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azmfjyjcif; rjyKcahJ y/ pEó"k r®&mZmudk c&pf 1652 rS 1674 twGi;f eef;pHco hJ nf[k twGuf rsm;jym;cJyh grl b*Fvm;odYk xGuaf jy;onfh rlpvifta&twGuv f nf; rsm;jym;
&cdik &f mZ0ifopfu azmfjyaomfvnf; 'wfcst f a&SUtEd , d́ ukrP Ü rD w
S w f rf;rsm;t& &rnf jzpfonf/ ,ckrl xdo k Ukd r[kwb f J tvGeef nf;yg;onf/ &cdik jf ynftm; NAw d o d QwUkd
1684 txd xD;eef;pd;k pHco hJ nfukd awGU&onf/ 'wfcsf rSww f rf;vm azmfjycsurf sm; odr;f ydu k Nf y;D aemuf ppfwaumif;e,fom;trsm;tjym; &cdik Ef iS b hf *Fvm; a'otMum;
onf irnf;&mZ0ifvm pEók"r®&mZm\ eef;pHESpf (c&pf 1652-1684) ESifh ul;vl;oGm;vmrI ESihf &cdik jf ynftwGi;f tajccs aexkid rf rI sm; &Sad Mumif; udv k ekd aD cwf
udu k n f aD eonfukd awGU&onf/ a'guw f mvdu k 'f g taejzifh acwfjyKd irf w S w
f rf;t& rSww f rf;rsm;u jyqkyd gonf/
twnfjyKEikd af om pEó"k r®&mZmrif;\ eefpEH pS u f o kd m þpmtkyw f iG f toH;k jyKxm; þpmtkyfbmomjyefwGif jyifopftrnfrsm;? ay:wl*Dtrnfrsm;? 'wfcsf
onfukd awGU&ygonf/ trnfrsm;udk rl&if; bmompum; toHxu G t f wdik ;f wdu k &f u
kd t f oHzvS,f xm;yg
þpmtkyf\ ae&mtcsdKUwGif a'gufwm*smYufvdkuf'gu ajrmufOD;acwf onf/ bkef;awmfBuD;refe&pf? 'Db&pfwdk? wDbmtdk ponfjzihf jrefrmpma&;ol
trsm;pku ac:a0:a&;om;Muaomfvnf; olwu Ykd dk rl&if; ay:w*l t D oHxu G t f wdik ;f pDpOfaqmif&u

G af y;aom &efuek wf ikd ;f a'oBu;D &cdik w
f ikd ;f &if;om;a&;&m0efBu;D OD;aZmf
ref&ad u (Manrique)? a'b&dwk (De Brito)? wDabmif (Tibau) [líom þpmtkyw f iG f at;armifEiS hf &cdik o
f ak woetodik ;f t0ef;wdu Yk v
kd nf; txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf/
a&;om; ygonf/ xked nf;wl ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfa&muf 'wfcsv f rl sKd ; q&m0efjzpfou l dk a'gufwm ausmfrif;xif
&Iw
d ef[k vlord sm;aomfvnf; rl&if;'wfcst f oHxu G f twdik ;f paumufw f ef (Schouten)
[líom a&;ygonf/ ordik ;f tjzpftysurf sm; jzpfymG ;&m b*Fvm;a'o trnfrsm;udrk l &nfñTef;csuf
&cdkif&mZ0ifrsm;wGif azmfjycsuftwdkif; aomif;wD;uRef; (Sandwip Island)? armuf 1/ OD;OD;omxGe;f ESihf OD;ausmx f eG ;f atmif/ &cdik af usmufpmaygi;f csKy?f &efuek ?f
olZmjrKd U (Murshedabad)? pku&ú m; (Chocoria) ponfjzifh a&;om;ygonf/ &cdik b f &k ifwYkd r*Fvmpmay? 2017/
ESihf qufpyfz;l onfh ,d;k ',m; bk&iftrnfrsm;ukv d nf; e&JprG f (Naresuan)? jyquf 2/ *smhuf yD? vdkuf'g ESifh ausmfrif;xif/ &cdkifausmufpmtnTef; uwf
xGef (Prasatthong)? ponfjzihf ra&;bJ jrefrm&mZ0ifrsm;wGif azmfjycsuftwdkif; wavmufrsm;ESihf &cdkifausmufpm riful;rsm;? "mwfyHkrsm; (A. 1 rS A.
