163559main LunarExplorationObjectives

Lunar Exploration Objectives Astronomy and Astrophysics
Version 1, released December 2006 Page 1 of 52
Category Objective Name Summary Value Themes Supported

ID Exploratio Scientific Human Economic Global Public
Number n Knowledg Civilizatio Expansio Partnership Engagemen
Astronomy mA1 Perform radio Radio interferometry antenna arrays, as Radio astronomy is enabled by being on X
& astronomy to map the well as single-dish antennae, located on the the far side of the Moon. Low frequencies
Astrophysics cosmic web and far-side of the Moon could provide data on can not be observed from the Earth
observe other exotic phenomena in the universe: pulsars, because they are absorbed by the
astronomical objects. black holes, planetary radio emissions, and atmoshere. High frequencies can not be
the remnants of the big bang. observed from the Earth because the radio
environment on Earth is too noisy. The far
side of the Moon, lacking an atmosphere
and shielded from the Earth's radio noise,
is ideal.
Astronomy mA2 Perform Perform interferometry on lunar surface to Interferometry on the Moon is enabled X
& interferometry on the observe the universe at UV, optical and because the Moon is a dark site without an
Astrophysics lunar surface to infrared wavelengths, including atmosphere. Locating a telescope in the
observe the universe observations of extra-solar planets. bottom of a crater could have additional
at UV, optical, and advantages for IR observations because of
infrared wavelengths. the cold temperature there. However, the
Moon offers a harsher environment for
interferometry in the UV, optical, and NIR
than does deep space. Large thermal
variations, mechanical distortions due to
lunar gravity, dust, and seismic noise are
all absent in deep space.
Astronomy mA3 Detect gravitational Gravitational waves are created from The Moon affords a stable base for the X
& waves to observe a merging supermassive black holes and widely spaced detectors required to detect
Astrophysics variety of binary compact objects. Gravitational gravitational waves. However, the longest
astrophysical and waves are expected to be detected by feasible baselines for gravitational wave
cosmological ground and space-based systems in the interferometry on the Moon would be about
phenomena that are next decade. The Moon offers another 100 km (e.g. on the rim of the Newton
unobservable in the stable platform on which to place detection Crater), only one order of magnitude
electromagnetic instruments. longer than those currently existing on
spectrum. Earth. Although lunar seismic noise could
be nullified with existing technology, the
thermal requirements (the factor that
would ultimately limit performance) on a
lunar gravitational wave interferometer
would be severe, worse than on Earth or
deep space.
Astronomy mA4 Detect and monitor Monitor nearby stars over time to detect Understanding extrasolar planetary X
& exoplanets to gain transit by planets. systems is critical for gaining perspective
Astrophysics perspective on the on the uniqueness of our own solar system
uniqueness of the and the Earth within it. Photometric
Earth and our solar accuracy of instruments on the Moon would
system. be better than could be obtained from
Earth because of the blurring effects of the
Earth's atmosphere. There may be no
improvement over space-based telescopes
in this regard.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Astronomy and Astrophysics

Astronomy mA5 Perform long-duration Perform long duration measurements of Because the Moon is outside the Earth's X
& measurements of energetic phenomena such as cosmic rays magnetosphere and lacks an atmosphere,
Astrophysics energetic particles at and solar energetic particles. Cosmic rays energetic solar particles and cosmic rays of
the Moon's surface to could be measured by large arrays of high- all energies and types reach the lunar
gain understanding of energy cosmic ray detectors placed on the surface without attenuation or degradation.
nucleosynthesis lunar surface. Studying the lunar regolith Installing large detector arrays would
processes in could provide information on solar enable searches for very rare cosmic rays,
supernovae and other energetic particles. such as the ultra-heavy cosmic rays (those
stellar sites. in the iron-group to the trans-uranic
group). Such searches would inform us of
the nucleosynthetic processes that occur in
supernovae and other stellar sites.
Astronomy mA6 Search for exotic Theordtically predicted to be the stablest Strange Quark Matter is theoretically the X
& states of nuclear form of matter, but never observed, is stablest form of nuclear matter, and may
Astrophysics matter to understand Strange Quark Matter. Such matter might exist in the interior of neutron stars. It
the composition of the exist in the form of "nuggets," produced might have also been produced during the
universe. primordially or from neutron stars. These Big Bang, but it has never been directly
would have large nuclear densities and be detected. The relatively low seismic noise
capable of passing through the Moon, on the Moon may make it an attractive
leaving behind a linear seismic signature. location to search for Strange Quark
A network of seismometers evenly spaced Nuggets that leave a linear seismic
on the Moon could identify a Strange Quark signature. Seeing this signature on the
Nugget event. Moon would constitute a discovery of
profound importance to nuclear physics and
astrophysics.
Astronomy mA7 Make precise Placing lunar laser transponders at a Laser ranging measurements of the Moon’s X
& measurements of the number of sites on the near side of the position have given us some of our most
Astrophysics Moon's position to Moon would allow the relative motion of the accurate tests of Einstein’s theory of
test Einstein's theory Moon with respect to the Earth to be gravity (which has so far passed all its
of general relativity. measured to the millimeter level of tests). Placing laser transponders on the
accuracy. Laser pulses sent from the Earth Moon would significantly enhance the
to the Moon would trigger coherent return power of these tests.
pulses from the lunar laser stations. The
responding pulses would be received and
timed at Earth tracking stations providing
unparalleled orbital positional accuracy.
The Apollo retroreflectors have been used
for this purpose, but these yield a very
small signal that limits accuracy.
Astronomy mA8 Detect and monitor Conduct sky surveys from the lunar surface The long lunar night and the absence of X X X
& Near Earth Objects to detect NEOs, determine their orbits, atmosphere make the Moon an attractive
Astrophysics (NEO) to discover assess their physical characteristics, and location for discovering NEOs that might
threats to the Earth evaluate the potential hazard to Earth and otherwise go undetected from Earth or Low
and Moon. the Moon. Earth Orbit. Earth's impact crater history
and the ever increasing catalog of newly
discovered NEOs demonstrate the
importance of NEO research for global
protection.
Astronomy mA9 Evaluate the Moon's Carry out a site survey of the Moon and A lunar telescope will be very expensive. X
& potential as an characterize aspects of the lunar Studying the lunar environment will bring
Astrophysics observation platform environment to determine the best better understanding of the observations
to maximize locations for various telescopes. Consider that can be most effeciently conducted
investments in dust contamination, seismic environment, from the Moon, as well as which sites are
astronomy and thermal environment, radio environment, best suited to different telscopes. This
astrophysics. and other variables. Emplace a small information will inform the telescope
telescope in a representative location selection and siting and help to optimize
before investing in a larger, more the scientific return.
expensive telescope.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Heliophysics
Category Objectiv Name Summary Value Themes Supported

e ID Exploratio Scientific Human Economic Global Public
Heliophysic mHEO1 Image the Image the heliospheric boundaries in Determining the interaction properties X
s interaction of the the extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray of our own heliosphere with the local
Sun's heliosphere wavelenths. Investigate the interstellar medium will enable us to
with the interstellar interactions of the stellar nebula (the identify and compare other
medium to enable heliosphere), in its various stages of heliospheres.
identification and formation and evolution, with its local
comparison of other interstellar medium.
heliospheres.
Heliophysic mHEO2 Perform low- Perform low-frequency radio Earth-directed shocks associated with X X X
s frequency radio astronomy observations of the Sun. particle events are potentially
astronomy Observe transient solar Type II sources hazardous to astronauts and orbiting
observations of the to enable identification and tracking of assets. Detecting and tracking these
Sun to improve our Earth-directed shocks associated with events would provide some advanced
understanding of solar particle events and enable warning so that humans and
space weather. measurement of solar wind properties equipment could be protected as best
throughout the heliosphere. possible. In addition, because these
observations could probe space from a
few solar radii out to 1 AU, the
observations would allow greatly
improved space weather forecasting,
improved understanding of shock
formation and evolution, and detailed
mapping of the interplanetary electron
density and magnetic field topology.
Imaging observations have never been
achieved at frequencies below 10MHz
because of the Earth's ionospheric
effects.
Heliophysic mHEO3 Study the dymanics Place detectors on the Moon or on The Moon is an ideal location for X
s of the magnetotail satellites orbiting the Moon to provide studying the development and
as it crosses the regular measurements of the Earth's transport of plasmoids, which travel
Moon's orbit to magnetotail, which crosses the lunar down the Earth's magnetotail after
learn about the orbit for approximately five days of substorm onset. Substorms are the
development and every month. Arrays of detectors basic process by which energy is stored
transport of could be used to study the small scale and released in the magnetotail.
plasmoids. shape, structure and dynamics of
plasmoids, as well as other tail regions
and boundaries. Active release
experiments, observed from the Moon,
could also be used to measure
plasmoid transport.

Heliophysic mHEO4 Study the impact of The Moon perturbs the surrounding Measuring the convection electric field, X
s the Moon on the plasma environment. As an absorber, and using ions as tracers, are both
surrounding plasma the Moon shadows solar electrons, and important aspects of understanding ion
environment and the resulting position of the shadow transport in the magnetotail.
incident solar wind can be used to determine the
to better convection electric field. In addition,
understand the lunar pick-up ions that have been
magnetotail. detected in the magnetotail can be
used as a unique tracer to track
transport in the magnetotail.
Heliophysic mHEO5 Analyze the The solar wind reflects the composition Analysis of the composition of the solar X
s composition of the of the Sun and physcial processes in wind will give new information on how
solar wind to the corona. the solar system was formed and on
improve our the coronal processes.
understanding of
the composition and
processes of the
Sun.

Heliophysic mHEO6 Image the Photon and particle imaging of the Global observations of ionospheric, X X
s interaction of the global ionosphere, thermosphere, thermospheric, mesospheric, and
ionosphere and mesosphere, and magnetosphere can magnetospheric phenomena provide
magnetosphere to be accomplished with instrumentation measurements that are key to
understand space located either on the lunar surface, in understanding space weather in the
weather in the lunar orbit, or in other orbital locations regions of space where most
regions of space via trans-lunar assets. commercial and military and space
where most operations occur. These measurements
commercial and will also provide constraints to global
military space ionospheric models and provide keys to
operations occur. solving compelling questions associated
with the coupling between these two
regions and coupling of the high and
mid-equatorial regions of the
ionosphere.
Heliophysic mHEO7 Perform high- Perform high-frequency (X-ray and The high-quality observations made X X X
s energy and optical gamma ray) and optical observations possible by large lunar-based high-
observations of the of the Sun. Uninterrupted observations energy and optical solar observations
Sun to improve our can be extended to up to a half lunar telescopes will greatly improve our
understanding of day, or 14 Earth days (the duration of understanding of the physical
the physical the East-West passage of an active processes responsible for particle
processes of the region of the Sun). physics in the Sun and in other
Sun. astrophysical sources. Optical and
infra-red magnetographs at the very
high spatial resolutions made possible
will also allow us to identify the
conditions preceding solar eruptive
events that are potentially hazardous
to astronauts and equipment on the
Moon on interplanetary flights, and to
power transmission and
communications on the Earth. The
Moon provides an exceptionally large
platform on which to position
instruments that can be used to
provide uninterrupted observations of
the Sun over extended periods of time.
The gradual rotation rate of the Moon
also allows horizon occultation
measurements (at a drift rate of ~0.5
arc seconds/second) to be made.

Heliophysic mHEO8 Analyze the Sun's Collect simultaneous observations of It is generally acknowledged that the X X
s role in climate the earthshine (photometry and 0.1% variation in irradiance over a
change to gain a spectra), particle flux, and solar solar cycle is too small to be
better overall irradiance covering the electromagnetic climatologically significant, but there
understanding of and charged particle spectrum. The are terrestrial signatures of the cycle,
climate. earthshine gives an instantaneous as well as signs of apparent longer-
measure of the Earth's reflectance, and term wanderings of solar output. The
over a month, the total reflectance simple measurements of the solar
(Bond albedo) of Earth can be output and Earth’s reflectance from the
measured. The irradiance plus Bond unique lunar perch give an excellent
albedo gives the net sunlight reaching opportunity to determine what solar
Earth, and sun-directed hardware gives signal is being amplified near the
a broad spectrum of near-Earth Earth. Such knowledge will advance
measurements of solar activity. our understanding of the dynamics of
the Sun and the Earth’s response.
Such knowledge is essential to
predicting future climate change.
Lunar Exploration Objectives
Earth Observation
Version 1, released December 2006
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Earth mEO1 Use the Moon as a Observe electromagnetic behavior due Gaining a better understanding of the X X
Observatio remote sensing to solar activity, and understand any impacts to society by magnetosphere-
n platform for resulting damaging behavior. Gain driven event impacts can guide
monitoring the understanding of magnetosphere mitigation priorities and response.
Earth's interactions with lower regions of the
magnetosphere, to atmosphere, with the objective of
develop predictive developing predictive and mitigation
and mitigation capability.
capabilities for
magnetosphere-
driven events.
Earth mEO2 Create solid Earth, Form Synthetic Aperature Radar Synthetic Aperature Radar will provide X X
Observatio topography, images of the Earth from the Moon's an all-weather capability to observe the
n altimetry, surface using the relative motion of the Earth. Using a dual-band will also
tomography, and Earth with respect to Moon. Utilize allow global observation of the
vegetation map. multiple antennas to form a microwave ionosphere. Placing the observation
interferometer with a long baseline and capability on the Moon will provide the
extreme stability. This configuration capability to observe the entire Earth's
also allows bistatic operation for disk at any given time. The very large
remote sensing of complex terrestrial baseline allowed by interferometry on
processes. the Moon will create very accurate
topography maps.
Earth mEO3 Observe the Earth's Use multipsectral passive sensors with Continuous observation of Earth's disk X X
Observatio atmospheric 1-km horizontal resolution to cover the for the sunlit portion (solar
n composition to UVA-TIR range for global mapping of backscatter) and whole disk (IR
characterize its tropospheric and stratospheric emission) offers a unique vantage point
dynamics. composition including ozone, CO, NO2, for characterizing surface fluxes of
HCHO, BrO, aerosols, CO2, and CH4. gases, global-scale transport of
pollution, and ozone and aerosol
dynamics.
Earth mEO4 Observe the Sun- Make simultaneous observations of the Understanding the reaction of the X X
Observatio Earth system to Earth and Sun from 60 nm to 1 micron Earth's atmosphere, especially the
n understand the to observe the effect of solar flares and mesosphere, stratospheric ozone, and
reaction of the coronal mass ejections on the Earth's troposphere, to solar activity will help
Earth's atmosphere atmosphere. estimate the effect of long term solar
to solar activity. changes on climate and composition.
Earth mEO5 Determine the Earth Make observations at many These observations will fill in gaps in X X
Observatio BRDF (bi-directional wavelengths between 0.34 and 1.5 our knowledge of the Earth's BRDF that
n reflectivity microns to determine the BRDF of the are needed to calculate the radiative
distribution Earth at the special angles that are balance of the Earth for climate
function) for use in available from a lunar perspective. In studies. LEO satellites cannot provide
climate studies. particular, observe the Earth "Hotspot" this information.
when the Sun, Moon, and Earth are
aligned in this order.
Earth mEO6 Measure the Earth's Measure sub-surface marine Results will afford an understanding of X X
Observatio ocean color to phytoplankton fluoresence with active the physiological status and health of
n understand its lidar. marine ecosystems, especially those
health. that are sub-surface.
Earth Observation
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Earth mEO7 Map the surface Perform moderate resolution (250 - Data from a MODIS/ASTER/Hyperion - X X
Observatio composition of the 500 m per pixel) UV-VIS-SWIR-TIR like instrument of the whole Earth disc
n Earth, from a multi- to hyper-spectral mapping of the would provide information on land
whole-disc Earth's surface from a fixed lunar surface mineralogy, land use/land
perspective, to position. cover change, and biomass/ecosystem
provide information monitoring. These datasets (depending
on land use, on spatial and spectral resolution)
composition, and could also be useful for observing
change. ocean color and sea surface
temperature, as well as for
atmospheric studies such as detecting,
mapping, and monitoring the large
dust emission events in China and the
Sahara in near-real time.
Earth mEO8 Measure the paleo Monitor variability of solar energy Understand past climate variability as X X
Observatio solar constant to output for century to millennium time driven by solar input.
n understand climate scales in borehole with temperature
history. string.
Earth mEO9 Observe the Earth's Assess flow velocity of major ice bodies Understand the dynamic response of X X
Observatio ice surfaces over (Greenland, Antarctica) with major ice masses to climate change
n time to understand Interferometric Synthetic Aperture and variability, represented by fresh
how they are Radar (InSAR). Monitor sea ice extent water flux from ice sheets. Gain a
impacted by climate and concentration in the polar regions. partial assessment of sea level rise,
change. sea ice transport (fresh water flux) and
ice concentration as a surrogate of
climate forcing in the Northern
Hemisphere.
Earth mEO10 Monitor Earth's "hot Perform multispectral thermal infrared A lunar-based infrared instrument X X
Observatio spots" to detect and observations (2 - 14 microns) of the could provide whole Earth thermal data
n monitor volcanic whole Earth disc with lunar-based with a temporal frequency of seconds.
activity. sensors. These observation are not This data is critical for monitoring and
dependent on local "day/night" responding to large volcanic eruptions.
conditions. With 1km/pixel spatial Current Low Earth Orbit and
resolution, observations could provide Geosynchronous Orbit satellites
near instananeous detection and provide only 1-8 km/pixel resolution
monitoring of volcanic eruptions and data, with temporal frequencies from
fires. 15 minutes to 6 hours. These
instruments also do not provide a
whole-Earth perspective. A lunar
instrument (if multi to hyperspectral)
could also be useful for atmospheric
monitoring and surface
composition/radiant flux
measurements.
Earth Observation
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Earth mEO11 Calibrate Earth Earth shine (brightness of the unlit Because Earth shine measurements are X X
Observatio shine to validate portion of the Moon as seen from available from decades past, a
n Earth albedo and Earth) has been demonstrated to be reconstruction of Earth albedo, with
energy balance related to Earth albedo and implicitly to implications for cloud amount, optical
observations. cloud amount, optical thickness etc. thickness etc., are possible. These
Earth shine measurements have been values relate to the energy balance of
made with Earth-based instruments for the Earth system and thus responses
decades. The objective here is to of the Earth system to variations in the
measure true Earth albedo (and cloud balance.
amount, etc.) from the Moon and
calibrate these with current and past
Earth-based Earth shine
measurements.
Earth mEO12 Observe lightning Perform continuous monitoring of With a full lightning climatology, X X
Observatio on the Earth to lightning of the Earth disk presented to changes in lightning frequency and
n develop a lightning the Moon. Use this data to develop a distribution can be used as potential
climatology for complete lightning climatology, i.e. an markers for climate variability and
climate monitoring. understanding of lightning as a function change.
of time of day, season, and location.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Geology

