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4 Geometry PDF
4 Geometry PDF
Geometry 1
TERMINOLOGY
Altitude: Height. Any line segment from a vertex to the Polygon: General term for a many sided plane figure. A
opposite side of a polygon that is perpendicular to that side closed plane (two dimensional) figure with straight sides
Congruent triangles: Identical triangles that are the same Quadrilateral: A four-sided closed figure such as a square,
shape and size. Corresponding sides and angles are rectangle, trapezium etc.
equal. The symbol is /
Similar triangles: Triangles that are the same shape but
Interval: Part of a line including the endpoints different sizes. The symbol is zy
Median: A line segment that joins a vertex to the Vertex: The point where three planes meet. The corner of
opposite side of a triangle that bisects that side a figure
Perpendicular: A line that is at right angles to another Vertically opposite angles: Angles that are formed
line. The symbol is = opposite each other when two lines intersect
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 141
INTRODUCTION
GEOMETRY IS USED IN many areas, including surveying, building and graphics.
These fields all require a knowledge of angles, parallel lines and so on, and
how to measure them. In this chapter, you will study angles, parallel lines,
triangles, types of quadrilaterals and general polygons.
Many exercises in this chapter on geometry need you to prove something
or give reasons for your answers. The solutions to geometry proofs only give
one method, but other methods are also acceptable.
Geometry means measurement of the earth and comes from Greek. Geometry was used in ancient
civilisations such as Babylonia. However, it was the Greeks who formalised the study of geometry,
in the period between 500 BC and AD 300.
Notation
In order to show reasons for exercises, you must know how to name figures
correctly.
•B
The point is called B.
^
Angles can also be written as BAC or BAC.
To name a quadrilateral,
go around it: for example,
BCDA is correct, but ACBD
is not.
This quadrilateral is called ABCD.
DB bisects +ABC.
AM is a median of D ABC.
AP is an altitude of D ABC.
Types of Angles
Acute angle
Right angle
Obtuse angle
90c1 xc1180c
Straight angle
Reflex angle
Angle of revolution
+AEC and +DEB are called vertically opposite angles. +AED and +CEB are
also vertically opposite angles.
144 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
Proof
Let +AEC = xc
Then +AED = 180c - xc (+CED straight angle, 180c)
Now +DEB = 180c - (180c - xc) (+AEB straight angle, 180c)
= xc
Also +CEB = 180c - xc (+CED straight angle, 180c)
` +AEC = +DEB and +AED =+CEB
EXAMPLES
Solution
2.
Solution
2x + 142 + 90 = 360 (angle of revolution, 360c )
2x + 232 = 360
2x + 232 - 232 = 360 - 232
2x = 128
2x 128
=
2 2
x = 64
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 145
3.
Solution
y + 2y + 30 = 90 (right angle, 90c)
3y + 30 = 90
3y + 30 - 30 = 90 - 30
3y = 60
3y 60
=
3 3
y = 20
4.
Solution
x + 50 = 165 (+WZX and +YZV vertically opposite)
x + 50 - 50 = 165 - 50
x = 115
y = 180 - 165 (+XZY straight angle, 180c)
= 15
w = 15 (+WZY and +XZV vertically opposite)
5.
CONTINUED
146 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
Solution
Solution
Supplementary angles add up to 180c.
So the supplement of 57c 12l is
180c - 57c 12l = 122c 48l.
Solution
4.1 Exercises
(b) (j)
(c)
2. Find the supplement of
(a) 59c
(b) 107c 31l
(c) 45c 12l
(d)
3. Find the complement of
(a) 48c
(b) 34c 23l
(c) 16c 57l
(e)
4. Find the (i) complement and
(ii) supplement of
(a) 43c
(b) 81c
(c) 27c
(d) 55c
(f)
(e) 38c
(f) 74c 53l
(g) 42c 24l
(h) 17c 39l
(i) 63c 49l
(g) (j) 51c 9l
5. (a) Evaluate x.
(b) Find the complement of x.
(c) Find the supplement of x.
(h)
(2x + 30)c
142c
148 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
(b) C
(3x + 70)c
(d) A B
C
(e) (50 - 8y)c
(5y - 20)c
(3y + 60)c
E D
(f)
7.
Parallel Lines
When a transversal cuts two lines, it forms pairs of angles. When the two
lines are parallel, these pairs of angles have special properties.