jAe&mZf? jAoxHk [líomtoHk;jyKxm;ygonf/ 260 txd)? jyifopfEi kd if H ta&SUwikd ;f ynm&yfrsm;avYvma&;Xme? EFFO/
ed*Hk;csKyftaejzihf? tdEd́,EdkifiH r'&yfjywdkufwGif jyoxm;aom &cdkifbk&if &efukefESifh csif;rdkifpifwm/
oD&o d "k r®&mZm 'gumrS odr;f ydu k &f &So
d nfh r*dt k ajrmuftm; wul;wu "mwfykH
&duk , f cl o
hJ l OD;0if;BuKd if (ausmif;tkyBf u;D ? a&S;a[mif; okawoe enf;ynm oifwef;
ausmif;? jynfNrdKU) ESifh ajrmufOD;acwf &cdkifjynfoHk; Oa&myxkwf tajrmufudk
pawmhwvefe,f at'ifb&mNrKd Utxd oGm;a&muf "mwfy&kH u kd u f ;l ay;Ny;D ? ol&u kd uf ;l
xm;onfh NAw d o d QEikd if &H dS &cdik b
f &k ifh wHqyd af wmfrsm;ESihf aejynfawmf wyfrawmf
ppfordik ;f jywdu k rf S &cdik jf ynfo;kH Oa&myxkwf tajrmuf"mwfyrkH sm;udk toH;k jyKciG hf
ay;aom SOAS vef'efwuúov dk f r[m0dZmÆ ausmif;om; ud&k jJ rwfviG f wdUktm;txl;
aus;Zl;wifygonf/ xkekd nf;wl þpmtkyu f kd jrefrmbmom jyefq&kd ef cGijhf yKcahJ om
a'guw f m *smu h f yD? vku d 'f g? yHEk ydS x
f w k af 0&ef txl;wdu k wf eG ;f tm;ay;aom OD;wif
atmifp;kd (nTeMf um;a&;rSL;? ordik ;f okawoeESihf trsKd ;om;pmMunfw h ukd f OD;pD;Xme)?
pmtkyzf UJG pnf;rItwGuf tultnDay;ol udOk ;D cifarmif? pmtkyf yHEk ydS x f w k af 0Edik &f ef
acwfa[mif;ta&;tom;rsm;ü &ckid v f rl sKd ;wdUk ukd Magh [líawGU&onf/

¤if;rSm b*Fvm;e,ftwGi;f yifv,f"m;jyrsm;udk &nfneT ;f azmfjyEdik af om raocsmzG,f
tcef; (1) &m &if;jrpfwpfcrk S ayguyf mG ;vmonhf toH;k tEIe;f wpfck jzpfonf/2 &ckid jf ynfA[dak 'o
ajrmufOD;acwf &cdkifjynfa&Ta&mifvTrf;csdef jzpfaom ukvm;wefESihf av;NrdKU jrpf0Srf;vGifjyifrsm;wGif a&S;a[mif;NrdKU jyt<uif;
tuserf sm;pGmudk awGU&\/ yxr axmifpEk pS t f wGi;f xGe;f um;cJah om þa&S;a[mif;
&ckid jf ynfonf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfta&SUbufjcrf;ü Ak'b ¨ mombk&ifEh ikd if H NrdKUawmfrsm;wGif [dE´L,Ofaus;rI taiGUtoufrsm;ESifh Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rI
wpfct k jzpf a&S;,cifu wnf&cdS o hJ nf/ þa'otm; 1785- ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmbk&if tEkvuf&mrsm;udk awGU&onf/ þNrKd Uawmfrsm;teuf txif&mS ;qH;k rSm a0omvDjzpf
bd;k awmfA'Hrk if; (1782-1819) u odr;f ydu k cf o
hJ nf/ xkUd aemuf tESpaf v;q,fMum onf/ at'Dav;&mpkrS &Sp&f mpktwGi;f pjEr´ if;qufp;kd pHonf/ a0omvDpjEr´ if;quf
aomtcg yxr t*Fvyd -f jrefrm ppfukd tqH;k owfapcJah om &EÅypkd mcsKyf (1826) rSm b*Fvm;ta&SUawmifydkif;&Sd [&dauv (Harikela) pjE´rif;rsm;ESihf vGefpGm
t& NAw d od Qta&SUtEd , ´d ukrPÜ \ D odr;f ydu k jf cif;cHvu
dk &f onfh e,fajrwpfcjk zpfc\ hJ / eD;pyfqufE, G v
f su&f MdS uonf/ þtapmydik ;f acwfumvwGif tif'-kd tm&d,efEiS fh
