query declaratively specifies what is to be
retrieved. It is processed by the by the query processor, which figures out the sequence of steps
that will be necessary to retrieve the requested data. The sequence of actions necessary to
execute a query is called a query plan. There might be multiple ways to process the same query.
For example, for a query that contains a join statement and a select statement, executing join on
both the tables and then executing select on the results would give the same result as selecting
from each table and then executing the join, but result in different execution plans. In such case,
SQL Server chooses the plan that is expected to yeeld the results in the shortest possible time.
This is called query optimization and is performed by the query processor itself.
SQL Server also allows stored procedures to be defined. Stored procedures are
parameterized T-SQL queries, that are stored in the serve itself (and not issued by the client
application as is the case with general queries). Stored procedures can accept values sent by the
client as input parameters, and send back results as output parameters. They can call defined
function, and other stored procedures, including the same stored procedure (up to a set number of
times). They can be selectively provided access to. Unlike other queries, stored procedures have
an associate nam, which is used at runtime to resolve into the actual queries. Also because the
code need not be sent from the client every time (as it can be accessed by name), it reduces
network traffic and some what improves performance. Execution plans for stored procedures are
also cached as necessary.
 CHAPTER 6
TESTING
INTRODUCTION:

Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and represents the ultimate review
of specification, design and coding. In fact, testing is the one step in the software engineering process
that could be viewed as destructive rather than constructive.
A strategy for software testing integrates software test case design methods into a
well-planned series of steps that results in the successful construction of software. Testing is the ser of
activities that can be planned in advanced and conducted simultaneously. The underlying motivation
of program testing to affirm software quality with methods that can economically and effectively is
applied to both strategic to both large and small-scale systems.

The following are the testing objectives:

Testing is a process executing a program with the intent of finding an error.
A good test has a high probability of finding an as yet undiscovered error.
A successful test is one that uncovers an as yet undiscovered error.

DESIGN OF TEST CASES AND SCENARIOS:

The objective is to learn tests that systematically uncover different classes of errors and
do so with a minimum amount of time and effort. Testing cannot show the absence of defects, it can
only show that software defects are present.
Unit Testing:
Interface
Number of input characters should be equal to number of arguments.
Parameters and arguments attributes must match.
Parameters passed should be in correct order.
Global variable definitions consistent across module.
If module does I/O.
File attribute should be correct.
Open/Close statements must be correct.
Format specifications should match I/O statements.
Buffer size should match record size.
Files should be opened before use.
End of file condition should be handled.
I/O errors should be handled.
Any textual errors in output information must be checked.
Local Data Structures (common source of errors).
Improper or inconsistent typing.
Erroneous initializing or default values.
Incorrect variable names.
Inconsistent data types.
Overflow, underflow, address exception.
Boundary conditions and independent paths.
Error handling.
 Error description unintelligible.
Error noted does not correspond to error encountered.
Error condition handled by system run-time before error handler gets control.
Exception condition processing incorrect.

Integration Testing:
Module integrated by moving down the program design hierarchy. Can use depth first
or breadth first top down integration verifies major control and decision points early in design
process. Top-level structure tested most. Depth first implementation allows a complete function
to be implemented, tested and demonstrated and does depth first implementation of critical
function early. Top down integration forced (to some extend) by some development tools in
program with graphical user interfaces. Begin construction and testing with atomic modules
(lowest level modules).
Bottom up integration testing as its name implies being construction and testing with
atomic modules. Because modules are integrated from the bottom up, processing required for
module subordinate to a given level is always available and the need for stubs is eliminated.
Top-Down Integration:

Top-Down Integration testing is an incremental approach to construction of program structure.

Modules are integrated by moving download through the computer hierarchy, beginning with the
main control module.
The Top-Down integration process is performed in the following five steps:
The main control module is used as a test driver and subs are substituted for all the
components directly subordinate to the main control module.
Depending on the integration approach selected, subordinate stubs are replaced one at a time
with actual components.
Tests are conducted as each component is integrated.
On completion of each of test, another stub is replaced with the real components.
Regression testing may be conducted to ensure that new errors have not been introduced.

Bottom-Up Integration:

Bottom-Up Integration testing as its name implies, being construction as testing with atomic
modules because components are integrated from the bottom up, processing required for
components subordinate to a given level is always available and for stuns is eliminated.
The Bottom-Up Integration is performed in the following four steps:
Low-Level components are combined into clusters that perform a specific software stub function.
Driver is written to coordinate test case input and output.
The cluster is tested.

TEST CASES AND SCENERIOS:

A TEST Plan is a systematic approach to test a system as a machine or software. The plane
typically contains a detailed understanding of what the eventual work flow will be UINT LEVEL
plan for JOB ad.
Test Report and Results:

TEST REPORT NO 1
PROJECT NAME EFFECTIVE COLLABORATION WITH
INFORMATION SHARING IN VIRTUAL
UNIVERSITIES
MODULE NAME STUDENT REGISTRATION
FORM NAME REGISTRATION
UNIT NAME USER NAME & DETAILS OF STUDENTS
CHECK ATTENDANCE ON CLICKING SUBMIT BUTTON AFTER
PROVIDING YOUR PARTICULAR
ACCOUNT WILL BE CREATED AND YOU
CAN LOGIN TO THE SITE.