Alternate angles
Corresponding angles
Cointerior angles
If the lines are parallel, cointerior angles are supplementary (i.e. their sum
is 180c).
If +AEF = +EFD,
then AB < CD.
If +BEF = +DFG,
then AB < CD.
If 2 lines are both parallel to a third line, then the 3 lines are parallel to
each other. That is, if AB < CD and EF < CD, then AB < EF.
EXAMPLES
1. Find the value of y, giving reasons for each step of your working.
Solution
+AGF = 180c - 125c (+FGH is a straight angle)
= 55c
` y = 55c (+AGF, +CFE corresponding angles, AB < CD)
Solution
4.2 Exercises
Think about the reasons for
each step of your calculations.
1. Find values of all pronumerals. (h)
(a)
(i)
(b)
(j)
(d)
(b)
(e)
(c) A
(f)
104c
E
B C 76c
(g)
D
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 153
(d) A (e) A
B
B
52c 138c
D
E
F
23c
C C 115c G
E
H
128c D
F
Types of Triangles
Names of triangles
The side opposite the right angle (the longest side) is called the
hypotenuse.
An isosceles triangle has two equal sides.
The angles (called the base angles) opposite the equal sides in an
isosceles triangle are equal.
Proof
Class Investigation
1. Could you prove the base angles in an isosceles triangle are equal?
2. Can there be more than one obtuse angle in a triangle?
3. Could you prove that each angle in an equilateral triangle is 60c?
4. Can a right-angled triangle be an obtuse-angled triangle?
5. Can you find an isosceles triangle with a right angle in it?
The exterior angle in any triangle is equal to the sum of the two opposite
interior angles. That is,
x+y=z
Proof
EXAMPLES
Find the values of all pronumerals, giving reasons for each step.
1.
CONTINUED
156 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
Solution
2.
Solution
+A = +C = x (base angles of isosceles D)
x + x + 48 = 180 (angle sum in a D 180c)
2x + 48 = 180
2x + 48 - 48 = 180 - 48
2x = 132
2x 132
=
2 2
x = 66
3.
Solution
(b)
(i)
(j)
(c)
(d) (k)
(e)
(g)
158 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
C 46c
E
88c
D
(b)
O
75c
73c P
(c)
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 159
Congruent Triangles
Two triangles are congruent if they are the same shape and size. All pairs of
corresponding sides and angles are equal.
For example:
Tests
To prove that two triangles are congruent, we only need to prove that certain
combinations of sides or angles are equal.
EXAMPLES
CONTINUED
160 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
Solution
S: OS = OQ (equal radii)
A: +TOS = +QOP (vertically opposite angles)
S: OT = OP (equal radii)
` by SAS, DOTS / DOQP
Solution
To find corresponding sides, look at each side in relation to the angles.
For example, one set of corresponding sides is AB, DF, GH and JL.
D ABC / D JKL (by SAS)
3. Show that triangles ABC and DEC are congruent. Hence prove that
AB = ED.
Solution
4.4 Exercises
B
(b)
Y 4.7
2.3 m A
m 110c m 110
4.7 c .3 m
(b)
Z 2
C
X
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(e)
(e)
162 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
3. Prove that A
(a) Δ ABD is congruent to Δ ACD
(b) AB bisects BC, given D ABC is
isosceles with AB = AC.
B D
O
A D
C
(a) Show that TOAB and TOBC
are congruent.
B C
(b) Prove that +ABC = 90c.
F C
E D
(a) Show that TAFE and TBCD
are congruent.
(b) Prove that +AFE = +BCD.
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 163
9. The circle below has centre O and 10. ABCD is a rectangle as shown
OB bisects chord AC. below.
A B
B D C
(a) Prove that TADC is
congruent to TBCD.
A (b) Show that diagonals AC and
(a) Prove that TOAB is congruent BD are equal.
to TOBC.
(b) Prove that OB is perpendicular
to AC.
Investigation
Similar Triangles
Triangles, for example ABC and XYZ, are similar if they are the same shape but
different sizes.
As in the example, all three pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
All three pairs of corresponding sides are in proportion (in the same ratio).
164 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
Application
Similar figures are used in many areas, including maps, scale drawings, models
and enlargements.
EXAMPLE
Solution
First check which sides correspond to one another (by looking at their
relationships to the angles).
YZ and BA, XZ and CA, and XY and CB are corresponding sides.