,cktcg jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH\ jynfe,fwpfckjzpfNyD; vlOD;a& oHk;oef;cefU &Sdyg wdAuf-jrefrmrsdK;EG,fwkdU a&maESmzG,f&Sdonhf &ckdifa'oae jynfoljynfom;wdkU
onf/ a'otrnfukd Rakhine (odUk r[kw)f Rakhaing [lí t*Fvyd b f momjzifh tajccscJhzG,f &Sdonf/
uGjJ ym;pGm pmvH;k aygi;f Muonf/ yg&eS o f Udk r[kwf b*Fvb D momjzifh a&;om;cJMh uonhf þpmtkyfyg azmfjycsufrsm;rSm ajrmufOD;acwf (1430-1785)\ t"du
tdEd´,pmqkdrsm;u Roshang [lívnf;aumif;? oD[dkVf &mZ0ifq&mrsm;u tpdwftydkfif;jzpfonhf q,fhajcmufESihf q,fhckepf&mpkrsm;ü jzpfyGm;cJhaom &ckdif
Rakhangapura [lí vnf;aumif;? ,dk;',m;&mZ0ifrsm;u Yakhai [lí bk&ihfEdkifiH\ EdkifiHa&;ordkif;ESihf qufpyfonf/ ajrmufOD;rSm &ckdifjynf\ NrdKUawmfjzpf
vnf;aumif; a&;om;ac:qcdk MhJ uonf/1 &ckid jf ynfonf jrefrmEdik if \ H taemufbuf Ny;D udv
k ekd aD cwfwpfavQmuf ]]NrKd Ua[mif;}} [k vlord sm;cJo h nf/ þtrnfukd ajryHrk sm;
urf;ajca'o t"dutpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfNyD; ,ckacwfb*Fvm;a'h&fSEdkifiH ppf wGif awGUEikd yf gao;onf/ ajrmufO;D NrKd Uonf q,fah jcmuf&mpkEpS rf sm;twGi;f jrefrmwkUd
waumif;c&dik Ef iS fh e,fcsi;f xdpyfvsu&f o dS nf/ ta&SUbuf&dS &ckid &f ;kd rawmifwef;Bu;D \ usL;ausmrf u I kd ESpBf urd w
f ikd w
f idk f ckcw
H eG ;f vSeEf ikd cf NhJ y;D omrefxufx;l jcm;aom
rSm awmawmif xlxyfrwfapmufaom obm0twm;tqD;ozG,jf zpfaeNy;D &ckid f wHwkdif;tumt&Hpepfrsm;aMumifh *kPf,l0ifh<um;EdkifcJh\/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUteD;
urf;ajrmifa'oudk {&m0wDjrpf0rS ;f vGijf yifEiS fh wpfo;D wjcm;uGjJ ym;apygonf/ &ckid f ywf0ef;usifwGif Ak'¨bmomapwD ykxdk;rsm;<uif;usefwnf&Sdonf/ &ckdifjynfwGif
jynfüf rSwD if;vsu&f o dS nfh vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHt k euf &ckid v f rl sKd ;rSm vlO;D a&trsm;qH;k jzpf apmpD;pGmuyif Ak'ömoem pnfyifjyefY yGm;cJhonfh taxmuftxm;rsm;jzpf\/
onf/ wdAuf-jrefrmtkypf 0k if jrefrmEdik if H a'od,pum;wpfrsKd ;udk ajymqdMk uonf/ xkdUtwl r[mrked&kyfyGm;awmfBuD;rSmvnf; &ckdifjynfolwdkU &mpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
udk;uG,f,HkMunfrI\ jy,k*fwpfckyifjzpfonf/ &ckdifESihf jrefrmAk'¨bmom0ifrsm;url

þqif;wkawmfBu;D onf "n0wDjynf&h iS f pE´mol&, d rif;vufxuf &ckid jf ynfoUdk
<ua&mufawmfrcl o hJ nf[q k adk om Ak'j¨ rwfpmG bk&m;\ uk, d yf mG ;awmf[k ,HMk unfMuyg
onf/
tjcm;wpfzufwGif tdEd´,ork'´&mtwGif; ul;oef;oGm;vmMuaom
rlpvifukefonfrsm;vnf; &ckdifurf;&dk;wef;odkU a&muf&SdcJhonf[k qkdMuonf
(Temple 1925; Yegar 1972)/ &ckid jf ynfwiG f (a&S;)rlpvif vlUtzGUJ tpnf;vnf;&Sd
zl;onf/ xko d w l Ukd rmS &ckid jf ynfoUdk twif;tusyaf qmifusO;f jcif;cH&onhf b*Fvm;
a'o&Sd rSw D if;aexdik o f rl sm;pGmxJrS jzpfMu\/ (a&S;rlpvifrsm; rSm vlenf;pkjzpfNy;D ?
