Topic: 5G LTE-U Ultra Dense Cloud Small Cell Network in

Front haul.
Ultra dense cloud small cell network (UDCSNet), which combines cloud computing
and massive deployment of small cells, is a promising technology for the fifth-
generation (5G) LTE-U (LTE in unlicensed spectrum (LTE-Unlicensed, LTE-U) is a proposed extension
of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) wireless standard intended to allow cellular network operators to
offload some of their data traffic by accessing the unlicensed 5 GHz frequency band)mobile
communications because it can accommodate the anticipated explosive growth of
mobile users’ data traffic.
Driven by the development of mobile Internet and smart phones, data traffic grows
exponentially in the current mobile communication systems. Ultra dense network
(UDN) is a promising technique to meet the requirements of explosive data traffic
in fifth generation (5G) mobile communications. Moreover, when overlaid on top
of macro cells, low-power small cells (e.g. Femtocells and Pico cells) can improve
the coverage and capacity of cellular networks by exploiting spatial reuse of
spectrum.
LTE-U, a cloud radio access network(CRAN) is one suitable candidate for 5G
systems In a CRAN, baseband processing is centralized in a baseband unit (BBU)
pool, and radiofrequency processing is handled in remote radio heads (RRHs). The
BBU pool consists of high-performance processors that perform baseband
processing functions such as radio resource control, media access control, fast
Fourier transform, resource block mapping, modulation, coding, and so on. RRHs
provide wireless signal coverage for UEs. The BBU pool consists of large-scale BBUs
connected by a high-bandwidth low-latency optical fiber network. Together with
system software, a BBU pool can constitute a large real-time baseband cloud, which
is a computing cloud in CRAN.
Small cells and a macro cell in UDCSNet can together be used to form a phantom
cell. Today’s networks use macro cells to provide capacity and coverage,
supplemented by Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) and Wi-Fi for indoor coverage
and capacity respectively. The macro layer uses HSPA with LTE overlay and small
cells are deployed mainly to extend coverage in hard to reach places.
The next phase of network densification includes upgrading the macro installation
with multicarrier, carrier aggregation and advanced antenna solutions. Capacity
hot zones will be served via dedicated small cells and Wi-Fi offload. Indoor DAS
solutions will be upgraded to support LTE.
Upcoming challenges and expectations for ultra dense small cell
network
 Very dense networks will require dense small cell deployment for hot spots
and indoor sites. DAS will be supplemented by indoor small cells, while LTE
on unlicensed bands will be deployed as an integrated indoor solution for
LTE.
 Increasing the traffic density in areas like airports and large shopping
malls requires both outdoor and indoor deployment to provide
seamless coverage and capacity. Such an example requires indoor
LTE small cells, unlicensed LTE and WLAN/ 802.11n/ac solutions to
complement outdoor macro and small cells.
 By 2025 or 2030, base stations expects UDNs will be covering most
urban indoor and outdoor areas with small cells providing cell edge
data rates of 100 Mbps to everyone. These data rates are expected
to be common in 2030 UDN deployments.
 A densified network poses particular concerns for a mobile operator.
Today’s predominantly macro-based networks will become small cell
networks with a handful of macros. Operators need a coherent long
term strategy for deploying small cells because if cells are not
planned from the start, interference levels can rise dramatically.
 Another aspect is mobility and the desire of subscribers for the
highest possible throughputs and highest connection reliability.
Throughput can be damaged by handovers, particularly inter system
handovers which should be minimized. Tomorrow’s networks will
need to carefully balance throughput and mobility as well as
interference mitigation.
 As the population of cities continues to grow, the network will evolve
from hot spots (1 or 2 small cells per macro), to hot zones, (4-6 small
cells per macro), and finally to densified networks (10 or more small
cells per macro). Operators will also need to re-evaluate existing
macro sites as in some cases they may no longer be required.
 A DAS is the distribution of cellular RF to a network of antennas within a
building to provide cellular coverage. It provides an indoor coverage layer
integrated with the macro layer to handle all voice and data traffic in a
building. As capacity demand increases, DAS becomes less cost effective
and higher capacity solutions are needed.