Geology mGEO1 Determine the internal Determine the internal structure and The Moon presents the best opportunity to X X X
structure and dynamics of the Moon. Data obtained will characterize the early differentiation into
dynamics of the Moon address core-mantle-crust transitions, phase structural parts of a planetary body of
to constrain the origin, heterogeneity, degree of seismic activity, the substantial size which has not been
composition, and foci for Moonquakes, lower crust/upper significantly modified by the major ongoing
structure of the Moon mantle interactions, planetary anisotropy, and processes experienced by the Earth. These
and other planetary seismic hazards for future experiments and structural parts include not only core, mantle,
bodies. structures. and crust, but features produced by large
impacts, such as mascons. Seismic
exploration could also help reveal lunar
resources and construction site hazards,
buried lava tubes, etc.
Geology mGEO2 Determine the Determine the composition and evolution of The Moon’s crust shows an example of a X X
composition and the lunar crust and mantle. Synthesize data small, differentiated planet; its study will
evolution of the lunar from both remote sensing and sample allow us to better understand early planetary
crust and mantle to analysis to inventory and map rock types, evolution and crustal genesis. The Moon
constrain the origin determine their sequence and structure, and presents the best opportunity to
and evolution of the model crustal evolution in space and time. geochemically characterize early fundamental
Moon and other Use craters and basins to access varying processes of a planetary body of substantial
planetary bodies. crustal levels. Evaluate sample types from size, including the early differentiation into
selected impact basins (e.g., South Pole- component parts, the production of an early
Aitken), especially with a view to probing the crust, and the genesis of basalts from various
lower crust and/or mantle composition. Study mantle depths.
samples of young lava flows and pyroclastic
deposits to understand mantle evolution.
Geology mGEO3 Characterize the lunar Characterize the lunar geophysical state Characterizing these geophysical parameters X X
geophysical state variables, including the lunar gravitational in a planetary body other than Earth enables
variables to constrain potential field (in detail), heat flow, lunar a more fundamental understanding, not only
the origin, rotational fluctuations, lunar tides and of the Moon, but of the importance of these
composition, and deformation, and the present and historic parameters in all solid bodies.
structure of the Moon magnetic fields.
and other planetary
bodies.
Geology mGEO4 Determine the origin Determine the origin of lunar volatiles, Although the Moon is a volatile-poor body, X X
and distribution of including those from endogenous (e.g. from characterizing the uncommon occurrence of
lunar volatiles as one the lunar interior) and exogenous (delivered its more readily volatilized elements can
input to understanding from outside the Moon) processes, and the address questions of lunar origin and the
the origin, redistribution of these volatiles by geologic chemical nature of its interior, as well as
composition, and processes operating over time, including enable characterization of the volatile content
structure of the Moon escape from the Moon. This will lead to of lunar impactors over time. The results of
and other planetary predictive models of the distribution of this investigation could provide additional
bodies. volatiles on a broad scale. value to Lunar Resource Utilization.
Geology mGEO5 Characterize the Characterize the broad geology of the Moon Detailed studies of the regolith at individual X
crustal geology of the from detailed study of the lunar regolith. The sites can identify the range of geological
Moon to identify the lunar regolith at any site primarily represents materials present, locate and identify exotic,
range of geological a sampling of local rock units, but a minor rare samples, and give insight into the variety
materials present. part represents contributions from more sites. of petrological units present on the Moon.
Thus the regolith gives some degree of
statistical sampling of rocks over an
appreciable area.
Geology mGEO6 Characterize the Study the physical and compositional effects Characterize the complex impact process of X X X
impact process on the of hypervelocity impact using lunar craters, the Moon and other planetary bodies. This
Moon and other from micron-sized zap pits to multi-ring activity will also help characterize the recent
planetary bodies to basins. Study excavation and modification impact rate and gardening rate.
understand this stages of impact process and their physical
complex process. and compositional effects. Study the
transport and mixing of materials as a result
of impacts. Study the morphology of freshly
formed craters and of their ejecta distribution.

Geology mGEO7 Characterize impact Characterize the flux and crater production The Moon is the best available laboratory for X X
cratering over the function (impactor flux as a function of size) studies that illuminate aspects of the early
Moon's geologic of impacting bodies in the Earth-Moon solar system history. Early impactors defined
history, to understand system, over the course of geologic history. much of the surface geology of the inner
early solar system Emphasize time variations in flux of objects, planets, and may have influenced early life on
history. the nature and origin of the impactors and Earth and evolution of the atmospheres of
their possible role in delivering volatiles, the Earth and Mars. The measured densities of
nature of the late heavy bombardment impact craters on the Moon are the basis for
(cataclysm), and the densities and ages of calibration of the ages of surfaces of other
major lunar basins. planetary bodies throughout the inner Solar
System, including Mars, and represent our
primary means of determining relative and
absolute ages of planetary surfaces. In
addition, this characterization may provide a
baseline for evaluating impact-generated,
short-term climatic perturbations, and may
facilitate our evaluation of the current impact
threat to Earth.
Geology mGEO8 Study meteorite Determine the timing and composition of Studying meteorite impacts on the Moon X
impacts on the Moon impactors to study the impact history of the could yield an understanding of the impact
to understand the Moon. Look at lunar cratering flux, regoliths, history of the solar system and the early
early Earth history and ages of specific lunar craters and basins. history of the Earth and the origin of life. On
and origin of life. Search for material impact-ejected from Earth Earth, terrestrial analyses of zircons are
and other bodies to research characteristics of starting to give clues about the thermal and
the early Earth and the origin of life between aqueous history of early Earth. But
0.55 billion and 4.4 billion years. information on solar variations, cosmic dust
input, and unmetamorphosized samples of
the early Earth surface have been mostly
destroyed, but may exist on the Moon. This
evidence may constrain theories regarding
the potential interplanetary transfer of life
due to meteoritic exchange between Earth
and Mars. Data supporting or rejecting
evidence of past life might be obtained
without the complicating factor of
contamination.
Geology mGEO9 Study the lunar Investigate records of past solar particles and The value to this investigation is in X X
regolith to understand irradiance, galactic cosmic rays, and dust uncovering the histories of the Sun, cosmic
the nature and history from the interstellar medium that are radiation, and the local interstellar medium
of solar emissions, preserved in lunar regolith. This is a record in from the beginnings of the solar system to
galactic cosmic rays, time, energy, composition, and ionization the present. First, a history of solar wind and
and the local state. Some of this record consists of buried solar energetic particle variations over time
interstellar medium. regolith sections which may have preserved a provides data criterium that solar and stellar
snapshot of solar radiation, cosmic rays, and models must meet. Second, a histroy of
the interstellar medium properties at a cosmic ray variations over time provides data
specific and easily datable time. A series of that restricts models off the evolution of the
such time capsules back to 4Gy or earlier Milky Way and the universe. Correlating
would be a record of solar wind, energetic cosmic ray fluxes and cloud cover (and in
particles, and interstellar dust through time. turn, average temperatures) and radiation
Finding this series involves searching for levels at Earth (which affect the evolution of
identifiable layers of "fossil regolith" that can life) can yield significant understanding of
be dated to track changes in the Sun and both the history of our planet and the
galactic cosmic rays through time, and evolution of the galaxy and the universe.
movement of the cosmic dust cloud. This Finally, a history of galactic dust from the
objective will support heliophysics interstellar medium over time would provide
investigations and could be synergistic with data for how the solar system moves around
the use of the lunar regolith for resource the galaxy.
utilization.

Geology mGEO10 Determine lunar Determine lunar regolith properties, such as Regolith is an important part of the Moon's X X
regolith properties to structure (layering and depth variations) and surface geology. Because impacts produce a
understand the composition, and its modes of formation and surface regolith on all planetary bodies
surface geology of the evolution. without atmospheres, it is important to study
Moon and other the processes and end products associated
planetary bodies. with these regoliths. Understanding the
surface geology will also provide additional
value to Lunar Resource Utilization and the
construction of a lunar base.
Geology mGEO11 Characterize the lunar Characterize the lunar regolith exposed at The Moon is a natural laboratory for X X X
regolith to understand lunar surfaces of various ages. Evaluate the characterizing the space weathering of
the space weathering upper-surface stratigraphy, and sample planetary bodies without air or water.
process. regolith from terranes of diverse composition Impacts on the Moon over its history have
and age. Map regolith maturity and identify produced a variety of surface ages on the
regions that contain ancient regolith. lunar surface, from very new to ancient,
which can be investigated via the regolith.
Evaluating space weathering is an important
part of understanding the potential hazards
for resource mining on asteroids and
characterizing space weather risks to the
Earth.
Geology mGEO12 Characterize lunar Determine the concentration, chemistry, Characterizing lunar volatiles could reveal the X X X
volatiles to reveal the phase relations, temperatures, geotechnical chemical nature of impactors on the Moon
nature of impactors on properties, photometry, morphology, through time, as the impactors are the likely
the Moon. topography, distribution and inventory of source of the volatiles present.
lunar volatiles. Of particular interest,
characterize the volatile phase in the
permanently shadowed regions near the lunar
poles.
Geology mGEO13 Characterize transport Understand surface transport of volatile Characterize transport of volatile elements on X
of lunar volatiles to atoms and molecules in the lunar the lunar surface as a guide toward
understand the environment, including to polar cold traps. understanding the processes of polar volatile
processes of polar deposit genesis and evolution on airless
volatile depost genesis planets.
and evolution.
Geology mGEO14 Characterize potential Locate and quantify (develop maps at Future exploitation of lunar resources is X X X X
resources to appropriate scales) surface/near-surface facilitated if a global surface map of these
understand their deposits of potentially valuable resources, resources exists. Such a resource map is also
potential for lunar including both minerals and volatiles of scientific value in helping to define
resource utilization. (especially water). variations in surface compositions.
Geology mGEO15 Provide curatorial Provide the capability to curate samples on To make accurate analyses of geological X X X
facilities and the Moon before transporting them to Earth. samples collected on the Moon, the samples
technologies to ensure This involves protecting them from must be kept clean from contamination from
contamination control contamination while on the Moon and during other samples and habitat gases, dust, and
for lunar samples. transport to Earth. It also requires other human-generated materials. Numerous
development of an information system to samples will be collected, so it is also
keep track of samples (collection locality, important to keep track of each one and its
specimen type, location in curatorial facility, collection location to avoid confusion during
etc.). This applies to biological as well as analysis.
geological samples, and to samples of the
products of resource extraction experiments.

