Working Explanation:

Working of this Smoke Detector Alarm Circuit is explained here. In this project, we have used
transistor operating properties to work this circuit as a smoke detector. As we already know that we
have used a BC547 NPN transistor which will turn on whenever it gets least 0.70v at its base terminal.
So, we have applied a Voltage Divider Circuit at its base. The voltage divider circuit consists of a
potentiometer and the LDR sensor. Ideally, whenever there is no smoke in the detector unit, the
forward bias applied to the transistor is grounded due to low resistance of LDR, as the light from the
LED makes internal resistance low of LDR. We’ve adjusted the potentiometer so that whenever there
is any smoke in the detector unit, the forward bias of the transistor triggers the next transistor that in
turn makes the buzzer sound.

Also, we’d used multimeter to set and correct the voltages applied to the base of first transistor, to
which sensor is attached.

Use of second transistor is to amplify the input signal (due to Darlington pair effect) and to switch
on/off buzzer. Although we may use single transistor but the sensitivity may also be decreased and
enough smoke has to be there for switching on/off transistor and to amplify the signal.

Regarding assembling of the project,

First, we need a cardboard, onto which we attached a printout of the circuit. Then, we mount the
components specified in the circuit diagram and make connections on the back side using jumper
wires. Then, we connect the battery and test/correct the voltages as described earlier, such that when
no smoke is there the buzzer doesn’t sounds and when traces of smoke enters the unit, the buzzer
sounds.