1. What was the unconditional stimulus in Pavlov’s experiments with the dogs?

Food Powder
2. Which is not the example of unconditioned reflex?
Rick wiping his dirty hands-off on his jeans before picking up the mail from the table.
3. Which type of conditioning was formulated by Ivan Pavlov, the Russian psychologist who studied
the digestive process in dogs?
Classical conditioning
4. Conditioned response is to unconditioned response as:
Learned is to un-learned
5. Learning by watching is called
Observational learning
6. Which is of the following most strongly related to cognition?
Observational Learning
7. Responses that are followed by negative reinforcement are likely to be
repeated
8. A ---- schedule is a reinforcement schedule that is the most resistant to extinction.
Variable-ratio
9. Many advertisers try to sell products by associating them with sexy images of famous
celebrities. By pairing their products with these favorable stimuli, the advertisers are attempting
to use.
Classical Conditioning
10. In operant conditioning, the behavior being modified occurs:
before the consequence
11. The systematic use of learning principles to change behavior is called:
Behavior modification
12. In the psychology of learning, Reinforcers will always--------
strengthens or increase the probability of the response it follows
13. When Watson and Raynor conditioned fear in a child known as Little Albert, the conditioned
stimulus was:
a white rat
14. Learning to perform behaviours that produce positive outcomes and to avoid behaviours that
yield negative outcomes is a basic characteristic of
Operant conditioning
15. People who are exposed to repeated unpleasant events over which they have no control may
become passively resigned. This is called:
Learned Helplessness
16. In general, the use of punishment as a means of influencing behaviour can potentially help the
subject develop more appropriate behaviours.
False.
17. In classical conditioning, what is the term for the neutral stimulus after it has repeatedly been
paired with an unconditioned stimulus and comes to elicit the same response as the
unconditioned stimulus?
Conditioned Stimulus
18. The occurrence of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning shows that:
 the association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli has not been lost.
19. reinforcing successive approximations of the desired response is called:
shaping
20. An example of a negative punishment is:
removal of cell phone/gaming devices

Ch-4

1. Sunlight is the environmental cue that has the most significant effect on circadian rhythms.
True
2. Which of the following is not typical of REM sleep?
slow, regular respiration and heart rate
3. Which of the following substance is not stimulant?
Alcohol
4. Keith requires progressively more and more of a drug to get the same effect. He has developed:
a drug tolerance
5. Compared to powered cocaine, the “high” experienced with crack----------------
does not last as long
6. Controlled substances are psychoactive drugs that are………………
approved for medical use only.
7. Those drugs are most addictive are characterized by…………….
effects that are felt almost immediately
8. Knowledge of one’s own perceptions, thoughts, feelings, sensations, and external environment
is the definition given in the textbook for ……………
Consciousness
9. Many of our body function fluctuate from high to low points across each 24-hour period. This
pattern is referred to as…………….
Circadian rhythms
10. A lucid dream is a dream that….
the dreamer is aware of dreaming while it is taking place
11. Sigmund Freud believed that dreams function to……….
satisfy unconscious sexual and aggressive desires.
12. Derivatives of the opium poppy are used medically to curb
pain/diarrhea
13. Narcotics are considered to be……….
depressants
14. The activation-synthesis hypothesis suggests that dreams are simply the brains attempt to make
sense of random neural firing during REM sleep.
True.
15. Scott talks in his sleep, so much so that his wife is concerned. She asks Harry’s doctor if this is a
normal condition in adults or if she would be concerned. The doctor tells her talking in one’s
sleep is ………….
quite normal
16. A sleeping disorder in which an individual randomly falls into a deep sleep is called………….
 Narcolepsy
17. Hypnotized individuals are not aware of what is happening during hypnosis.
False
18. Which of the following is a biological difference between individuals categorized as larks and
those who fall under the owl category?
upon awakening, a lark’s body temperature peaks more quickly than an owl’s
19. The function of REM sleep is to perform a ‘mental housecleaning’. Which consists of organizing
and storing in memory information that is irrelevant.
True
20. Several behaviours including eating, alcohol consumption, sexual activity, and drug use are
potentially addictive because they all increase the availability of the neurotransmitter……………….
which plays an important role in the pleasure centres of the brain.
Dopamine

Chapter 1
1. ----------------- was one of the foremost advocates of the functionalist school of psychology
William James
2. The major emphasis of Gestalt psychology is the…………….
perception of whole units (or patterns) to create a permanent understanding
3. The major emphasis of humanistic psychology is………
the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for conscious choice and growth
4. The information processing approach in cognitive psychology assumes the mind………….
processes information sequentially in much the same way that a computer does serial
processing.
5. The school of psychology called behaviourism was started by………….
John B. Watson
6. Which statement summarizes the psychoanalytic view of Sigmund Freud?
The mind is like an iceberg with only the tip floating above the surface.
7. The Canadian Psychological association has guidelines for ethical treatment of human subjects
but not for animal subjects.
false
8. In his study of consciousness, Wilhelm Wundt relied heavily upon the technique known as
introspection.
true
9. When a psychological test measures what it is intended to measure. the test is considered to
be……
valid
10. Deception is justified in human research as long as the subjects never know that they have been
deceived, because knowing about the deception may cause irreversible harm.
false.
11. In an experiment, the independent variable………….
is controlled by the experimenter
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