Geology mGEO16 Provide sample Provide instrumentation on the lunar surface Analytical instruments at a lunar base will X X X
analysis instruments to serve a screening function for lunar sample allow us to choose which samples to return to
on the Moon to collection. Have the ability to select the most Earth, hence making the best use of cargo
analyze lunar samples valuable samples for return to Earth. space and mass. It also allows astronauts to
before returning them receive preliminary data on samples collected
to Earth. to help in planning additional field
observations. Automation is useful so that
astronauts do not have to spend significant
amounts of time doing rock analyses.
Materials Science
Page 14 of 52

Materials mMAT1 Study the effects of This research aims to understand the Understanding the effect of the lunar X X X X
Science the lunar long-term effects of the lunar environment on materials will allow
environment on environment on materials. Unique engineers to choose or design
materials so as to aspects of the lunar environment to be materials which will best withstand
design mitigation studied include fractional gravity, extended use on the Moon. This will
strategies to radiation bombardment, thermal enable long-duration stays and
enable robust cycling, and dust. Understand the eventual settlement on the Moon.
performance during individual as well as cumulative effects
extended stays. of each of these variables, such that
results can be extrapolated to the Mars
case.
Materials mMAT2 Investigate the Use the lunar environment, specifically Low gravity is a unique feature of the X X X
Science development of 1/6 g and ultra-high vacuum, to Moon that can be exploited to enable
new materials in develop new types of materials for use the use of materials processing
the lunar in space or on Earth. Investigate the strategies that are not possible or
environment to use of lunar resources in materials ineffective on Earth. Determine if this
determine the processing. is a feasible activity.
feasibility of this
activity.
Materials mMAT3 Examine the A thorough study of spacecraft These spacecraft have been exposed to X X X
Science Apollo, Lunakhod, materials exposure effects in the lunar the lunar and solar radiation, thermal,
and/or Surveyor environment could be performed dust, and micro-meteorid
spacecraft to through photographic surveys, in-situ environments for over 30 years.
determine the measurements of materials properties, Analysis of the effects of this long
long-term effects and/or the return of spacecraft duration environmental exposure on
of the lunar materials for analysis on Earth. these materials would provide
environment on designers of future lunar exploration
materials. spacecraft with a unique view into the
environmental factors that need to be
accounted for in their future changes.
Human Health
Page 15 of 52

Human mHH1 Understand the Conduct fundamental research to Keeping humans healthy and at peak X X X X
Health fundamental understand the physiological and biological performance during extended stays on the
biological and effects of the lunar environment on Moon will require an understanding of how
physiological effects humans. Effects of fractional gravity, features of the lunar environment affect
of the lunar radiation bombardment, and dust on human health, starting from fundamental
environment on biological systems must be investigated biological and physical processes. This
human health and through lunar cell, animal, and human knowledge will provide data toward
the fundamental research. Understand the fundamental understanding the risk present in the
biological processes physiological and biological effects on system, aiding the design of mitigation
and subsystems humans (such as bone and muscle loss, strategies. Studies can provide data
upon which health diminished immune efficiency, slower points for understanding the effects of
depends to wound healing, human nutrition needs, gravity levels between 1/6 and 1g, the
understand the long- and poorer cognitive performance, in effects of the mixed-type radiation
term human addition to pointing out unanticipated spectrum, and the consequences of
response to the effects of the exploration environment), as exposure to unhydrated lunar dust, none
lunar environment. well as the effects on the fundamental of which can be simulated on Earth,
biological processes and subsystems upon enabling the design and development of
which health depends. With appropriate countermeasures. Research testing the
equipment and facilities, the lunar adequacy of lunar gravity (1/6) as an
environment can provide a range of effective countermeasure against muscle
gravitational data points from 1/6 to 1g deconditioning and bone loss may also
and beyond, to help understand the effects inform the design of possible future
of gravity levels other than 1g. artificial gravity space vehicles. Some
fundamental breakthroughs in lunar
biological/physiological science and
technology are likely to drive advances in
terrestrial medicine and may also lead to
new commercial products and therapies.
Human mHH2 Understand the Study the human performance and human Predicting human capabilities for more X X X X
Health effects of the lunar factors effects of the lunar environment, complex Moon missions and future Mars
environment, in including partial gravity, dust, and missions is critical to designing the tasks
particular partial radiation. Human factors research aims to and equipment with which to accomplish
gravity, on human understand whole body coordination mission objectives. This can lead to
performance and strategies, including balance, posture, improved productivity, as missions and
human factors to locomotion, work capability, endurance, mission-support are designed around the
understand and and speed of humans in fractional gravity, results of these studies. The lunar surface
promote human and the effect of isolation and is one existing environment from which
productivity in an communication lag on performance and the effects of partial gravity can be
off-Earth planetary mission coordination. In conjunction, the researched.
environment. impact of countermeasures, such as
improved mission tasking, rovers and
other tools, and EVA suits can be
investigated. Radiation research would
investigate the effects of large-particle
bombardment on human behavior and
cognitive function.
Human Health
Page 16 of 52

Human mHH3 Understand the Lunar crews will be operating in an Understanding the impact of isolation on X X X X
Health impact of extreme environment that is truly remote from crews will enable the development of
isolation on Earth, especially on missions on the far appropriate mitigation strategies to ensure
individual side of the Moon. Such isolation may the long-term health, safety and
psychological health cause unprecedented psychological stress productivity of inhabitants on the lunar
and group dynamics that could be mitigated by appropriate surface and Mars.
to ensure the long- crew selection, mission control procedures,
term health, safety, habitat design, diagnosis and treatment
and productivity of protocols, and other techniques. In order
crews. to develop appropriate techniques, first an
understanding must be gained of the
psychological impacts of isolation on
individuals and groups.
Human mHH4 Understand the Understand the effects of vehicle, habitat, Crews will spend all of their time either in X X X
Health effects of vehicle, and EVA suit pressures and oxygen vehicles and habitats or in frequent EVAs.
habitat, and EVA suit concentrations on human health. Consider The long-term effects and interactions of
pressures and the whole habitat, closed ECLS pressure and oxygen concentration in a
oxygen environment (not just pressures). reduced gravity environment must be
concentrations on Vehicles and habitats will likely operate at understood in order to design safe habitats
human health so as 8.0 psia and up to 34% oxygen while suits and vehicles and develop appropriate
to design mitigation will operate at 4.3 psia and 100% oxygen. protocols for safely carrying out frequent
strategies for EVAs on the planetary surface. This will
extended stays. ensure long-term safety of inhabitants on
lunar surface.
Human mHH5 Understand the Study the impact of the lunar environment Increase our knowledge of risks to human X X X X
Health impact of the lunar on multiple generations of terrestrial life health and concomitantly increase our
environment on forms that impact human health. capability to manage, mitigate, or
terrestrial microbes Investigate the fidelity of replication of eliminate microbial risks to human health.
to understand human microbial flora for variants, Improved understanding of accelerated
potential health risks increase in virulence, and development of microbe mutation and virulence may help
to crews. antibiotic resistance over thousands of in the development of anti-microbial
generations (100 days = 5000 generations therapies for evolving terrestrial microbes.
for some organisms).
Human mHH6 Study mammalian Conduct scientific research on animals or The extrapolation of results of this X X X X
Health reproduction in cells to determine the likely effects of the research to human reproduction will be
different gravity lunar environment on the ability of critical for determining whether and how
environments to humans to reproduce normally (including humans will be able to develop permanent
understand the embryogenesis, embryonic and fetal settlements off Earth. The results of this
impact of gravity on development, parturition, and post-partum research will enhance human
reproduction. growth and development). Areas of understanding of the effects of gravity on
particular concern include whether critical species reproduction, no matter the
periods of exposure to gravity exist for answer.
normal development; if there are effects
from space radiation; and what the toxicity
is of the unavoidable exposure to lunar
dust.
Human Health
Page 17 of 52

Human mHH7 Deploy effective in- Develop and deploy in-situ and Developing medical support for good crew X X X X
Health site and remote teleoperated medical practices to deal with health is essential to the success of human
health care systems common ailments (e.g. colds, flu) and exploration missions to the Moon and
to ensure crew possibly more serious problems (e.g. Mars, reducing overall mission risk.
health on the Moon. muscle strains, broken bones) . Tools Developing in-situ medical support to
include tele-operated medical equipment monitor conditions, diagnose symptoms,
and practices, diagnosis, therapy, and and treat medical conditions will maintain
treatment. Quantify space-normal crew health and increase the autonomy,
physiology and biochemistry and monitor safety, and efficacy of surface operations.
crew physiology during IVA/EVA.
Vaildate computational models for
comparison to 1g and enable prediction,
diagnosis, and treatment.
Human mHH8 Provide leisure Provide leisure activities, in the form of Recreation activities, such as arts, X X X
Health activities to support arts, entertainment, and recreation, for entertainment, and recreation, can
the psychological people living on and visiting the Moon. enhance the psychological well-being,
health of those living Initially, passtimes may consist of productivity, and physical fitness of people
on and visiting the activities similar to Earth entertainment working in high-stress environments over
Moon. (satellite TV, movies, music, and books). a long period of time. Having these
Over time, take advantage of the lunar activities on the Moon will support the
environment for unique activities such as psychological health of crews and, as they
1/6-g sports and games. Physical sports become more unique to the lunar
and games can be designed to materially environment, could become main
enhance and benefit specific aspects of attractions for lunar tourists.
physical fitness, strenth, and endurance
that will benefit the health and productivity
of long-duration explorers in the outpost
and settlement phases of lunar
exploration.
Environmental Characterization
Page 18 of 52

Environmental mENVCH1 Characterize the lunar Within strategic lunar regions, characterize Many lunar environmental parameters X X
Characterization thermal environment environmental hazards associated with present unknown or uncharacterized risk to
at several locations extreme temperature fluctuations to a level both robotic and human exploration, and
on the Moon to better of detail sufficient to design appropriate thus require characterization to evaluate and
understand the mitigation strategies and technologies. mitigate. The required characterizations
operational Include localized effects due to topagraphy. may require determination of both scientific
environment of the and engineering properties.
Moon.
Environmental mENVCH2 Characterize radiation Within strategic lunar regions, perform Results of this characterization, plus an X X X
Characterization bombardment at scientific investigations to study and understanding of the effects of the radiation
several locations on characterize the lunar radiation environment environment, will enable the creation of
the lunar surface and by understanding the effects of solar activity, specifications for radiation shielding and
subsurface to better radiation from extra-solar sources, and other mitigation techniques. Appropriate
understand the induced radiation from the lunar surface on radiation mitigation techniques are essential
operational the operational environment. for ensuring crew health and equipment
environment of the functioning during extended stays on the
Moon. Moon. These measurements will also be used
to improve and validate radiation predictive
codes in a relevant environment. Simply
characterizing the radiation environment will
help validate and improve radiation models
and improve understanding of the general
solar system radiation environment,
including that of Mars.
Environmental mENVCH3 Characterize Within strategic lunar regions, perform Results of this characterization, plus an X X X
Characterization micrometeorite scientific investigations to study and understanding of the effects of this
bombardment at characterize size, frequency, and environment, will enable the creation of
several locations on velocity/energy of the lunar micrometeorite specifications for micrometeorite impact
the lunar surface to environment. Understand the effect of shielding and other mitigation techniques.
better understand the micrometeorite impact on the strength Appropriate mitigation techniques are
operational characteristics of the soil. essential for ensuring crew health and
environment of the equipment functioning during extended stays
Moon. on the Moon.
Environmental mEHVCH4 Characterize the dust Within strategic lunar regions, study the In order to develop effective and optimal X X
Characterization environment at properties of lunar dust, including size and mitigation strategies for dust control, it is
several locations on shape classification, adhesion, chemical essential to understand the physico-chemical
the lunar surface to reactivity and composition, bio-toxicity, properties of dust. Using this data will
better understand the dielectric and optical response, interaction enable the development of systems able to
operational with the plasma environment, suspension withstand extended use on the lunar surface,
environment of the properties, and abrasiveness. In addition, and development of dust mitigation
Moon. characterize dust transport and dust techniques in general.
rheology to understand the effects to lunar
surface operations such as solar array use,
radiators, seals, etc.
Page 19 of 52

Environmental mENVCH5 Characterize Within strategic lunar regions, characterize Results of the characterization of traditional X X X
Characterization geotechnical and traditional geotechnical properties of lunar geotechnical properties will enable the
particle-based surface materials, including soil mechanics, creation of engineering processes for using
properties of surface tribology of regolith materials, effects on lunar surface materials in building tools,
materials at several hard surfaces/cutting edges/brushes, materials, and structures and an
locations on the Moon electrostatic effects, shear and bearing understanding of how the surface might
to understand the strength, compaction-depth distribution, support these structures. Results of
lunar construction granular cohesion, granular transport/flow characterization of the particle-based
environment. properties, and bulk density sufficient to properties that enable modern granular
support lunar civil engineering and materials modeling will enable the creation
excavation, traction, grinding, mixing and of lunar soil simulants, which will provide
segregation in resource utilization. To better predictive performance of machine-
accomplish granular materials modeling, also soil interactions for optimal design decisions
characterize particle friction, attraction, for surface operations hardware.
elastic, fracture/strength, and size and shape
properties.
Environmental mENVCH6 Characterize lunar Investigate quantity, distribution, and Developing a sustained human presence on X X X
Characterization cratering physics due trajectory of lunar fines and other ejecta due the lunar surface will require emplacing
to rocket exhaust to to vehicle landing and launch operations to infrastructure in the vicinity of the human
design appropriate determine adequacy of mitigation strategies and cargo vehicles launch and landing zones.
mitigation strategies prior to emplacing hardware on the lunar Characterizing the impact of rocket exhaust
for system safety. surface in close proximity. on these zones will validate and/or enable
development of appropriate means to
mitigate the damaging effects of spraying
lunar fines and other ejecta onto emplaced
hardware and infrastructure. Appropriate
mitigation strategies will assure vehicle
systems are not damaged or adversely
affected during launch and landing
operations.
Environmental mENVCH7 Characterize the lunar Utilize early missions to characterize the Understand the natural lunar environment in X X
Characterization atmosphere to pristine lunar atmosphere before increased the absence of terran activity. The lunar
understand its natural robotic and human activity can contaminate atmosphere is the only surface boundary
state. it. To document the lunar atmosphere in its exosphere in the solar system that is
pristine state, early observational studies of sufficient accessible to study in detail.
the lunar atmosphere should be made, along Despite many Apollo and Earth-based
with studies of the sources of the measurements, numerous aspects of the
atmosphere and the processes responsible lunar atmosphere remain unknown. In
for its loss. These include a full compositional addition, having measurements of the
survey of all major and trace components of "baseline" lunar environment will enable
the lunar atmosphere down to a 1 percent tracking of the environmental response to
mixing ratio, determination of the volatile human activity.
transport to the poles, documentation of
sunrise/sunset dynamics, determination of
the variability of indigenous and exogenous
sources, and determination of atmospheric
loss rates by various processes.
Environmental mENVCH8 Characterize the lunar Characterize the amount of lunar lightining. Lunar lightning could be used as a X X
Characterization lightning environment If sufficient lunar lightning exits, evaluate its continuous, clean power source to support
to better understand potential as a power source for lunar lunar operations. Less dependence on other
its potential as a operations. power sources can provide better operational
clean power source. flexibility.
Environmental mENVCH9 Map the topography Create detailed topographic maps of the Understand the features of the lunar X X
Characterization of the Moon to Moon, showing the surface and subsurface environment, especially in locations valuable
understand the features, including permanently shadowed as operations or landing sites, to plan
features of the lunar regions, polar regions, large features, dust operations and enable precision landings at
environment. depth and shading, illumination certain key sites. Mapping of certain
characterizaion, and Earth line of sight features will provide additional value to
characterization. Lunar Resource Utilization.
Page 20 of 52