TEST PLAN 1:
Project Name: EFFECTIVE COLLABORATION WITH INFORMATION SHARING IN
VIRTUAL UNIVERSITIES.
Module Name: STUDENT Module.
Unit Name: User Name.
Test Result: The User Name Textbox is tested and verified.
Test Plan (Unit Module/Test Integration)
Test plan for EFFECTIVE COLLABORATION WITH INFORMATION SHARING IN
VIRTUAL UNIVERSITIES.
Unit ID: LOGIN.
Test Case ID: Login Page.
Test Type: Unit Case.
Form Name: LOGIN.
Base Table: ATTENDANCE
PURPOSE:
Registration table is used for store the details of registered members details and along with
their Username and Password. By using these details the administrator can perform the
operations.

TEST CASE DESCRIPTION:

STUDENT ID varchar (40), PRIMARY KEY
Test Data

SNO INPUT SPECIFICATION EXPECTED

RESULT/OUTPUT

1. Column Name: User Id

Valid Input: If the User id
valid along with password
then the form will be
navigated to allotted page.
Invalid Input: If the User
Name should be reentered.

Valid Output: If the User

Name and Password are
correct then form navigation
to home page.
Invalid Output: If the User
Name is incorrect error
message is displayed as “User
Invalid” and it will ask for
enter of User Id and Password.

TEST COMPLETION CRITERIA:

When Faculty adds the attendance and students checks it and it is correct test is completed.

VALIDATION TESTING:
Validation succeeds when system functions in a manner that can be reasonably by the end-user.
This is achieved through a series of black-test that demonstrate with requirements.
There are two tests for system conduction for the system validation:
Alpha Testing.
A customer conducts it at the developer’s site. The software is used in a nature setting
with the developer “looking over the shoulder” of the user and recording errors and usage
problems.
Beta Testing
This test is conducted at one or more users sited by the end user of the software. Here the
developer generally not presents. Therefore, the beta test in a “line” application of the
software in an environment that can’t be controlled by the developer.

System Testing:
Once the software product is developed, it is thoroughly tested and it is delivered to the users.
Now, it has to be tested by developing it on the system i.e., to what the given software is
comfortable to the environment. The software engineer should consider these issues during early
stages of software development to release himself from the problems which are encountered after
completion of the software. Hence, the tests conducted to ensure that the software is comfortable
with the system, where it is deployed is referred as “System Testing”.
Recovery Testing
It is often a nature fact that certain errors may corrupt the system or may make the system
not to function properly to a stipulated period of time. Hence, recovery testing is the
process which given software id exposed to failures and it is tested to see its recovery
capabilities.
Usually the recovery can be of two types:
Automatic through human intervention.
Recovery through human intervention.
During automatic recovery the software itself recovered. Sometimes requires certain
addition support like system restart, reutilization, data recovery, etc., for tis normal
execution when the system requires human intervention in order to recover from such
recovery is referred as recovery through human intervention. Here, mean-time-to-repair is
a value which is calculated to ensure that the software gets recovered within acceptable
span of time.
Security testing:
Security plays a major role especially in that software. Which are made to deal with
highly confidence data. For these systems, often several hackers try their to break the
security of the system and acquire the confidential data for their foolish requirements.
Hence, for these systems, security measures should be given vital importance. For this
purpose, the testers themselves disguise into hackers and perform series of attempts to
breaks the security of the given software can be truly judged.
Stress Testing
Stress testing is usually performance to check the limits of the system i.e., to what extend
the system can resists the abnormal conditions. Hence, the system is tested by providing
abnormal resources in different proportions. During stress testing a system can be.
Providing the excess values of data in different proportions to check its memory
management capabilities i.e., how efficiently the system manages the data which is more
than its capability.
Exposed to certain programs demanding large memory and resources not available with
the current system.
Providing too many interrupts during a specific period of time.
Providing with too many inputs through it can survive only few inputs etc.
Performance testing
Performance testing is essential to ensure the given software performance to the
execution when it is implemented on the system. Hence, in this case it is only the
software considered but also the hardware in which it is deployed. Here, the performance
testing is combined with the stress testing cases to check the internal aspects such as
resources utilization and various other instances.

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The package was designed in such a way that future modifications can be done easily. The
following conclusions can be deducted from the development of the project.
Automation of the entire system improves the efficiency.
It provides a friendly graphical user interface which proves to be better when compared
to the existing system.
It gives appropriate access to the authorized users depending on their permissions.
It effectively overcomes the delay in communications.
Updating of information becomes so easier.
System security, data security and reliability are the striking features.
The system has adequate scope for modifications in future if it is necessary.
This application avoids the manual work and the problems concern with it. It is an easy and fast
way to access the updates information.
 (A UGC Autonomous Institution, Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH,
Kukatpally
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA),
National Assessment and Accreditation Council(NAAC))

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE (Individual copy)

This is to certify that the project report titled “TITLE” is being submitted by
CH. CHAKRAVARTHI REDDY(14P61A0533), in B. Tech IV-II semester
Computer Science & Engineering is a record bonafide work carried out by
him/her. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any
other University for the award of any degree.

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Guide name Dr.K.SreenivasRao

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

DATE