- Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa Trachea (windpipe)
on the superior surface - 4 inches long tube that connects larynx and - The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory bronchi mucosa (lysozyme enzyme) , which: - Walls are reinforced with C- shaped hyaline o Moistens air cartilage, which keeps the trachea patent o Traps incoming foreign particles - Lined with ciliated mucosa - Lateral walls have projections called conchae o Cilia beat continuously in the opposite o Increase surface area direction of incoming air o Increase air turbulence within the nasal o Expel mucus loaded with dust and other cavity debris away from lungs - The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate Main (primary) Bronchi o Anterior hard plate (bone) - Formed by division of the trachea o Posterior soft plate (unsupported) - Each bronchus enters the lung at the hilum - Functions of the sinuses: (medial depression) o Lighten the skull - Right bronchus is wider, shorter, straighter than o Act as resonance chambers for speech left o Produce mucus that drains into the - Bronchi subdivide nasal cavity Lungs The pharynx - Occupy the most of the thoracic cavity - Muscular passage form nasal cavity to larynx o Heart occupies central portion called - 3 regions of the pharynx: mediastinum o Nasopharynx, superior region behind - Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion) nasal cavity - Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion) o Oropharynx, middle region behind - Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures mouth (food) o Left lung- 2 lobes o Laryngopharynx, (air) o Right lung – 3lobes - Pharyngotympanic tubes, opnes into the - Serosa covers the outer surface of the lungs nasopharynx o Pulmonary (visceral) pleura, covers the - Tonsils (composed of lymphatic cells – produce lung surface antibodies) of the pharynx o Parietal pleura lines the wall of the o Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), located in thoracic cavity the nasopharynx o Palatine tonsils, located in the Bronchial (respiratory) Tree Divisions oropharynx - All but the smallest of these passageways have o Lingual tonsils, found at the base of the reinforcing cartilage in their walls tongue - Conduits to and from the respiratory zone o Primary Larynx (voice box) o Secondary - Routes air and food into proper channels o Tertiary - Plays a role in speech o Bronchioles - Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a - Respiratory zone Structures: spoon-shaped - Respiratory Membrane - Thyroid cartilage o Thin squamous epithelial layer lines the o Largest of the hyaline cartilages alveolar walls o Protrudes anteriorly o Alveolar pores connect neighboring air - Epiglottis sacs o Protects o Pulmonary capillaries cover external - Vocal folds (true vocal chords) surface of alveoli o Vibrate with expelled air o Respiratory membrane (air-blood o The glottis barrier) On one side o Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion Oxygen enters the blood CO2 enters the alveoli o Alveolar microphages, add protection by picking up bacteria, carbon particles, and other debris o Surfactant, (a lipid molecule) coats gas exposed alveolar surfaces Important in lowering of the surface tension of the lungs - 4 events of Respiration 1.) Pulmonary ventilation, moving air into and out of the lungs (breathing) 2.) External Respiration 3.) Respiratory gas transport, transport of O and CO2 via the bloodstream 4.) Internal Respiration