Environmental mENVCH1 Map the surface Perform scientific investigations to study and The magnetic field and surface charging of X X
Characterization 0 electromagnetic field characterize the lunar magnetic field and the Moon is thought to drive the transport of
of the Moon to plasma environment to determine their micron-scale dust potential hazards.
understand the effects on communications, instrumentation Understanding this will enable understanding
operational and computer operations. The interaction of of the effects of the lunar environment on
environment of the the near lunar electromagnetic and plasma manned and robotic surface exploration
Moon. environment are complicated by variations in activities and various other scientific
solar UV intensity, the ambient plasma, investigations. Studying the lunar crust's
formation of dust plasmas, surface magnetic fields would extend the pioneering
composition and topology, magnetic studies of Apollo 15/16 and Lunar Prospector
anomolies, and the lunar wake. to reach closure on questions regarding the
physics of crustal magnetic anomaly
formations. Quantification of distribution and
properties of magnetic anomalies would
clarify potential magnetic shielding benefits
of colocated lunar bases.
Environmental mENVCH1 Map the gravity field Perform scientific investigations to study and Having an accurate map of the lunar gravity X X
Characterization 1 of the Moon to characterize the lunar gravity field field will improve the accuracy of navigation
understand the environment to determine the effects of and precision landing, rendezvous and
operational mass concentration on the gravity local field. docking.
environment of the
Moon.
Environmental mENVCH1 Map seismic activity Perform scientific investigations to study and Seismic activity on the Moon could be very X X
Characterization 2 of the Moon to characterize lunar seismic activity to create a dangerous to structures. The distribution
understand the seismic map. and magnitude of risks must be determined
operational to create design specifications that will
environment of the ensure safety.
Moon.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Environmental Hazard Mitigation

Environmental mEHM1 Provide radiation Solar and galactic radiation impacting the The Moon lacks a significant magnetic field X X
Hazard shielding for surface Moon must be managed in such a way as to deflect charged particles streaming from
Mitigation operations to to minimize its impact on crew health and solar and extra-solar sources, and an
safeguard crews, surface operations. This will involve atmosphere to attenuate high energy
materials, materials and techniques to shield electromagnetic and particle radiation.
equipment, and astronauts and sensitive electronics from Space radiation will impinge on the surface
infrastructure. typical radiation levels, and additional with sufficient energy and intensity to
measures during times of intense solar cause severe genetic damage to astronauts
activity. Material surfaces, particularly and to disrupt sensitive electronics.
organic polymers, are also subject to Without effective mitigation, certain
degradation by high energy sensitive instruments and electronics will
electromagnetic and particle radiation, and fail and astronauts will not be able to work
must be protected as well. This objective is on the Moon for the long periods of time
synergistic with science objectives for envisioned in lunar operations.
studying regolith radiation history and life
support objectives that identify regolith as
a potential shielding mechanism.
Environmental mEHM2 Provide dust Using data on the properties of lunar dust, Lunar dust could harm crews and X
Hazard mitigation design crew and system protection so as to equipment used on the Moon. Developing
Mitigation techniques to reduce the interference of dust. Minimize appropriate dust mitigation techniques
safeguard crews, dust deposition and adhesion on equipment could increase the life of systems and
materials, and EVA suits. Develop techniques for self- improve human health to enable longer
equipment, and cleaning of critical equipment to minimize duration stays on the Moon.
infrastructure. adhesion of dust.
Environmental mEHM3 Provide Demonstrate mitigation strategies to Micrometeorites bombarding the lunar X X
Hazard micrometeorite protect surface infrastructure and vehicle surface could harm crews, equipment their
Mitigation bombardment systems from micrometeorite habitats and other infrastructure. In order
protection to bombardment during surface operations to ensure safe lunar operations, items must
safeguard crews, be protected from micrometeorites.
materials,
equipment, and
infrastructure.
Environmental mEHM4 Provide thermal Using data on the lunar thermal Provide comfort and ensure survival for the X
Hazard protection from the environment, design crew and system crew. Protect sensitive instrumentation
Mitigation lunar day/night protection so as to ensure survival under from thermal cycling.
extremes to the worst possible environmental extremes
safeguard crews, coupled with the maximum creditable
materials, equipment failure.
equipment, and
infrastructure.
Environmental mEHM5 Provide protection Demonstrate and deploy a mitigation Spraying or eruption of lunar fines and X X
Hazard from rocket exhaust strategy to protect surface infrastructure other ejecta may have a damaging effect
Mitigation blast ejecta to and vehicle systems from lunar fines and on emplaced or landing/launch systems,
safeguard crews, other ejecta during launch and landing thus affecting their ability to perform or
materials, operations. reducing their life. An effective mitigation
equipment, and strategy will allow for greater sustainability
infrastructure. of equipment and infrastructure, while
protecting crews and materials near the
launch or landing site.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Operational Environmental Monitoring

ID Number Exploratio Scientific Human Economic Global Public
n Knowledg Civilizatio Expansio Partnership Engagemen
Operational mENVMON Monitor space Observe the sun, its corona and space Space weather activity impinging on the X X X X
Environment 1 weather in real time weather in real-time to detect solar and lunar surface could be very harmful for
al Monitoring to determine and galactic events that will affect operations lunar inhabitants and their equipment.
mitigate risks to on the lunar surface. Implement warning Detecting, warning, and mitigating these
lunar operations. systems to notify lunar inhabitants of effects will protect lunar inhabitants and
such events. Implement mitigation their equipment during long-duration
techniques to protect lunar inhabitants, surface operations. The same systems
in the event of significant space weather could be used to detect events that will
activity. affect Earth systems and long-duration
space flight (ie. going to Mars).
Operational mENVMON Monitor lunar Establish a lunar environmental Monitoring activities can provide real- X X X X
Environment 2 environmental monitoring station to measure real-time time environmental information relevant
al Monitoring variables in real changes in environmental variables such to daily lunar operations. The ability to
time to determine as temperature, vibration, dust inform crews of potential hazards will
and mitigate risks collection, radiation, seismic activity, and increase operational mission safety.
to lunar operations. gravity.
Operational mENVMON Monitor meteors Monitor the solar system, especially the Detecting objects that could potentially X X X
Environment 3 and/or space debris near-Earth/Moon environment for impact the lunar surface will provide
al Monitoring in real time to meteors, micrometeors, and other space advance warning to lunar inhabitants,
determine and debris that could potentially impact the such that the risks from these objects
mitigate risks to lunar surface. can be mitigated. Monitoring for lunar
lunar operations. surface safety could also detect objects
destined for the Earth.
Life Support and Habitat
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Life Support mLSH1 Provide safe and During short and long-duration stays on Keeping astronauts physically and X X
& Habitat enduring habitation the Moon, individuals will need a habitat psychologically safe is critical to mission
systems to protect that will protect them from the lunar success. Using in-situ materials to create
individuals, environment. A number of these habitats and moving from open to
equipment, and implementation strategies are possible for closed-loop life support systems have the
associated this habitat, including placing habitats in advantage of reducing upmass to the
infrastructure. lava tubes or using lunar regolith as Moon, which will in turn reduce mission
protection from radiation, meteorite costs and improve sustainability. In the
impact, and lunar seismic activity. Inside long run, full utilization of in-situ
the habitats, basic life support and materials and closed loop life support
recreational activities should be provided systems will enable self-sufficiency of
to the crew. Over time, the life support lunar activities and allow for permanent
systems should move from open to closed settlement on the Moon.
systems, with food production, water and
air regeneration, and waste management
systems.
Life Support mLSH1.1 Emplace agriculture Agricultural systems include the operation in-situ agricultural activities will be X X
& Habitat systems on the Moon of a greenhouse or farm using either necessary for self-sufficiency of lunar
to produce food and imported soil from Earth, lunar regolith, operations. If lunar inhabitants can grow
plants for lunar or hydroponic systems as the growing their own food and plant matter, they can
operations. medium. Products to be grown include greatly reduce the amount of supplies
food for inhabitants and plant matter for required from Earth.
bioregenerative life support systems.
Life Support mLSH1.2 Emplace water Develop aqueous management systems Water recovery and management systems X X X
& Habitat management and that allow for safe water storage and, can increase the closure of the life
recovery systems in with increased mission duration, offer support system. This will ultimately lower
consonance with water recovery from wastewater streams. overall system mass, reduce the use of
mission needs to consumables, and and allow for more
increase life support mission autonomy.
system closure.
Life Support mLSH1.3 Emplace air Develop operational air revitalization Air revitalization systems can increase the X X X
& Habitat revitalization systems systems that offer increased level of air loop closure of the life support system.
in consonance with fidelity from removal of carbon dioxide This will ultimately affect the overall
mission needs to and trace contaminants to recovering system mass, reduce the use of
increase life support oxygen from the waste carbon dioxide consumables, and allow for more mission
system closure. stream. autonomy.
Life Support mLSH1.4 Emplace waste Waste management systems will need to Waste management is an essential X X X
& Habitat management store, process, and dispose of human and function of any environment in which
systems to handle manufactured waste in an appropriate humans and equipment operate.
human and manner. Ideally, as much waste as Maximum processing and recycling of
manufactured waste possible will be recycled to have minimal waste can improve the sustainability of
and increase system impact on the lunar environment. lunar operations by increasing system
closure. closure.
Life Support and Habitat
Page 24 of 52

Life Support mLSH2 Develop and deploy Demonstrate environmental control and Closed loop life support systems enable X X X X
& Habitat closed loop life life support (ECLS) viability and long duration human settlement and
support systems to operationability of (first partially) closed exploration missions, including Mars
increase self- life support systems with water and air missions, by providing the capability for
sufficiency of future regeneration and waste processing self-sufficient operations with minimal
long duration human systems. Implement intelligent impact on the surrounding environment.
exploration missions monitoring and control over life support Maximize crew productivity by enabling
and minimize the system components to reduce the crew computer-controlled systems to maintain
impact of humans on overhead required to operate advanced breathable air and potable water supplies
the environment. systems. Maximize the system-level with minimal supervision. In addition,
advantages (e.g. mass and volume) of technology transfer to terrestrial
advanced ECLS while ensuring reliable applications can reduce the impact of the
operation and minimizing crew time human waste burden on the Earth's
maintaining and operating these systems. environment as well.
Life Support mLSH3 Study key plant and A number of plant and bacterial species These studies will determine the X X X X
& Habitat bacterial species to have been identified for studying feasibility of integrating plants and
evaluate the fundamental and applied topics related to microbes into the life-support systems for
feasibility of the long term effects of the lunar food production and treatment of water,
integrating them into environment on processes associated with air, and solid wastes. Successful closure
life support systems. bioregenerative life support systems. of the life support system with
ecologically balanced plant and microbial
communities will reduce resupply logistics
for extended lunar stays and Mars
missions and facilitate significant
terrestrial benefits, particularly in waste
management. Additionally, the presence
of plants on board may add to the
psychological well-being of astronauts
during extended missions.
Life Support mLSH4 Develop and Monitor the internal and external Monitoring the crew environment is not X X X X
& Habitat implement environment for gasses, and monitor the only essential for assuring the safety of
environmental aqueous environment for chemical and crew and the associated equipment, but
monitoring systems microbial species. Wherever possible, more autonmous controls will enable
to improve the monitor these conditions autonomously. improved the efficacy of the life support
efficiency of life systems as well.
support systems.
Life Support mLSH5 Develop and Gravity level has a strong bearing on both Fire safety is a critical element of crew X X
& Habitat implement fire fire detection and suppression strategies. safety. Experimental data generated will
detection and Strategies for microgravity are quite be quite valuable in designing safe
suppression different from the ones used for normal-g habitats. Availability of 1/6-g data and
strategies for the environment. Experiments can be normal gravity data will bracket the
1/6-g environment to conducted on the lunar surface to Martian environment condition and pave
ensure habitat safety. evaluate mitigation strategies and choose the way for selecting safe materials for
materials for construction of habitats and Mars applications.
equipment.
Lunar Exploration Objectives General Infrastructure

Preparatio e n n s t
General mGINF1 Emplace support Provide support services such as Support services can be shared by all X
n X
Infrastructur services on the emergency response, rescue, repair, those who are living and working on the
e Moon, including reuse/recycle, and other logistics Moon. Emergency systems, in
emergency response, support, for use by all entities particular, can increase safety of
to enable increased undertaking activities on the Moon. operations by providing a mechanism to
lunar activities. Develop systems that can have report and respond to an emergency.
maximum extensibility for use on Mars. Having the services in place will enable
further development of the Moon
because new participants will not have
to provide them for their activities.
General mGINF2 Establish a globally Develop and implement a globally Establishing a single, globally accepted X
Infrastructur accepted lunar accepted lunar reference coordinate lunar coordination system will avoid
e reference coordinate system. Utilize this system in planning confusion about lunar coordinate
system to avoid and executing lunar exploration and systems that already exist. This
confusion in planning habitation activities. coordinate system can help coordinate
and executing lunar mission planning and execution by
missions. eliminating confusion between different
groups operating on the lunar surface.
General mGINF3 Deploy a Moon- Deploy a Moon-based infrastructure to A Moon-based operational service X X X X
Infrastructur based infrastructure service space based assets. The infrastructure could reduce the cost and
e that can service infrastructure should be able to service increase the lifetime of space systems
space-based assets assets in cis-lunar space and other operating in the Earth/Moon system by
to reduce the cost strategic locations in the Earth/Moon providing the capability to repair and
and increase the system (such as L2). The infrastructure service assets that have already been
lifetime of space could be capable of refueling, launched from Earth. Development and
system operations. maintenance, and other service operation of an infrastructure within the
capabilities needed to support ongoing Earth/Moon system provides operational
space operations. experience and equipment useful for
buying down risk of missions further into
the solar system.
General mGINF4 Establish warehouses Establish warehouses on the Moon to If supplies can be sent to the Moon in X X
Infrastructur on the Moon to store supplies coming from Earth before bulk quantities more cheaply than for
e make supply logistics they are needed in lunar operations. single-mission applications, having
more efficient. warehouses on the Moon is essential to
store these items for the duration until
they are needed. Inexpensive storage
of goods between their points of origin
and destination will be very important to
the development of a sustainable and
self-sufficient lunar operations.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Operations, Testing and Verification

Operations, mOPS1 Develop protocols Develop protocols, practices, procedures, Developing and implemeting protocols X X
Testing & for lunar operations and processes for lunar operations. for surface activities will enable more
Verification to ensure more safe, Protocols will be necessary for EVA safe, effective, and routine operations.
effective, and operations, utilizing automation In particular, routine EVA operations will
routine surface assistance, and other interior and enhance the productivity of mission
activities. exterior lunar surface activities. activities. Developing protocols with
Wherever possible, protocols should be extensibility to Mars will reduce risks for
consistent with the operational future exploration.
requirements and constraints of a Mars
mission.
Operations, mOPS2 Engage in operations Engage in operations testing of A systematic, comprehensive set of X X X
Testing & testing to techniques for living and working in the operations testing will characterize how
Verification understand how to lunar environment. Individuals living on fundamental living and working tasks are
best perform basic the Moon should learn how to do best accomplished in the lunar
working tasks in the everyday things, such as cook, clean, environment. This will speed the
the lunar and live their daily lives in the lunar acclimitization to living on the Moon.
environment. habitat. Techniques must also be refined Having activity timescales applicable to
for basic work tasks, such as picking Mars missions will help develop
up/putting down items, assembly and techniques for future exploration.
disassembly, etc. Activity timescales
should be applicable to early crewed
Mars missions.
Operations, mOPS3 Establish crew- Establish crew-centered planning, Crew-centered operations will enable the X X
Testing & centered, real-time scheduling, and control of mission self-sufficiency of lunar operations as
Verification mission planning and operations, such that crews can plan crews no longer need to approve all
control to enable their close-in operations activties in real- actions with ground control. Crew-
self-sufficiency of time. Earth-based ground control should control in real-time will improve the
lunar operations. only be utilized for mid-term and long- efficiency of operations, reducing long-
term planning, to serve as help desk and term lunar operations costs. These same
trouble shooting support, and to perform techniques can be implemented for
flight data reduction, analysis, and future Mars exploration missions.
management.
Operations, mOPS4 Develop equipment Develop and demonstrate techniques and Having effective repair equipment and X X X
Testing & repair techniques to processes required to repair lunar techniques can increase lunar self-
Verification increase self- surface equipment (e.g. habitats, sufficiency while reducing infrastructure
sufficiency of lunar transportation, life support, etc.) without required to maintain lunar surface
operations. use of an Earth to Moon logistics train. missions. This also reduces risk
Provide the capability to manufacture associated with lunar surface operations
parts as required to accomplish by providing local repair capability to
equipment repairs. Techniques and mitigate problems as they occur on the
operational experience gained during Moon. Additionally, systems and
lunar missions is directly extensible to techniques developed to accomplish
future Mars missions. lunar systems repair significantly support
risk reduction for missions to Mars and
beyond.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Operations, Testing and Verification

