Lec 09 PDF

9
1
Recapitulate
• We worked out Velocity
Transformation.
• We discussed examples of
relative velocity and those
involving transformations
between three frames of
references.
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Prof. Shiva Prasad, Department of Physics, IIT Bombay
Velocity Transformation
Equations
ux  v
ux 
vux
1 2
c
uy uz
uy  ; uz 
 vux   vux 
 1  2   1  2 
 c   c 
3
Inverse Velocity Transformation
Equations
ux  v
ux 
vux
1 2
c
uy uz
uy  ; uz 
 vux   vux 
 1  2   1  2 
 c   c 
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Example 1
A person gets sick while
moving in a train, the speed of
which is 0.6 c in the positive x
direction (Call this frame P).
He shines light asking for help
when he is 30 km away from
the origin in + x direction.
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A hospital is located at the origin
(Called the H frame). As soon as
the light reaches the hospital, an
ambulance (called A frame) is
found in front, which is moving
in positive x direction with a
speed of 0.8 c.
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The person in the hospital
instructs the ambulance to go
and help the sick man.
Assume no time delay
between receiving the signal
and giving the instruction and
no slowing down of car and
the train.
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1.What are the positions and times
of the person sending the signal
in H and A frames?
2.Find the position of the person in

the H frame at t=0 and in A
frame at t’=0.
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3.Find the time in H frame and A
frames when the ambulance
reaches the person.
9
30 km
H
P
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Identify Events
E1: Sick Person sending the
distress signal.
E2: Hospital receiving the
signal.
E3: Ambulance reaching the
sick person.
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H Frame
E1: x1=3X104 m, t1=?
Assume signal is received at

hospital time equal to 0.
3  104 4
t1    1  10 s
c
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E2: x2=0, t2=0
Given that hospital is at the origin.
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E3: (? , ?)
The position of the person at t=0

4
4 3  10 4
3  10   0.6c  4.8  10 m
c
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30 km
H
t=t1 t=0 t=t3
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If t3 is the time when
ambulance reaches the sick
person
4
4.8  10  0.6c  t3  0.8c  t3
4
4.8  10
t3   8  104 s
0.2c
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Co-ordinate of the person at E3.
4 4
x3  0.8c  8  10  19.2  10 m
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Events Table in H

E1: 3  10 m, -1  10
4 4
s 
E2: 0, 0 

E3: 19.2  104 m, 8  104 s 
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A Frame
Make the frame H and A satisfy the
criteria to use Lorentz
transformation directly?
1 5
  2

1  0.8  3
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E1:
5
x1 
3
 4
3  10  0.8c  10 4

4
 9  10 m
5  0.8c  3  10 
4
t1   1  10 
4
2 
3 c 
4
 3  10 s
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E2: x’2=0, t’2=0
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E3:
5

x3  19.2  104  0.8c  8  104
3

0
5  0.8c  19.2  10 
4
t3   8  10 
4
2 
3 c 
 4.8  104 s
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t’=0 t’=t’1
t’=t’3
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We could have found out co-
ordinates of E3, without using
transformation also.
The x has to be zero because
it occurs at the origin of A
frame.
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We can use time dilation for time
part. (t’3-t’2) being proper time
interval between E2 and E3.
t3  t2

t3  t2
8  104  0
t3  0   4.8  10 4
s

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Events Table in A

E1: 9  10 m, -3  10
4 4
s 
E2: 0, 0 

E3: 0, 4.8  10
4
s 
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Are all questions
answered?
What are the positions and times of

the person sending the signal in H
and A frames?
E1
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Find the position of the person in
the H frame at t=0 and in A frame
at t’=0.
48 km and ?
Find the time in H frame and A

frames when the car reaches the
person.
E3
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According to A, E1 occurred when
the person was 90 km away and at
time t’= -3x10-4 s. A reached origin
at t’=0. During this time the person
was travelling with a relative speed
u’x.
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0.6c  0.8c 0.2c
ux  
1  0.6  0.8 0.52
The distance travelled by person in
A frame in 3x10-4 s is
0.2c 4 4
 3  10  3.46  10 m
0.52
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The distance of person in A frame
at t’=0 is
9  104  3.46  104  5.54  104 m
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t’=0 t’=t’1
t’=t’3
90 km
55.4 km
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If we have to find absolute time in
P frame, watches have to be re-
synchronized. This can become
cumbersome. However, we can use
differential form.
33
Suppose the problem also asks us
to find out the time the ambulance
took to reach P in P’s frame after
sending the distress signal.
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We realize that E1 and E3 took
place at same value of xP in P’s
frame. Hence this time interval is
dilated in H and A frames.
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t3  t1
  PH
t3  t1
4
9  10
t3  t1   7.2  10 4
s
1.25
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Just to confirm we can find the
time interval in A frame using this
proper time interval between E3
and E1 in P frame.
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t3  t1
  PA
t3  t1
1 13
 PA  
 0.2 
2 12
1 
 0.52 
13
t3  t1  7.2  10 
4 4
 7.8  10 s
12
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This matches with what we had
evaluated using Lorentz
transformation.
39
Summary
• Discussed one example

involving multiple events.
40

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9

2.Find the position of the person in

Assume signal is received at

Given that hospital is at the origin.

The position of the person at t=0

t=t1 t=0 t=t3

What are the positions and times of

Find the time in H frame and A

9  104  3.46  104  5.54  104 m

• Discussed one example

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