XZ XY
` =
CA CB
y 5.4
=
4.9 3.6
3.6y = 4.9 # 5.4
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 165
4 . 9 # 5 .4
y=
3 .6
= 7.35
YZ XY
=
BA CB
x 5 .4
=
2 .3 3.6
3 .6x = 2 . 3 # 5 .4
2 . 3 # 5 .4
x =
3 .6
= 3.45
Tests
EXAMPLES
1.
(a) Prove that triangles ABC and ADE are similar.
(b) Hence find the value of y, to 1 decimal place.
Solution
(a) +A is common
+ABC = +ADE (corresponding angles, BC < DE)
+ACB = +AED (similarly)
` D ABC <; D ADE (3 pairs of angles equal)
(b)
CONTINUED
166 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
AE = 2.4 + 1.9
= 4 .3
DE AE
=
BC AC
y 4 .3
=
3 .7 2.4
2 .4 y = 3 . 7 # 4. 3
3 .7 # 4 .3
y=
2 .4
= 6 .6
Solution
XZ 15 3
= =
ZV 35 7
YZ 6 3
= =
ZW 14 7
XZ YZ
` =
ZV ZW
+XZY = +WZV (vertically opposite angles)
` since two pairs of sides are in proportion and their included angles are
equal the triangles are similar
Ratio of intercepts
When two (or more) transversals cut a series of parallel lines, the
ratios of their intercepts are equal.
That is, AB : BC = DE : EF
AB DE
or =
BC EF
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 167
Proof
Draw DG and EH parallel to AC.
EXAMPLES
Solution
x 1.5
= ^ ratios of intercepts on parallel lines h
8.9 9.3
9.3x = 8.9 # 1.5
8.9 # 1.5
x=
9.3
= 1.44
CONTINUED
168 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
Solution
Use either similar triangles or ratios of intercepts to find x. You must use
Why? similar triangles to find y.
x 2.7
=
5.8 3. 4
These ratios come 2.7 # 5.8
from intercepts on x=
3.4
parallel lines.
= 4.6
y 2.7 + 3.4
=
7.1 3.4
6.1 # 7.1
These ratios come from y=
3.4
similar triangles.
= 12.7
4.5 Exercises
(d)
(e)
(b)
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 169
A
xc 1.3 4.2
11
5c
B
y D
9.1 8.9 4.9 yc
46 87c
25.7 c 5.88 C
1.82
a 52c
E 6.86 F
14.3
19 6. The diagram shows two
c
concentric circles with centre O.
(a) Prove that DOAB <; D OCD.
(g)
(b) If radius OC = 5.9 cm and
radius OB = 8.3 cm, and the
length of CD = 3.7 cm, find the
length of AB, correct to 2 decimal
places.
(b)
(d)
15. Evaluate x and y correct to
2 decimal places.
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 171
Pythagoras’ Theorem
Proof
Draw CD perpendicular to AB
Let AD = x, DB = y
Then x + y = c
In D ADC and D ABC,
+A is common
+ADC = +ACB = 90c
` D ADC <; D ABC (equal corresponding +s)
AC AD
=
AB AC
b x
c =b
b 2 = xc
Similarly, D BDC <; D ABC
DB BC
=
BC AB
y a
a= c
a 2 = yc
Now a 2 + b 2 = yc + xc
= c ^y + xh
= c ]c g
= c2
EXAMPLES
Solution
c2 = a2 + b2
x2 = 72 + 42
= 49 + 16
= 65
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 173
x = 65
= 8.06 to 2 decimal places
Solution
c2 = a2 + b2
82 = y2 + 42
64 = y 2 + 16
48 = y 2 Leave the answer in
surd form for the exact
` y = 48
answer.
= 16 # 3
=4 3
3. Find the length of the diagonal in a square with sides 6 cm. Answer to
1 decimal place.
Solution
6 cm
6 cm
c =a +b
2 2 2
= 62 + 62
= 72
c = 72
= 8 .5
So the length of the diagonal is 8.5 cm.
CONTINUED
174 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
4. A triangle has sides 5.1 cm, 6.8 cm and 8.5 cm. Prove that the triangle
is right angled.
Solution
8.5 cm
5.1 cm
6.8 cm
Let c = 8.5 (largest side) and a and b the other two smaller sides.
a 2 + b 2 = 5 . 1 2 + 6. 8 2
= 72.25
c 2 = 8. 5 2
= 72.25
` c2 = a2 + b2
So the triangle is right angled.