Operations, mOPS5 Conduct Mars analog Conduct Mars analog tests of protocols, A Mars analog test can reduce risks X
Testing & tests on the Moon to practices, procedures and processes, as related to future exploration missions by
Verification reduce the risks of well as certain technologies, that would testing operations in an off-Earth
future exploration. be used in carrying out Mars mission planetary environment. Because the
operations. The most important aspects Moon is much closer to Earth than Mars,
of Mars missions to simulate are 1) the crews can more easily receive aid, if
increased autonomy required, 2) the necessary.
concomitant increase in required
supporting automation and 3) the
increased stress associated with the
combination of long exposure to a
hazardous environment and increased
psychological isolation due to distance.
Operations, mOPS6 Develop realistic Develop highly realistic training Realistic training systems can prepare X X
Testing & remote training techniques such as the use of immersive, crews to handle unplanned emergencies
Verification systems to prepare photorealistic 3D models of the lunar or situations. Crews must be able to
crews to handle surface in virtural reality systems. Crews effectively deal with these situations to
unplanned can train with these systems remotely. ensure safe operations. Any training
situations. which can be done remotely from Earth
will be much less expensive than
performing exercises on the Moon. If
this technology is easily adaptable to the
Mars environment, crews for future
exploration missions can also be trained
using the same systems.
Operations, mOPS7 Evaluate Evaluate contamination control protocols Astrobiology protocols and technologies X X X
Testing & astrobiology and establish no-life baselines for can be uniquely tested on the Moon since
Verification protocols and scientific technologies that will be used to it is devoid of life. These technologies
measurement test for life on other planets. can be used to test for life elsewhere in
technologies that will the solar system. Operational tests away
be used to test for from the Earth provide more relevant
life on other planets. validation of approach.
Operations, mOPS8 Evaluate planetary Evaluate planetary protection protocols Understanding the impact of human X X X X
Testing & protection protocols by first characterizing the biological activity on the lunar surface is necessary
Verification to develop the next effects of human activity on the lunar to develop the next generation of
generation planetary surface. Develop and test planetary protection protocols. These
protection policy. decontamination of astronauts and protocols will help prevent forward
equipmement returning from the Moon, environmental contamination of sites on
to control forward and backward the Moon and backward contamination of
contamination, as precursor to human crew and cargo returning to Earth. After
return from Mars. Include consideration evaluating these protocols, they can be
of lunar commerce when designing and used as models for protocols for future
implementing such regulations so as not Mars exploration missions.
to unduly cripple lunar commerce.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Power

Power mPWR1 Develop lunar power Develop power generation, storage, and A reliable power supply and distribution X X
generation, storage, distribution technologies and systems to infrastructure is critical to meeting the
and distribution satisfy the energy demands of lunar goals of the lunar missions, especially over
systems to satisfy habitats, equipment and infrastructure, long lunar nights. As a rising amount of
the energy demands and mobility systems. Over time, the power is generated on the Moon or in
of lunar operations. power system capacity should grow to lunar orbit, self-sufficiency of lunar
meet the growing needs of lunar operations will increase. Additionally,
operations. Power can be generated on lunar operations can serve as a testbed for
the lunar surface or in lunar orbit, and power technologies for future Mars
over time lunar resources may be utilized missions.
for power systems. Maximize the
potential for these systems to be used for
Mars exploration missions.
Power mPWR2 Utilize Earth- Lunar base power, even during the two The scope of lunar exploration may be X
generated power to week lunar night, could be provided by limited by the availability of electrical
satisfy the demands laser or microwavepower beaming from power on the lunar surface. Beaming
of lunar operations. Earth. Power could be relayed from two power from the Earth could provide power
different Earth sites, to provide to the lunar base for long durations.
redundancy, through GEO satellites, to the
lunar surface.
Power mPWR3 Develop lunar power Generate power on the Moon or in lunar Lunar power production and distribution X X
generation, storage, orbit and distribute that power to Earth based on the Moon could be profitable if
and distribution and space applications. In-situ lunar power in-situ lunar resources are utilized. If so,
systems to export sources such as photovoltaic cells could this could be a market for commercial
power for use by enable power production and distribution companies. Extending power distribution
Earth and space to become a profitable commercial (if a market for excess power exists) to
applications. enterprise based on the Moon. Earth and space applications could be a
valuable extension of this market.
Distributing power to Earth could alleviate
power resource constraints on Earth.
Distributing power to space applications
could reduce their launch weight.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Communication

Communicatio mCOM1 Implement a secure, Implement telecommunications capabilites Telecommunications networks are vital to X X X
n reliable, robust, to meet lunar needs that can evolve to coordinating lunar activities as they
interoperable and meet Mars needs. This capability should be increase in capacity and become
scalable scalable to meet lunar requirements as increasingly dispersed across the lunar
telecommunications they expand in scope. The networks surface. Having the capability to transmit
capability to support should support communications functions multiple types of data will enable more
expanding telecom such as voice, data, and image complex and productive lunar activities. A
needs of exploration transmission to other lunar locations secure, reliable and robust network is
operations. (including to teleoperated equipment), to essential for ensuring continuous and safe
Earth, and possibly to other space mission operations. Scalable networks are
locations. Interoperability provides essential to accommodate growth beyond
flexibility to use commercial and the initial outpost while maintaining quality
international partner systems and to of service. Interoperability enables the use
accomodate new technology as it becomes of commercial systems and joint operations
available. with international partners.
Communicatio mCOM1. Implement an early Implement communication capabilites Communications are essential to be able to X X
n 1 communications including telemetry, tracking, and control control and return data from early robotic
capability to support (TT&C) and mission data transmission to missions that survey lunar sites.
lunar robotic meet early lunar robotic needs. Robotic
activities prior to mission communications are either direct to
human needs. Earth or relayed depending on where the
mission goes. Early communication
systems can be used to test technology for
subsequent systems that meet human
mission needs.
Communicatio mCOM1. Implement secure, Implement communication capabilites Communications between Earth and the X X X X
n 2 reliable, robust, and including telemetry, tracking, and control Moon are essential for control of systems
scalable (TT&C), voice, video, and mission data and execution of operations as well as
communications transmission between the Earth and lunar supporting public engagement. Scalable
between lunar assets surface and orbiting assets for human communications support growth from the
and the Earth to missions. Communications are either direct initial landed element to the outpost and
support human to Earth or relayed depending on where the beyond. Communication systems are an
mission needs. mission goes. excellent opportunity for commercial and
international participation.
Communicatio mCOM1. Implement secure, Implement communication capabilites Communications between lunar assets are X X
n 3 reliable, robust, and including telemetry, tracking, and control essential for control of systems and
scalable (TT&C), voice, video, and mission data execution of operations as well as providing
communications transmission between surface-surface and local control in preparation for Mars
between lunar assets surface-orbiting assets for human lunar missions. Scalable communications
to support human missions. Communications are either direct support growth from the initial landed
mission needs. between assets or relayed depending on element to the outpost and beyond.
visibility and range.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Communication

Communicatio mCOM2 Establish high- Provide a communications network capable Many public engagement activities will rely X X X X
n bandwidth of transmitting commands, high quality on significant quantities of imagery, video
communications that imagery, video, and sensor data in real and other type of data to provide a virtual
support public time for mission and public outreach use. presence for individuals wishing to
engagement This network can also support real-time experience lunar exploration remotely via,
activities. Earth-based teleoperation of robotic among other things, the remote control of
systems. robots. These remote activities could
generate revenues for a commercial
company providing the services, and could
increase public engagement in lunar
activities.
Position, Navigation and Timing
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Position, mPNT1 Provide position, Provide position, navigation and timing A lunar PNT system augments Earth- X X X
Navigation navigation, and for lunar operations, including orbit based PNT for lunar operations, while
& Timing timing capabilities determination, orbital maneuvers, providing optimal autonomy from Earth.
to support lunar precision landing, hazard avoidance, If the PNT infrastructure is interoperable
operations and surface movement, surface mapping, and with other lunar infrastructure, it may
evolve to support scientific investigations. Provide global lower the cost for subsequent missions
Mars operations. access and persistent coverage, possibly and become a catalyst for lunar
combined with a communications activities. A PNT system could be
infrastructure. Develop lunar PNT developed and operated by a commercial
capabilities to be extensible to Mars entity.
operations.
Position, mPNT1. Establish guidance Provide standardized guidance hardware Guidance capabilities will decrease in X X X
Navigation 1 capabilities with and software components for the family cost over time through through
& Timing increasing levels of of exploration systems. Guidance should hardware, software, and information
autonomy and become autonomous and highly standardization that reduces the need for
standardization to automated as part of the exploration custom design, development, testing and
support Moon and Command, Control, Communication and evaluation, and increasing autonomy that
Mars operations. Information (C3I) framework. reduces the need for manual operations.
Guidance systems perfected for lunar
operations will be capable of Mars
operations with little modification.
Position, mPNT1. Establish tracking Provide services for tracking vehicles in Tracking capabilities will decrease in cost X X X
Navigation 2 capabilities to assist space and on the surface including 1- over time through through hardware,
& Timing vehicles in cislunar and 2-way range, position, and velocity, software, and information
space and mobile to support navigation. Standardized standardization that reduces the need for
surface systems in tracking services are part of the custom design, development, testing and
determining their exploration Command, Control, evaluation, and increasing autonomy that
position and Communication and Information (C3I) reduces the need for manual operations.
velocity. framework. Tracking systems perfected for lunar
operations will be capable of Mars
Position, mPNT1. Establish time and Provide time services including a solar Time capabilities will decrease in cost X X X
Navigation 3 clock capabilities to system-wide time scale, time over time through hardware, software,
& Timing assist vehicles in dissemination, and calibration. and information standardization that
cislunar space and Standardized timing services are part of reduces the need for custom design,
surface systems in the exploration Command, Control, development, testing and evaluation, and
determining their Communication and Information (C3I) increasing autonomy that reduces the
relative and framework supporting precision need for manual operations. Tracking
absolute time. navigation, mission operations, and systems perfected for lunar operations
science data time tagging. will be capable of Mars operations with
little modification.
Position, Navigation and Timing
Page 32 of 52

Position, mPNT1. Establish attitude Provide attitude control capabilities Attitude control capabilities will decrease X X X
Navigation 4 control capabilities including inertial, locally fixed, and in cost over time through hardware,
& Timing to assist exploration relative to proximity vehicles for transit, software, and information
vehicles in cislunar stationkeeping, descent/ascent, and standardization that reduces the need for
space in rendezvous and docking operations. custom design, development, testing and
stationkeeping and Standardized attitude control services evaluation, and increasing autonomy that
maneuvering are part of the exploration Command, reduces the need for manual operations.
operations. Control, Communication and Information Attitude control systems perfected for
(C3I) framework. lunar operations will be capable of Mars
Position, mPNT1. Establish Provide emergency position Emergency position determination can be X X X X
Navigation 5 emergency position determination and distress alerting for utilized to provide Search and Rescue
& Timing determination surface users to aid in rescues similar to information for all individuals on the
services to support the Committee On Space Research- Moon. International cooperation
Search and Rescue Search And Rescue Satellite Aided mechanisms from Earth can be
(SAR). Tracking (COSPAS-SARSAT) international translated into international cooperation
satellite-based search and rescue in space for the same reason: to save
system. lives.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Transportation

Transportatio mTRANS1 Provide redundant Provide transportation for travel between the Transportation systems for both crew and X X X
n transportation to and surface of the Earth to the surface of the cargo are essential for enabling all lunar
from the Moon to Moon and points in between (i.e. from Earth exploration activities. Developing more than
increase access to the orbit to lunar orbit). Ideally, at least two one system capable of transporting both
Moon. crew transportation systems and a number crew and cargo will enable ongoing
of cargo systems (including a heavy lifter) transportation to the Moon, in the event that
should be developed. one transportation system becomes
inoperable. Interoperability between
systems can maximize their redundancy.
Finally, because transportation costs have
traditionally been a major contributor to the
price of space missions, lowering the cost of
transportation could initiate increased lunar
development, including commercial activity.
Transportatio mTRANS2 Develop an Demonstrate an autonomous lander, with An autonomous lander reduces mission risk X X
n autonomous lander to technologies such as autonomous guidance by removing the human in-the-loop from
utilize for routine and navigation and control for landing, guidance, navigation, and control of
landing operations. including hazard avoidance and precision landings. Assuming the lander can be safely
landing capability. Utilize the lander, if operated without a human present, it can be
possible without a human operator, for utilized for routine landing of supplies and
routine landing operations. equipment, without incurring the cost of
man-rating the system.
Transportatio mTRANS3 Develop cryogenic fluid Develop and deploy cryogenic fluid Future scientific and exploration missions can X X
n management, storage, management, storage, and distribution be greatly enhanced with the development of
and distribution system. The basic elements and functions of a robust zero-loss cryogenic fluid
systems to extend the such a system include: storage, pressure management, storage and distribution
lifetime and reduce the control, fluid transfer, fluid couplings, system. Lunar and Mars surface operations
launch mass of instrumentation, leak detection and quantity can be extended if cryogenic fluids, such as
exploration systems. gauging. Combinations of passive and active life support gasses and high energy
thermal control (refrigeration) ensure that propellants, can be stored and distributed
cryogenic propellant can be stored safely, with zero-loss, for long periods in the
indefinitely with no losses, i. e. with zero boil space environment. Utilizing similar storage
off (ZBO) losses. Systems with this and distribution systems in Earth or lunar
technology can be utilized for lunar surface orbit can enable refueling of exploration
operations and in space refueling. probes, such that they can be launched from
Earth with less fuel onboard. This provides
more launch payload mass for equipment
and instrumentation.
Transportatio mTRANS4 Establish a lunar base Establish a lunar base traffic management A systematic, analytical method of defining X X
n traffic management system. Define landing zones for cargo and landing zones protects active surface
system to ensure safe crew landers and establish safe traverse infrastructure from plume ejecta damage
take-off and landing routes in the immediate vicinity of surface while maintaining easy access between
operations. infrastructure elements. landers and the final surface destinations of
the crew and cargo. As surface
infrastructure builds up, it must be protected
from human and robotic rover traffic
(vibration, kicked up dust, rolling over
cables, collision hazard, etc.).
Lunar Exploration Objectives Surface Mobility