NAw
d o
d Quv kd ekd aD cwf &ckid jf ynfoUkd 0ifa&mufaexkid o f rl sm;ESifh uGjJ ym;ygonf - bmom
jyefol)/ ¤if;wkdUrSm bk&if\uRefrsm;tjzpf v,fajrrsm;ü tvkyfvkyfMu&onf/
olwUkd xw J iG f tEkynmonfrsm;? vufryI nmonfrsm;? ppfonfrsm;ESifh tqihjf rihf
ynmwwfrsm;yg0ifNy;D tcsKd UrmS eef;awmftwGi;f trIxrf;Muonf/
&ckid b f &k ifEh ikd if \
H txGwt f xdyuf mvü aexdik cf zhJ ;l onhf Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;
u &cdik jf ynfukd ajrMoZmaumif;Ny;D ? vlO;D a&rsm;jym;aom Edik if w H pfct k jzpf azmfjyMu
onf/
&ckid jf ynf\ ukvm;wef? av;NrKd UEiS fh r,ljrpf0rS ;f vGijf yifwiG f qefpyg; aygrsm;
jynfhvQHpGm pdkufysdK;jzpfxGef;NyD;? tmacs; (Aceh) ESihf*smAm; (Java) wkdifatmif
wifyUkd a&mif;csEidk cf hJ onf/ ordik ;f ynm&Sirf sm;u &ckid jf ynfukd q,fah jcmuf&mpktukef
b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf ukeo f ,G af &;uGe, f ufü ae&m&vsu&f adS om zGjYH zKd ;atmifjrif
onhf ul;l oef; a&mif;0,fa&;A[dXk mewpfct k jzpfazmfjyonf (Lieberman 1980,
yHk (2) &ckdifjynfESihf tdrfeD;csif; wkdif;jynfrsm;jy ajryHk
204; Subrahmanyam 1997, 208)/
þpmtky\ f tcef; (2) onf &ckid Ef iS yfh wfoufaom ordik ;f qkid &f m a&;om; qkid &f m ausmaxmufaemufcEH iS fh yifv,fa&aMumif;avmuodUk qufpyf0ifa&muf
csufrsm;udk a0zefqef;ppfcsufjzpfygonf/ &ckdifa'orSm rMumao;rDtcsdeftxd jcif;rS &&SdcJhaom &ckdifjynf\ EdkifiHa&;qkdif&m atmifjrifrItaMumif;w&m;rsm;udk
ta&SUawmiftm&S\ avhvmrIenf;yg;aom ae&mwpfct k jzpfwnf&cdS o hJ nf/ aemuf pl;prf;&SmazGxm;onf/
ydik ;f tcef;u@oH;k ckwiG f q,fih g;&mpkrS q,fch ek pf&mpk 'kw, d xuf0ufyikd ;f txd Edik if aH &;? ,Ofaus;rIEiS pfh ;D yGm;a&;? ud,
k yf idk t
f yk cf sKyrf w
I EYkd iS fh pyfqidk af om t"du
&cdkifjynf\ EdkifiHa&;ESihfppfa&;ordkif;udk azmfjyNyD;? &ckdifjynf\ tdEd´,ork'´&mESihf &Iaxmihfrsm;udk avhvmrIe,fy,f\ tem;owf{&d,mrsm;udk avhvm&Hkjzifh&&Sd
ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'owGi;f us,jf yefUaom vlrpI ;D yGm;a&; qufpyfru I kd tav;ay; Edik af omfvnf;? xko d aYdk vhvmjcif;tm;jzifh Edik if aH &;A[dak 'ojzpfwnfru I kd csO;f uyfí