4.6 Exercises
1. Find the value of all pronumerals, 2. Find the exact value of all
correct to 1 decimal place. pronumerals.
(a) (a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 175
Y 1 Z
176 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
1.1 km
A 4 cm
6 cm
C
Types of Quadrilaterals
Proof
Draw in diagonal AC
+ADC + +DCA + +CAD = 180c (angle sum of D)
+ABC + +BCA + +CAB = 180c (similarly)
` +ADC + +DCA + +CAD + +ABC + +BCA + +CAB = 360c
That is, +ADC + +DCB + +CBA + +BAD = 360c
178 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
EXAMPLE
Solution
i + 120 + 56 + 90 = 360 ^ angle sum of quadrilateral h
i + 266 = 360
i = 94
Parallelogram
PROPERTIES
TESTS
Rectangle
PROPERTIES
TEST
Application
Rhombus
PROPERTIES
TESTS
Square
PROPERTIES
Trapezium
Kite
EXAMPLES
Solution
i = 83c (opposite +s in < gram)
x = 6.7 cm (opposite sides in < gram)
y = 2.3 cm (opposite sides in < gram)
Solution
Let AB = x
Since ABCD is a square, AB = AD = x (adjacent sides equal)
Also, +A = 90c (by definition)
By Pythagoras’ theorem:
c2 = a2 + b2
62 = x2 + x2
36 = 2x 2
18 = x 2
` x = 18
= 3 2 cm
CONTINUED
182 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
3.
(a) Two equal circles have centres O and P respectively. Prove that OAPB
is a rhombus.
(b) Hence, or otherwise, show that AB is the perpendicular bisector
of OP.
Solution
(a) OA = OB (equal radii)
PA = PB (similarly)
Since the circles are equal, OA = OB = PA = PB
` since all sides are equal, OAPB is a rhombus
(b) The diagonals in any rhombus are perpendicular bisectors.
Since OAPB is a rhombus, with diagonals AB and OP, AB is the
perpendicular bisector of OP.
4.7 Exercises
1. Find the value of all pronumerals, (e)
giving reasons.
(a)
(f)
(b)
(g)
(c)
(d)
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 183
(d)
(f)
7 6
x+
(b) (b)
184 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
(c) (d)
(e)
(d)
ABCD is a kite
Polygons
A regular polygon has all sides and all interior angles equal
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 185
EXAMPLES
Carl Gauss (1777–1855) was a famous German mathematician, physicist and astronomer. When
he was 19 years old, he showed that a 17-sided polygon could be constructed using a ruler and
compasses. This was a major achievement in geometry.
Gauss made a huge contribution to the study of mathematics and science, including
correctly calculating where the magnetic south pole is and designing a lens to correct
astigmatism.
He was the director of the Göttingen Observatory for 40 years. It is said that he did not
become a professor of mathematics because he did not like teaching.
Proof
Draw any n-sided polygon and divide it into n triangles as
shown. Then the total sum of angles is n # 180c or 180n.
But this sum includes all the angles at O. So the sum of
interior angles is 180n - 360c .
That is, S = 180n - 360
= ] n - 2 g #180c
Proof
Draw any n-sided polygon. Then the sum of both the
exterior and interior angles is n #180c.
Sum of exterior angles = n #180c - sum of interior angles
= 180n - ] 180n - 360c g
= 180n - 180n + 360c
= 360c
186 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
EXAMPLES
1. Find the sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon with 15 sides.
How large is each angle?
Solution
n = 15
S = (n - 2)#180c
= (15 - 2)#180c
= 13#180c
= 2340c
Each angle has size 2340c' 15 = 156c.
Solution
Let n be the number of sides
Then the sum of interior angles is 140n
There are n sides and so n But S = (n - 2)#180c
angles, each 140c.
So 140n = (n - 2)#180c
= 180n - 360
360 = 40n
9=n
So the polygon has 9 sides.
4.8 Exercises
1. Find the sum of the interior 3. Find the size of each exterior
angles of angle of a regular
(a) a pentagon (a) hexagon
(b) a hexagon (b) decagon
(c) an octagon (c) octagon
(d) a decagon (d) 15-sided polygon
(e) a 12-sided polygon
4. Calculate the size of each
(f) an 18-sided polygon
interior angle in a regular 7-sided
2. Find the size of each interior polygon, to the nearest minute.
angle of a regular
5. The sum of the interior angles of
(a) pentagon
a regular polygon is 1980c.