Surface mSM1 Provide surface Develop and utilize short range and long Mobility systems that move crews to X X
Mobility mobility capabilities range mobility systems to transport different locations across the lunar
to move crew crew to different locations on the lunar surface will enable additional scientific
outside the local surface, outside the local area of a lunar studies and exploration of the Moon.
area of a lunar outpost. Short-range systems may Coupled with systems that transport
outpost. transport crew directly across the lunar cargo, crew mobility systems can enable
surface, while long-range systems may more complex scientific and exploration
"fly" from one lunar location to another. activities requiring large
Wherever possible, mobility systems instrumentation, as well as
should be able to operate with minimal emplacement and maintenance of
human support and designed for infrastructure across the lunar surface.
maximum extensibility to Mars. Developing capabilities with extensibility
to Mars will reduce risks for future Mars
exploration missions.
Surface mSM2 Provide surface Develop and utilize short range and long Mobility systems that move cargo and X X
Mobility mobility capabilities range mobility systems to transport equipment to different locations across
to move cargo and cargo and equipment to different the lunar surface will enable
equipment outside locations on the lunar surface, outside emplacement of infrastructure across
the local area of a the local area of a lunar outpost. Short- the lunar surface. Coupled with systems
lunar outpost. range systems may transport cargo and that transport crew, cargo mobility
equipment directly across the lunar systems can enable more complex
surface, while long-range systems may scientific and exploration activities
"fly" from one lunar location to another. requiring large instrumentation, as well
Wherever possible, mobility systems as emplacement and maintenance of
should be able to operate with minimal infrastructure across the lunar surface.
human support and designed for Developing capabilities with extensibility
maximum extensibility to Mars. to Mars will reduce risks for future Mars
exploration missions.
Surface mSM3 Provide surface Develop and utilize short-range surface Mobility systems will enable operations X X
Mobility mobility capabilities mobiliity system to support local within a lunar outpost complex,
for local operations operations within a lunar outpost including the efficient construction and
within a lunar complex. Within a complex, systems to expansion of a permanent lunar outpost.
outpost complex. enable construction and maintenance of Tools that can operate independently of
the lunar outpost will be most useful. crew support will free up crew time for
Examples of necessary capabilities those tasks requiring human
include site preparation, cargo delivery, involvement. Developing capabilities
construction support, and infrastructure with extensibility to Mars will reduce
inspection. Mobility systems may be risks for future Mars exploration
embedded in construction and missions.
maintenance equipment, or be a
platform to support multiple tools.
Wherever possible, systems should be
able to operate with minimal crew
support.
Lunar Exploration Strategy Crew Activity Support

Crew mCAS1 Develop a high Develop a high performance EVA suit A high performance EVA suit will X X
Activity performance EVA that allows crews to operate safely enable crews to safely and effectively
Support suit to enable on the lunar surface. Ideally, the suit operate on the lunar surface. Giving
effective and safe is lightweight, allows for dextrous crews the ability to perform a range
crewed surface manipulation of objects, supports of activities on the lunar surface,
operations. unhindered movement, and without tiring over many hours, will
minimizes the amount of regolith that improve their productivity.
crews and habitats are exposed to.
Crew mCAS2 Develop robots to Develop and utilize robots to support Robots can perform tasks at the X X X
Activity support local local operations within a lunar Moon base that are too physically
Support operations outside of outpost complex. Robot capabilities difficult for crews. Synergy between
the facilities within a can range from crew-assistened, human and robotic activities will
lunar outpost teleoperated, or autonomous. Robots enhance productivity within the Moon
complex. outside of facilities such as habitats base. Robots that can operate
and laboratories can perform independently of crew support will
construction and maintenance tasks free up crew time for those tasks
for the Moon base and function as requiring human involvement.
bulldozers, dextrous manipulators, Developing capabilities with
drilling robots, etc. Wherever extensibility to Mars could reduce
possible, systems should be designed risk for future Mars exploration
with maximum extensibility for Mars missions. Finally, these robotic
exploration. systems may have terrestrial
applications as well.
Crew mCAS3 Develop robots to Develop and utilize robots to support Robots can perform tasks at the X X X
Activity support local local operations within a lunar Moon base that are too tedious and
Support operations inside of outpost complex. Robot capabilities repetitive for crews. Synergy
the facilities within a can range from crew-assistened, between human and robotic activities
lunar outpost teleoperated, or autonomous. will enhance productivity within the
complex. Robots inside facilities such as Moon base. Robots that can operate
habitats, laboratories, and independently of crew support will
greenhouses can support crews as free up crew time for those tasks
porters, secretaries, gardeners, requiring human capabilities in
laboratory assistants, and task aides. research, integration, and decision-
Wherever possible, systems should making. Developing capabilities with
be designed with maximum extensibility to Mars could reduce risk
extensibility for Mars exploration. for future Mars exploration missions.
Finally, these robotic aides may have
terrestrial applications as well.
Lunar Exploration Strategy Crew Activity Support

Crew mCAS4 Develop robots to Develop and utilize robots to support Robots can perform tasks that are X X X X
Activity support exploration exploration activities outside the local too physically difficult, require
Support activities outside the area of a lunar outpost. Robot precision, or tedious for crews. The
local area of a lunar capabilities can range from crew- pairing of human explorers and
outpost. assistened, teleoperated, or capable robotic assistants has been
autonomous. Robots can be utilzied recognized as a significant "research
by crews exploring the lunar surface multiplier," expanding the envelope
and performing field science. Robots of possible human exploration.
can perform repetitive precision Robots that can operate
work, such as deploying geophysical independently of crew support will
monitoring stations or conducting free up crew time for those tasks
geologic and route reconnaissance. requiring human capabilities in
Wherever possible, systems should research, integration, and decision-
be designed with maximum making. Developing capabilities with
extensibility for Mars exploration. extensibility to Mars could reduce risk
for future Mars exploration missions.
Finally, these robotic aides may have
terrestrial applications as well.
Crew mCAS5 Develop Develop teleoperation capabilities to Teleoperation capabilities allow X X X X

Activity teleoperation determine the feasibility of remote remote operation of equipment,
Support capabilities to operation of equipment on the lunar which can reduce crew overhead by
determine the surface. Develop prototype systems reducing the amount of EVA required
feasibility of remote to test the utility, effectiveness, and by lunar crews. Teleoperation can
operation of efficiency of teleoperation. also be controlled by individuals not
equipment on the Teleoperation could be controlled by on the lunar surface, which will
lunar surface. individuals on the Moon, in space, or enable un-crewed testing and other
on Earth, and will require the operations when the crew is not
technology to link operators across present. By developing teleoperated
time delays to the surface systems. testbeds, the utility, effectiveness,
and efficiency of teleoperation can be
tested before large-scale systems are
implemented.
Lunar Resource Utilization
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Lunar mLRU1 Characterize and Characterizing and quantifying the resource Characterizing and determining the resource X X X X
Resource quantify the resource potential of the Moon includes activities that potential of lunar materials will identify
Utilization potential of the Moon map out and generate greater understanding resource candidates and assess the value of
to assess the value of of these resources. Determining this may various applications of these resources. This
possible resource utilize remote sensing, in-situ methods, and supports prioritization of budgets and activities
utilization resource extraction process evaluations, and that provide benefits from lunar resources by
applications. economic and market studies that develop an providing an understanding of the feasibility,
appreciation of the specific applications, costs, and benefits of these activities. This
products, services and benefits that would characterization also supports government and
accrue from the use of lunar resources. The commercial investment in lunar infrastructure
resources of the Moon include, but are not by estimating the uses and value of resource
limited to, materials found at or near the lunar utilization activity. Finally, this supports long-
surface and the chemical and physical term lunar planning, development, and
properties of these materials, the lunar implementation of the exploration strategy by
vacuum, the solar energy flux on the Moon, providing insight about the potential for
the solar wind, the relatively low lunar gravity resource utilization for future exploration
and the high potential energy of the Moon's activities.
gravity well (compared to Earth), the
temperature extremes of the lunar surface
(including permanently shadowed regions),
and the 28-day lunar diurnal period.
Lunar mLRU2 Develop and validate Develop and validate tools, technologies, and Effective resource excavation is the first step X X
Resource tools, technologies, systems that excavate lunar material. In in overall lunar resource utilization that
Utilization and systems that particular, develop the capability to remove involves extacting and processing resources
excavate lunar and move large masses of raw material in the from the lunar regolith. Each step of
material, to enable lunar environment. Development and technology and system demonstration will
lunar resource validation includes experimentally validating reduce the economic, schedule, and political
utilization. tools, software, components and systems that risks associated with activities that require
perform various engineering processing of lunar resource utilization. Following successful
extracted lunar resources. Wherever possible, validation of excavation systems, plus
systems should be designed with maximum validation of extraction and processing
extensibility to Mars. systems, resource utilization can begin. Lunar
resource utilization could reduce the mass of
materials and products that must be launched
from Earth for activities on the Moon and other
destinations. If resource utilization
technologies can be applied to Mars, the risks
for future exploration can be reduced.
Lunar mLRU3 Develop and validate Develop and validate tools, technologies, and Effective resource extraction is a necessary X X
Resource tools, technologies systems that extract lunar resources from step in overall lunar resource utilization. Each
Utilization and systems that excavated lunar material. Development and step of technology and system demonstration
extract lunar validation includes experimentally validating will reduce the economic, schedule, and
resources, to enable tools, software, components and systems that political risks associated with activities that
lunar resource perform various engineering unit operations require lunar resource utilization. Following
utilization. associated with extracting. Wherever possible, successful validation of excavation and
systems should be designed with maximum extraction systems, plus validation of resource
extensibility to Mars. processing systems, resource utilization can
begin. Resource utilization could reduce the
mass of materials and products that must be
launched from Earth for activities on the Moon
and other destinations. If resource utilization
for future exploration will be reduced.
Page 38 of 52

Lunar mLRU4 Develop and validate Develop and validate tools, technologies, and Effective resource processing is a necessary X X
Resource tools, technologies systems that process extracted lunar step in overall lunar resource utilization. Each
Utilization and systems that resources into products that may be utilized. step of technology and system demonstration
process lunar Development and validation includes will reduce the economic, schedule, and
resources, to enable experimentally validating tools, software, political risks associated with activities that
lunar resource components and systems that perform various require lunar resource utilization. Following
utilization. engineering processing of extracted lunar successful validation of resource processing
resources. Wherver possible, systems should systems, plus validation of excavation and
be designed with maximum extensibility to extraction systems, resource utilization can
Mars. begin. Resource utilization could reduce the
mass of materials and products that must be
launched from Earth for activities on the Moon
and other destinations. If resource utilization
for future exploration will be reduced.
Lunar mLRU5 Demonstrate lunar Demonstrate pilot- and sub-pilot scale systems Systems demonstrations can confirm X X X
Resource resource utilization that utilize space resources safely, effectively, engineering of protocols, processes, and
Utilization systems to reduce risk and in an energy-efficient manner. Examples technologies required to ensure the safe, cost-
for mission integration of demonstrations include oxygen production effective use of in-situ resources. Successful
and commercial from regolith for life support and propulsion; demonstrations can reduce technological,
development. energy production, transport, storage, and economic, schedule and political risks
distribution for outpost use; excavation and associated with activities that extract and use
transport of regolith for radiation shielding and lunar resources. This increases mission
thermal moderation; water production for life planner confidence, including for Mars
support, radiation shielding, and cosmic ray applications, and supports and encourages
telescopes; fuel production (as opposed to government and commercial investment in
oxident production); fabrication and establishing lunar infrastructure.
construction of structural and building
materials; production of spare parts, machines
and tools; and construction and site
preparation using lunar materials and energy.
Lunar mLRU6 Develop, validate, and Develop, validate, and incorporate into lunar Developing and validating specific new X X X
Resource incorporate new architecture planning and missions specific products that utilize lunar resources supports
Utilization products and new products that specifically utilize in-situ the design, development and utilization of
associated resources and resource-derived products lunar resource technologies and systems. This
technologies and instead of Earth-supplied consumables or promotes mission planning and new
systems that products. This includes scientific, engineering, technology and capabilility incorporation into
effectively utilize lunar economic and market studies and the lunar architecture; enables robotic and
resources and investigations that consider and advance a human sortie missions to other locations on
products, to support wide variety of possible uses of lunar the lunar surface from an outpost (with
further lunar resouce resources. Examples include the development reusable assets) instead of requiring a
utilization. of new propellants and fuels (such as dedicated mission from Earth; reduces
powdered metal, silane, or sulfur); hybrid technological, economic, schedule and political
rocket motors that utilize lunar-based risks associated with activities that extract and
propellants; ceramics based on ceramic use lunar resources; and supports
precursor materials available from lunar prioritization of budgets and activities that
regolith; advanced thin-film deposition provide benefits from lunar resources. This
processes that exploit the "hard" lunar vacuum further supports government and commercial
in manufacturing optical telescope mirrors, investment in lunar infrastructure and possible
photovoltaic systems, solar concentrators and products and services, the establishment of
light-weight solar sails; and aneutronic fusion markets that utilize products and services
reactors based on He-3. Wherever possible, derived from lunar resources; and supports
these products and systems should be long-term sustainability and self-sufficiency of
designed with maximum extensibility to Mars. lunar exploration.
Page 39 of 52

Lunar mLRU7 Produce propellants Produce propellants and life support and other Producing consumables from lunar resources X X
Resource and life support and consumables from lunar resouces. can reduce the amount of materials that must
Utilization other consumables Consumable production could be done via be brought from the Earth. Lower launch
from lunar resources, water extraction from lunar ice with conversion masses will enable lower cost space
to improve the to hydrogen and oxygen, oxygen extraction transportation, including transportation to
productivity of lunar from regolith, extraction of components of the other exploration destinations. Early
operations. solar wind from regolith, and using regolith as opportunities for consumable utilization include
a medium in which to grow plants. The applications on the lunar surface and
primary products of interest are propellants for potentially in cis-lunar space (e.g., propellant
transportation, oxygen and nitrogen for delivery to GEO for satellite delivery and
breathing, water for shielding and crew usage, moving to new orbits). Utilizing lunar-
food and other plant matter, and other produced consumables increases the potential
chemicals for life support and exploration for longer human-lunar missions, reduces
purposes (e.g., instrumentation gases). costs associated with lunar activities, reduces
mission risks from life support or
transportation failures, enables new
exploration capabilities such as hoppers, and
improves productivity (value per unit cost)
associated with activities on the lunar surface
and elsewhere in space where lunar resources
are applied.
Lunar mLRU8 Construct facilities and Construct facilities and manufacture hardware, Constructing facilities and manufacturing X X
Resource manufacture materials, and other products from lunar products from lunar resources can reduce the
Utilization hardware, materials, resources. Outcomes of interest include amount of materials that must be brought
and other construction of shielding materials and other from Earth. Lower launch masses will enable
infrastructure growth structural elements for habitats, shelters, fixed lower cost space transportation, including
products and infrastructure and other facilities; preparation transportation to other exploration
capabilities from lunar of landing pads and surface transport destinations. Utilizing lunar-produced
resources, to improve pathways; construction of facilities for energy products increases the potential for longer
the productivity of production and storage (e.g., chemical storage human-lunar missions, reduces costs
lunar operations. tanks, electrical transmission systems, thermal associated with lunar activities, and overall
energy storage reservoirs, etc); and improves productivity (value per unit cost)
production of solar photovoltaics. associated with activities on the lunar surface
and elsewhere in space where lunar resources
are applied.
Lunar mLRU9 Repair, fabricate and Develop, validate, and incorporate into lunar The ability to repair, fabricate, and assemble X X
Resource assemble parts and architecture planning and missions parts and products in-situ is critical for long-
Utilization products using technologies and systems that specifically duration missions, especially human Mars
extracted and utilize in-situ resources and resource-derived missions where logistic resupply will be
processed in-situ products to perform repairs, produce spare delayed. The capability also enables growth in
resources to support parts, produce new tools in-situ on an as- exploration and science with the ability to
self-sustained, long needed basis, and assemble tools, machines, make new tools based on lessons learned, and
duration missions. and surface exploration hardware. In-situ recover from failures quicker. Taken as a
resources for this capability include those whole, the ability should also be able to reduce
derived from regolith, human and life support mass launched from Earth for long-duration
waste and trash, discarded descent stages, and sustained human presence on the Moon.
and any other discarded equipment.
Lunar mLRU10 Produce products from Produce products from lunar resources that Producing products from lunar resources that X
Resource lunar resources that can be used for missions to other exploration can be used for future exploration missions will
Utilization can be used for destinations. This includes production of support these missions. This reduces the
missions to other propellants, life support and other amount of material that must be brought from
destinations, to enable consumables, spare parts, and other products Earth in support of missions to exploration
and support future and materials associated with space destinations other than the Moon and reduces
exploration. exploration to destinations other than the the effort and cost that would have been
Moon. To utilize the materials that are associated with transporting material from
produced will also require the ability to Earth to cis-lunar space. This will improve
transport, store, and transfer materials from productivity (value per unit cost) associated
staging locations. with activities in space.
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Lunar mLRU11 Produce energy from Establish one or more alternative energy Utilizing energy produced on the Moon can X
Resource lunar and cis-lunar sources for Earth based on lunar resouces. reduce Earth's reliance on fossil fuels
Utilization resources to provide Potential energy sources include Helium-3 (including petroleum, coal and natural gas)
Earth with another mining for use in fusion reactors on Earth and and the associated emission of greenhouse
energy source. supplying materials and components for gases and other pollutants on Earth. This can
assembly and operation of space solar power improve productivity (value per unit cost)
satellites in cis-lunar space and beamed power associated with activities on the lunar surface;
from the lunar surface. improve the economic sustainability of lunar
activities; support permanent human presence
and settlement on the Moon; and reduce the
cost of lunar activities. This activity may
encourage investment in space infrastructures
by private institutions and others to generate
wealth on Earth and on the Moon.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Historic Preservation

Historic mHISP1 Create international Create lunar heritage sites at important Man's first contact with the Moon is an X X
Preservation lunar heritage sites historical locations on the Moon, such as important part of the global history of
to protect the record the Apollo landing sites. Ensure that humankind. Designating these sites as
of early human lunar these sites are preserved in a way that international lunar heritage sites would
activity. they can be appreciated in the future. protect the record of early human lunar
activity and preserve our common
history.
Historic mHISP2 Preserve an archive Preserve an archive of life on Earth on Having an off-site back-up of the X
Preservation of life on Earth on the Moon. This archive could include an material of terrestrial life and the data
the Moon to agricultural cultivar bank, a data back-up produced by it would safeguard
safeguard mankind's site, which would include historical, mankind's biological, historical, cultural,
biological, historical, cultural, and other data, and other and knowledge base against catastrophic
cultural, and archives of life on Earth. loss. In the event of a catastropic
knowledge base planetary event on Earth, the remains of
against catastrophic civilization could potentially reconstruct
loss. society as it was before the disaster.
Historic mHISP3 Preserve regions of Preserve regions of the Moon in their Preserving regions of the Moon can X X X
Preservation the Moon in their natural state. Maintain regions of the protect them from the growing
natural state to Moon for future scientific, cultural, encroachment of lunar activities. Having
protect them from recreation, and other uses. areas such as these, which are relatively
developing lunar free of contamination from lunar
activities. activities, will enable scientific
investigations without confounding
influences and will preserve a pure lunar
environment for humans to experience
and enjoy.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Development of Lunar Commerce

Developmen mC1 Engage the Engage the commercial sector throughout Engaging the commercial communiy in X X X
t of Lunar commercial sector strategy development and planning, both strategy development will ensure that
Commerce throughout lunar generally and specifically for commercial commercial interests are considered early
strategy involvement. on in the planning phases, such that
development to commercial activities have a place in
embed them in all future lunar activities. Overall, this could
current and future increase commercial sector participation in
aspects of lunar lunar activities. Having increased
activities. commercial sector participation could also
promote innovative thinking in some
aspects of lunar activities.
Developmen mC2 Identify and enable Identify commercial markets for lunar Identifying, investigating, and discussing X
t of Lunar commercial markets, activities by developing profitable lunar potential lunar markets may stimulte
Commerce based on lunar products for Earth and space use. Enable private and venture capital investment in
activities, to broaden markets to form around these products by these commercial activities. If these
the scope and value identifying market demand and price activities generate wealth, they will
of lunar activities. points. Collaborations between industry, stimulate further lunar activity investment
government, and/or academia could lead and development.
to the development of new products and
markets.
Developmen mC3 Create a strategy for Create a strategy for permanently Having an "exit strategy" for transfer of X X X
t of Lunar permanently transferring government lunar assets, assets out of government control will more
Commerce transferring such as physical facilities, associated easily free up public resources toward the
government lunar infrastructure, and the related operational next exploration destinations.
assets to private considerations (physical, logistical, legal Transferring assets to the private sector
industry to enable transfer), to the private sector. As these creates an "entrance strategy" for
the shift of public assets are transferred, there will need to commercial involvement on the Moon. If
resources toward the be sufficient commercial or scientific properly managed, transfer of assets could
next exploration reasons for living on Moon, such that it stimulate further commercial investment
destinations and remains an attractive destination for in lunar activities.
enhance commercial private firms to utilize the government
involvement on the assets and invest further.
Moon.

Developmen mC4 Engage multiple Engage the commercial, enthusiast, and Non-traditional communities could X
t of Lunar communities in other non-government communities early challenge the status quo of how
Commerce developing new in the process of developing standard governments do business. This process
operating procedures operating procedures for exploration. will consider multiple viewpoints in the
to challenge the Consider other business models to decision-making process, hopefully
status quo of how enhance the benefits of involvement in developing innovative methodologies that
governments do exploration. improve efficiency.
business.
Developmen mC5 Explore new methods Actively explore new collaboration New and innovative ways of doing X X
t of Lunar of collaboration methods among different partners in business may yield true partnerships in
Commerce between and among space activities. Promote creative which all parties play a significan role and
industry, business and collaboration approaches, benefit from the others' involvement. For
government, and such as the creation of public-private example, with certain public-private
academic entities, to partnerships, special international industry partnership models, private investors will
maximize the structures, and the revival of a NACA-type be more likely to contribute, thus lowering
benefits that each model for space agencies' roles with public funding requirements, because of
can bring to each respect to industry. the cooperation of the government.
other.
Developmen mC6 Provide non- Provide non-monetary government Government assistance can help remove X
t of Lunar monetary assistance to industry actors interested in barriers of entry for industry, enabling
Commerce government pursuing lunar activities. Specific broader private and venture capital
assistance to examples include governments providing investment in commerical exploration
industry to enable "free rides" or secondary payloads on activities. Broder commercial involvement
broader commercial expensive launch vehicles, leasing can create new wealth on Earth and
involvement in government assets to industry for provide programmatic stability for
exploration. commercial use, favorable finance and government space programs.
insurance regulations, and pursuing
expensive research and development in
cooperation with industry.
Developmen mC7 Resolve legal issues Resolve, as appropriate and possible, legal Resolving legal issues could reduce the X
t of Lunar associated with lunar issues associated with lunar activites. perceived risk associated with private
Commerce activities to reduce Specific examples of legal issues that sector investment in exploration by
the perceived risk of could have a detrimental effect on industry clarifying the legal regime in which the
private sector as a whole include liability and real and private sector operates. This could
investment in lunar intellectual property rights. encourage private and venture capital
activities. investment in these commercial
exploration activities.
Developmen mC8 Resolve regulatory Resolve regulatory issues, as appropriate Resolving regulatory issues could reduce X X
t of Lunar issues associated and possible, associated lunar activities. the perceived risk associated with private
Commerce with lunar activities Specific examples of regulatory issues sector investment in exploration by
to reduce the include export control regulations, clarifying the regulatory regime in which
perceived risk of commercial zoning and other policies that the private sector operates. This could
private sector might impede the development of encourage private and venture capital
investment in lunar commercial lunar activities. investment in commercial exploration
activities. activities.

Developmen mC9 Provide opportunities Provide opportunities for governments to Allowing governments to engage in long- X X
t of Lunar for governments to make advance purchase, long-term term and/or alternative procurement
Commerce engage in long-term commitments (so-called "anchor tenancy") commitments has the dual benefit of
and alternative for future goods and services from providing the government with goods and
procurement industry. A specific example requiring services at a lower cost and enabling the
commitments to anchor tenancy could be the development commercial sector by providing long-term
enable the private of large-scale infrastructure for or non-traditional contracts. This may
sector to obtain exploration, similar to the development of allow the private sector to more easily
investments for lunar the electrical-grid system on Earth. Other obtain the venture capital necessary to
activities. innovative acquisition practices (e.g. initiate programs.
alternatives to "Cost-Plus" contracts)
should be utilized and built upon.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Commercial Opportunities

Commercial mCO1 Utilize innovative Utilize innovative commercial media outlets, Media outlets can make money through X X
Opportunitie commercial such as internet-based sources, cell phone advertising, sponsorship, and broadcast
s entertainment and broadcasts, etc. to broadcast information rights. Media can be used to generate
media outlets to about lunar activities to the public. public support for exploration by showing
broadcast to the public Traditional media sources such as print and exciting things between major missions.
high-bandwidth video, television could be utilized as well. Utilizing innovative media sources, in
imagery, and other Commercial companies could advertise or particular, may engage the younger
information, to run promotions centered around space segment of the population, who will be
generate revenue and activities. One idea integrating innovative responsible for paying the taxes to support
engage the public. entertainment is an IMAX movie based off of exploration for many years in the future.
a fixed Earth-observing camera.
Commercial mCO2 Develop interactive Create age-targeted video games, aimed at A company selling video games can make X X
Opportunitie video games based on the younger generation, grounded in the money through game sales and
s lunar exploration to reality of space exploration, possibly using sponsorships. A popular video game could
generate revenue and video and data generated by lunar activities. generate public support for exploration by
engage the public. To make the products competitive with showing people what exploration and
current video games, players must be able development of the Moon could be like.
to interact with one another.
Commercial mCO3 Emplace items on the Emplace a camera or a rover on the Moon A company emplacing a public-access item X X
Opportunitie Moon that can be that the public on Earth can operate from on the Moon could make money through
s controlled remotely by their home or school computers. operation time sales and sponsorships.
the public on Earth to Allowing the public to operate the item
generate revenue. would generate public support for
exploration by allowing the public to take
part directly in lunar activities and see
exciting things in between major missions.
Commercial mCO4 Host entertainment Host entertainment events on the Moon that Lunar entertainment events can make X X
Opportunitie events on the Moon to will generate general public interest. Ideas money through advertising, ticket sales,
s generate revenue. for events include micro-g human sports or sponsorships, and media rights.
a lunar rover race. Broadcasting these events could also
generate public support for exploration by
showing the public exciting things between
major missions.
Commercial mCO5 Sell tourist trips to the Private companies can sell trips to and stays Private companies can make money by X X X
Opportunitie Moon to generate on the Moon, if individuals are willing to pay selling tourist trips. A larger market for
s revenue. for a ticket. Provide fun recreational these trips may exist if interesting activities
activities, such as lunar gymnastics, human are provided for tourists during their stays.
powered flight, and other lunar sports, The public will be engaged by the idea that
based around the unique lunar environment, they too can go to space.
to entertain the paying tourists.
Commercial mCO6 Create a commercial A commercial astronaut corp may consist of Having a commercial astronaut corp will X X X X X
Opportunitie astronaut corp to private individuals selected and specially- reduce the amount of lunar activities
s provide scientific, trained to perform duties on the lunar government is involved in, potentially
technical, and mission surface. A number of different contracting raising the overall amount of lunar activity.
support to support options could be conceived for this scenario. Transferring astronaut selection and training
lunar science and In one example, if a commercial firm was to the commercial sector may increase the
operations. carrying out science objectives, they could number of individuals able to travel to the
simply sell the data or samples they return. Moon by decreasing government
involvement in the process. Commercial
firms could take more risks, potentially
performing the same tasks at a lower cost.

Commercial mCO7 Purchase launch Provide fast, reliable, and regularly Purchasing launch services from the private X X X
Opportunitie services to the Moon scheduled transportation services between sector could bolster the commercial launch
s from the private points in cis-lunar space. Government industry. Commercial launches could move
sector. should work towards purchasing the industry towards lower launch costs,
transportation services from the private with cheaper access to orbit and beyond for
sector as soon as they are available. new applications. Having multiple launch
options creates launch vehicle redundancies,
which mitigates risk.
Commercial mCO8 Utilize the commercial The commercial sector can provide a A commercial PNT sytem would provide X X
Opportunitie sector to provide Position, Navigation, and Timing system guidance and navigation information for the
s Position, Navigation, (simliar to GPS or Galileo) for the Moon. Moon, while involving the commercial sector
and Timing services on in an area with which they are already
the Moon. familiar and competent.
Commercial mCO9 Utilize the commercial The commercial sector can provide Utilizing the commercial sector in the X X
Opportunitie sector to provide information and communications services, implementation of the lunar information and
s information and such as an internet-like capabiity that can communications infrastructure could
communication transmit and receieve of data in any form, encourage commercial investment and tend
services for lunar as well as handle data securely and toward a market and customer-driven
activities. integrate into the terrestrial communications information service which is scalable and
infrastructure. agile to the demand. A commercial
information infrastructure would involve the
commercial sector in an area with which
they are already familiar and competent.
Commercial mCO10 Utilize the commercial Utilize the commercial sector to perform Utilizing the commercial sector in lunar X X
Opportunitie sector to perform lunar lunar resource utilization activities, such as resource utilization reduces the number of
s resource utilization. resource prospecting, mining, materials activities governments are involved in and
processing, manufacturing, construction and increases the participation of the
other services/products based on lunar commercial sector. Lunar resource
resources. This includes the use of private utilization has value because mid- and long-
enterprise for the performance of various term exploration and exploitation of the
activities in the vertical chain from resource- lunar surface will require structures and
to-product. Construction services include facilities that launch vehicles coming from
the assembly of research settlements and Earth cannot carry. The provision of
other facilities and structures supporting facilities and systems on the lunar surface
research and commercial operation. that accomplish various aspects of the
Manufacturing higher-level capabilities vertical chain from resource-to-product will
through making or processing lunar raw greatly reduce the mass of materials and
materials into a finished product, especially products that must be brought from Earth.
by means of a large-scale industrial Lunar resource utilization improves
operation. Other services/products can productivity (value per unit cost) associated
include depots for transportation and life with activities on the lunar surface and
support, and power generation, storage, elsewhere in space where lunar resources
and delivery services. are applied.