(b) octagon
(a) How many sides has the
(c) 12-sided polygon
polygon?
(d) 20-sided polygon
(b) Find the size of each interior
(e) 15-sided polygon
angle, to the nearest minute.
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 187
D C
Areas
Most areas of plane figures come from the area of a rectangle.
Rectangle
A = lb
Square
A square is a
special rectangle.
A = x2
Triangle
Proof
` area = bh
1 1
Area D DEF = area AEFD and area DCEF = area EBCF
2 2
1
` area DCDE = area ABCD
2
1
That is, A = bh
2
Parallelogram
The area of a
parallelogram is the
same as the area of
two triangles.
A = bh
Proof
In parallelogram ABCD, produce DC to E and draw BE perpendicular to CE.
Then ABEF is a rectangle.
Area ABEF = bh
In D ADF and D BCE,
+AFD = +BEC = 90c
AF = BE = h (opposite sides of a rectangle)
AD = BC (opposite sides of a parallelogram)
` by RHS, D ADF / D BCE
` area D ADF = area D BCE
So area ABCD = area ABEF
= bh
Rhombus
1
A= xy
2
(x and y are lengths of diagonals)
190 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
Proof
Let AC = x and BD = y
By properties of a rhombus,
1 1
AE = EC = x and DE = EB = y
2 2
Also +AEB = 90c
1 1
Area D ABC = x: y
2 2
1
= xy
4
1 1
Area D ADC = x: y
2 2
1
= xy
4
1 1
` total area of rhombus = xy + xy
4 4
1
= xy
2
Trapezium
1
A= h ( a + b)
2
Proof
Let DE = x
Then DF = x + a
` FC = b - ] x + a g
=b-x-a
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 191
Circle
A = rr 2
EXAMPLES
Solution
1
A= h ( a + b)
2
1
= ( 4) ( 7 + 5)
2
= 2 # 12
= 24 m 2
8.9 cm
4.2 cm
12.1 cm
CONTINUED
192 Maths In Focus Mathematics Extension 1 Preliminary Course
Solution
Area large rectangle = lb
= 8.9 #12.1
= 107.69 cm 2
Area small rectangle = lb
= 3 . 7 # 4 .2
= 15.54 cm 2
` shaded area = 107.69 - 15.54
= 92.15 cm 2
3. A park with straight sides of length 126 m and width 54 m has semi-
circular ends as shown. Find its area, correct to 2 decimal places.
126 m
54 m
Solution
Area of 2 semi-circles = area of 1 circle
54
r =
2
= 27
A = rr 2
= r (27) 2
= 2290.22 m2
Area rectangle = 126 # 54
= 6804
Total area = 2290.22 + 6804
= 9094.22 m2
4.9 Exercises
1. Find the area of each figure. (b)
(a)
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 193
(c) (b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(d)
(f) (e)
2 cm
cm
6
(g)
4. Find the area of each figure.
(a)
(c)
(d)
Test Yourself 4
1. Find the values of all pronumerals 2. Prove that AB and CD are parallel lines.
(a)
(b)
(d) x
4. (a) Prove that triangles ABC and ADE are
similar.
(b) Evaluate x and y to 1 decimal place.
(e)
(O is the centre
of the circle.)
8. (a) Prove triangles ABC and ADC are 12. Triangle ABC is isosceles, and AD bisects
congruent in the kite below. BC.
(b) Prove triangle AOB and COD are (a) Prove triangles ABD and ACD are
congruent. (O is the centre of the circle.) congruent.
(b) Prove AD and BC are perpendicular.
AF AB
11. Prove = .
AG AC
Chapter 4 Geometry 1 197
18. Find the area of the figure below. 20. (a) Prove triangles ABC and DEF are
6 cm similar.
(b) Evaluate x to 1 decimal place.
5 cm
8 cm
2 cm
10 cm
Challenge Exercise 4
1. Find the value of x. 4. Given +BAD =+DBC, show that D ABD
and D BCD are similar and hence find d.
7. Prove that the diagonals in a square 12. Find the values of x and y correct to
make angles of 45c with the sides. 1 decimal place.
10. Evaluate x.