Commercial mCO11 Utilize the commercial Allow the commercial sector and the public An open source mission would allow the X X
Opportunitie sector and the public to to contribute directy and individually to public and commercial entities to become
s design and execute an mission design through an open-source directly involved with mission operations
"open-source" mission, architecture. An open-source architecture without going through government
to engage these groups means that anyone can access system bureaucracy. Open source missions have
directly in lunar designs and improve them directly. See the potential to decrease costs, improve
exploration. Red Hat and Linux as examples. cycle times, and generate a higher quality
product.
Commercial mCO12 Develop materials on Take advantage of the unique lunar Commercial firms who develop new X X X
Opportunitie the Moon to sell on the environment to develop and manufacture materials coulc make money by selling the
s Moon and on Earth. new materials. Sell these materials to product. This activity has additional value if
support lunar activities and for Earth it produces new materials.
applications.
Commercial mCO13 Produce and sell power Create power and propulsion based on lunar Commercial firms that can produce and sell X X X X
Opportunitie and propellant based resources. Power and propulsion could power and propellant based on lunar
s on lunar resources. come from mining of regolith, resources could create a new energy market
manufacturing of solar cells, or other based on the Moon. For specific
sources. Sell the product for a variety of applications, lunar resource-produced
uses -- on the Moon, in cis-lunar space, in products can provide power for use on the
deep-space, and on Earth. An infrastructure Moon, allow satellites in LEO/GEO to be
will be required for power distribution. more easily refueled, enable further deep-
space destinations for scientific hardware,
and provide power for Earth use. This
activity is ideal for the commercial sector
because there could be a viable market that
exists for these products.
Commercial mCO14 Provide waste removal, Remove, recycle, and reuse biological and The value of any lunar activity will be X X X
Opportunitie recycling, and reuse mechanical waste generated from cis-lunar degraded by the presence of biological and
s services to maintain a and lunar activities. Commercial waste mechanical pollution and waste. The
clean lunar manegement firms could provide these outcome of any activity will be enhanced if
environment. services. the environment can be kept as pristine as
possible.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Global Partnership

Global mGP1 Establish a global A global framework, able to encompass A global partnership framework could X X X X
Partnership partnership both commercial and governmental enable increased participation in
framework to enable involvement, should be established to exploration, including government-
all interested parties coordinte the lunar activities of all government, government-commercial, and
(including non-space interested parties. This framework should commercial-commercial coordination.
faring nations and allow for (but may not require) Having an international cooperative
private companies) coordination of roadmaps and missions, framework could promote efficient and
to participate in sharing of data, infrastructure and cost effective exploration that is stable
lunar exploration. facilities, while maintaining autonomy (if over the long run, while promoting
desired) of participants. international peace. Fostering
collaboration has the potential to increase
the amount of lunar activity by increasing
the total amount of financial and human
resources available to the endeavor and
increasing the level of public support.
Finally, by allowing participants to
maintain their autonomy within the overall
program, each participant can establish
their own goals, as best suit the needs of
their stakeholders.
Global mGP2 Establish standards Use existing standards and establish new Standards and common interfaces will X X X
Partnership and common standards for information (such as data enable lunar stakeholders to share data,
interface designs to and communication), equipment, and infrastructure and consumables, thereby
enable interfaces. Standards should enable enhancing the affordability, sustainability,
interoperability of systems produced by different parties to and safety of lunar surface activities.
systems developed be interoperable. Standardization will also allow suppliers to
by a global compete across emerging space commerce
community. markets. One of the potential impacts to
establishing standards is that it increases
the barriers to entry for some participants.
Global mGP3 Establish a set of Review and amend national export control Export control laws and regulations that X X X
Partnership export control laws laws and regulations, as necessary and as minimize barriers to cooperation on lunar
and regulations that possible, to allow for timely, flexible, and activities can maximize the overall
will enhance sustainable cooperation between nations effectiveness of lunar exploration by
effective global conducting lunar activitites. enhancing, among other things, further
cooperation on lunar sharing of financial, personnel, and
activities. technical resources.
Global mGP4 As necessary, Given the framework of the Outer Space Establishing appropriate lunar legal X X X
Partnership establish Treaty, establish legal mechanisms to mechanisms before undertaking extensive
appropriate legal govern elements of lunar activity. Areas activities on the Moon can prevent future
mechanisms for these mechanisms should cover include disputes and damage, while encouraging
lunar surface and the possibility of zoning, terrestrial greater activity. Broadly accepted legal
orbital activities to leasehold, easement, and tenant law to mechanisms could protect the interests of
enable commercial settle access, land use, and resource all public and private participants and
and governmental disputes; liability provisions to address encourage investment in lunar activities by
involvement. personal injury and property damage, in a clarifying the legal environment in which
manner allowing the insurance industry to participants operate.
manage risk sustainability; clarifying
intellectual property rights; and ensuring
environmental protection of the Moon.
These legal mechanisms could be an
internationally agreed-upon "Rules of the
Road," with or without some body to
administer and govern elements of lunar
activities.
Lunar Exploration Objectives Public Engagement and Inspiration

Public mEOR1 Provide education, An integrated, long-range strategy to guide The lunar exploration program will depend X
Engagement communication, the space community's activities in on at least two new generations of citizens
& Inspiration engagement, and education, communication, engagement and and taxpayers to understand and support
outreach activities to outreach will promote substantive exploration activities. An integrated long-
assist in building understanding, increase working knowledge, range strategy will build new support bases,
general knowledge of, foster dialogue and "ownership," and inspire and increase the existing base, while
and ultimately the next generations of citizens to continue providing high quality education,
support for, lunar their support for lunar exploration. communication, engagement, and outreach
exploration activities. products to the public. Education and
engagement will profit from integrated
planning that will reduce programmatic
outlays while maximizing oppportunities.
Public mEOR1.1 Provide opportunities Provide opportunities for the public to watch Providing opportunities for the public to X X
Engagement for the public to surface operations. Video could be taken of watch surface operations will engage them in
& Inspiration watch surface many different lunar locations and activities, dynamic lunar activities that they will most
operations via video including landing sites, construction likely be interested in. Broadcasting day to
broadcast, to engage activities, and any other dynamic activity day operations could yield broad interest and
the public in lunar that may be of interest to the public. This intimate knowledge of exploration
activities. objective could be implemented by having a operations.
space agency pay for a small micro-rover to
film around interesting activities, while
enabling a media source to utilize the film for
public engagement purposes.
Public mEOR1.2 Provide opportunities Provide opportunities for the public to follow Providing opportunities for the public to X X
Engagement for the public to the human side of crew activities on the follow the human side of crew activities on
& Inspiration watch the human side Moon. This could involve putting cameras at the Moon will engage them in human and
of crew activities, to various places inside the habitable emotional stories related to lunar activities.
engage the public in environment. Acess can be controlled so as The public is likely to become more engaged
lunar activities. not to be too intrusive to daily crew lives. because of the humanization of the crews.
Having a media entity capture and distribute
the video could improve its distribution
because the media is in the business of
reaching the public.
Public mEOR1.3 Provide opportunities Create opportunities for direct public Members of the public who will not have the X
Engagement for the public to manipulation of small technologies on the opportunity to travel to the Moon will be able
& Inspiration operate equipment lunar surface. Initially, public interaction can to participate directly in a lunar mission.
that is either part of be achieved via a simple camera that is Active involvement allows better public
the lunar mission, or keyed to filter, buffer, and process internet response, awareness, and support for the
simply emplaced for inputs. As time goes on, the system can lunar activities.
public outreach, to become more sophisticated to provide more
engage the public in opportunities to interact. Later, this can
lunar activities. include the public being able to remotely
command repetitive tasks that a participating
crew member would need to do anyway,
with protection mechanisms in place to
ensure that the crew's needs are met.
Students should be given special access to
these activities.
Public mEOR1.4 Provide opportunities Provide opportunities for the public, in Providing opportunities for the public to X
Engagement for two-way particular students, to communicate with communicate with crews will provide a two-
& Inspiration interaction with crews via electronic means and/or verbal way interaction with the people on the Moon.
people on the Moon, interactions such as live interviews. Crews Similar past activities have been successful
to engage the public should be able to respond to selected at engaging the public. The additional value
in lunar activities. messages from students and the general of communication with students supports
public. Wide distribution of the crew educational objectives.
response will ensure maximum benefit.

Public mEOR1.5 Distribute current Distribute highly engaging, "bite sized" Distributing space content to new media X
Engagement space-related media space-related media to new media outlets. outlets will expose the younger generation to
& Inspiration content to new media Provide web content, animations, and short space exploration in venues they already
outlets to engage the video clips to internet sites such as Google visit. Engaging content can communicate
younger generation in Video, YouTube, Atom Films, and that space exploration is interesting,
space exploration. Shockwave.com. engaging, end exciting. In particular, convey
this message to the next generation of
taxpayers so that they will support future
exploration initiatives.
Public mEOR1.6 Allocate space on Allocate space on government missions for Including non-governmental public X X
Engagement government missions outside payloads. Solicit ideas for every engagement payloads will increase the
& Inspiration for outside payloads, mission so that a much broader thinking pool amount of public engagement that occurs as
selected to engage can be touched when looking for public part of lunar exploration. By periodically
the public. engagement activities. soliciting ideas from a much larger
community, more innovative ideas may arise
to benefit broad segments of the public.
Public mEOR2 Provide opportunities Engage students directly and indirectly in a Participation in lunar activities will engage X
Engagement to educate students variety of lunar activities. Initial activities students more fully in the space program.
& Inspiration through direct and can be simply developing an educational The opportunity to work directly with
indirect participation curricula focused on the Moon. Later systems and crews living and working on the
in lunar activities, to activities will have students based on Earth Moon will provide excitement that Earth-
engage students in but participating in an activity on the Moon - based curricula cannot match. Exciting and
the space program. such as teleoperation of a rover or designing engaging these students will improve overall
a science experiment to be conducted on the public support for the space program and
Moon. Over time, these activities will move motivate students to pursue science and
toward direct student engagement in lunar technology fields in their education.
activities, such as a Lunar Institute, based on
the Moon, that would allow selected students
and teachers to travel to and learn on the
Moon.
Public mEOR2.1 Allocate time for Allocate time for crews to create and/or Having crews teach lessons directly from the X
Engagement crews to teach about teach lessons about recent and ongoing daily Moon can educate students in a more
& Inspiration lunar activities, to activities on the Moon, from a scientific, exciting manner than Earth-based curricula.
educate students. engineering, or operational perspective. This activity capitalizes on prior programs
Either train astronauts to be educators, or fly that flew teachers on the US Shuttle and
educators and have them teach. International Space Station.
Public mEOR2.2 Allocate space on Allocate space on missions for university- Allowing university-built payloads to fly to X
Engagement missions for built payloads. Create opportunities for the Moon will engage students directly in
& Inspiration university-built students to conceive, develop, implement, lunar activities. By focusing at the college
payloads, to engage and operate space systems that will be level, the students participating in these
students directly with carried to the Moon. projects will have the opportunity to gain
exploration activities. useful real-life experience in designing and
building space systems. Students who are
engaged in this activity may become more
interested in space, and thus pursue careers
in the space sector.
Public mEOR3 Extend awareness of Extend awareness of space activities to non- Extending outreach to non-traditional X
Engagement space activities to traditional communities that are rarely communities using diverse methods may
& Inspiration diverse, non- reached directly by the space program. reach and engage a segment of the
traditional Involve musicians, artists, poets, story population not touched by traditional
communities, utilizing tellers, etc. in public outreach about space to education and public outreach activities.
non-traditional try and reach the general public in a new Engagement activities could eventually
means, to enhance way. Non-traditional methods have proved expand the workforce by demonstrating the
public engagement. effective in formal and informal education excitement of and reasons for space
settings as well. exploration to diverse communities.

Public mEOR3.1 Allocate time in the Allocate crew time to tell the daily lunar Providing opportunities for crews to convey X
Engagement crew schedule to tell story to the public. Crews can convey the the daily lunar activites to the public in a
& Inspiration the daily lunar story message verbally, via video or audio storytelling manner, much like a diary of not
to the world broadcasts, or in written form, via internet just accomplishments, but emotions and
audience. blogs or regular newspaper columns. Allow opinions as well, will provide opportunities
crews to be expressive, and to convey the for very human identification between the
emotional and human sides of the story as public and the crew. Using new media
well. Crews could should be trained as sources, such as internet blogs, crews may
storytellers and writers so as to present a reach a set of the population not touched by
more engaging story to the public. traditional education and public outreach
activities.
Public mEOR4 Demonstrate the Demonstrate the value of lunar activities by Demonstrating the value of lunar activities to X
Engagement value of lunar developing a coherent and compelling (and the general public could generate support for
& Inspiration activities for Earth to truthful) "story" about how activities on the exploration. People must hear, in a
increase support for Moon can provide benefits to Earth. This language they can understand, the value to
lunar exploration. story may be framed and delivered these activities.
differently to reach different stakeholders, so
as to have the most impact on each. This
story should clearly answer all of the
questions as to why we are going to the
Moon.
Public mEOR5 Encourage public Invite public comment and opinion on Gathering and utilizing public input can help X X X X X X
Engagement discourse about the exploration to hear the many different views craft policies and plans that are more likely
& Inspiration rationale for and with respect to exploration and the need for to be supported by the public. Public
objectives of lunar it, especially as it competes for public support for exploration is critical in
exploration, to better resources. Good knowledge of all the views, maintaining political support for it in the long
craft policies and both for and against, can be used toward term.
plans that will be forming exploration policy that will satisfy a
supported by the broader segment of the public.
public.
Public mEOR6 Carry out a mission Carry out a mission for pure public A mission with the goal of pure public X X
Engagement for pure public engagement. An idea for a small mission engagement could generate public support
& Inspiration engagement to would be to send a small commercial payload for exploration by showing exciting things
generate public to the Moon that will yield something of between major missions. A mission funded
excitement about entertainment value (i.e. photographs or privately could generate revenues through
exploration. videos) that can be broadcast to the public. advertising and sponsorship opportunities.
An idea for a medium-sized mission would be
to emplace something on the Moon that
could be seen from Earth by the naked eye.
An idea for a larger mission would be to send
a celebrity to the Moon and create a
documentary to show their experience.
Utilize advertising and sponsorship revenues
to fund the mission.
Public mEOR7 Engage non- Participating space agencies should actively Engaging the outside communinty allows X X
Engagement governmental entities engage the outside community to provide participating space agencies to fundshare
& Inspiration to provide resources mission support and funding for the more of the lunar objectives. An additional
and develop hardware objectives that support public education, benefit is that by engaging a broader group
and elements to communication, engagement, and outreach. in public engagement, more innovative ideas
support public will emerge, and the public will begin to see
engagement space exploration as an activity that is not
objectives. purely government funded.

Public mEOR8 Utilize existing pro- Utilize exisisting grassroots pro-space Leverage existing organizations to access X
Engagement space and student organizations (clubs, student orginzations, new communities of space enthusiasts, to
& Inspiration organizations to etc.) to carry public engagement messages communicate the exploration objectives and
galvanize public to the public. Support pro-space events, excite a broader spectrum of the population.
support about such as an "Armstrong Night," similar to
exploration. existing events like "Yuri's Night."

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Lunar Exploration Objectives Astronomy and Astrophysics

Version 1, released December 2006 Page 1 of 52

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Crew mCAS5 Develop Develop teleoperation capabilities to Teleoperation capabilities allow X X X X

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