wifjyygonf/ &ckikd jf ynfonf yx0D? Edik if aH &;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIqikd &f m e,fy,frsm;wGif r&Edik af y/ odUk &mwGif Edik if aH &;A[kad 'otajcjyK csO;f uyfrrI sm;rSm trsKd ;om;a&;ordik ;f
oD;jcm; vGwv f yfonhf ud, k yf idk f ordik ;f &Sad Mumif;udvk nf; em;vnfoabmaygu&f ef
vkdtyfonf/ &ckdifjynfü oD;jcm;&mZ0if&Sdapumrl jrefrmjynfordkif;ESihf ]]wpfrsdK;
wpfpm;wnf;yif jzpfonf}} [laom *s;D tD;[maA; (G.E. Harvey) \ azmfjycsuf
(Harvey 1967, 137) udk &ckid Ef iS jfh refrm rif;pOf rif;qufujJG ym;jcm;em;aeonhf
taMumif;t&mESifh tjzpftysurf sm;u pdeaf c:vsu&f o dS nf/ &ckid o f rdik ;f udk avhvm&m
wGif pHowfrw S x f m;aom awmiftm&SEiS fh ta&SUawmiftm&S ,Ofaus;rI orkid ;f abmif
twGi;f rSaeí yHrk eS v f yk &f ;kd vkypf Of avhvmrI twkid ;f csO;f uyfí r&onfukd owdjyK
&ef vkyd gonf/
q,fah jcmuf&mpkrS tpjyKí &ckid b f &k ifrsm;onf o,HZmw&if;jrpf ydrk <kd u,f0
aom tdref ;D csi;f a'orsm;jzpfonhf b*Fvm;rS r*db k &k ifcrH sm;ESiv
fh nf;aumif;? jrefrm
bk&ifrsm;ESihf vnf;aumif; ppfajrjyifwkdufyGJrsm; qifETJ,if;? a'owGif; wefckd;
tmPmBuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/ ajrmufOD;bk&ifrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;ESihf EdkifiHa&;
tcGihftvrf;rsm; aygif;pyfjcif;rS tusdK;aus;Zl;rsm; &&SdcJhMuonf/ tqkdyg
atmifjrifrrI sm;onf &ky0f w¦KEiS fh vlom;&if;jrpf &&Srd ?I wk;d wufr?I pDrcH efcY UJG Eikd rf EI iS fh yHk (3) ajrmufOD;NrdKU abmif;'Gwf qdyfurf; (Schouten pmtkyfrS)
xde;f odr;f Edik rf wI Udktay:rw l nfcyhJ gonf/ þpmtky\f aemufq;kH tcef;wGif ,Ofaus;rI
a&;om;olrsm;twGufom oihfavsmfygonf/ A[dka'o tajcjyKt,ltqonf

t"du vlrsKd ;Bu;D rsm;ESifh t"duvTr;f rd;k aom ,Ofaus;rI taMumif;&yfrsm;udo k m
azmfjyaeonht f wGuf oabmw&m;a&;&mt& tqifrajyvSay/ A[dak 'o tajcjyK tcef; (2)
orm;rsm;onf tcsefd t f cgavsmuf ajymif;vJjzpfay:co hJ nhf e,ferd wd t f wGi;f jzpfysucf hJ ordkif;qkdif&ma&;om;csufrsm;rS twdwf&ckdiftaMumif;
aom oD;jcm;vGwv f yfonhf taMumif;&mrsm;udk pGeUf y,fwwfMuygonf/ &cdik af 'o
twGurf l A[dak 'otajcjyKcsO;f uyfrEI iS hf rwlujJG ym;onfh tem;owf {&d,mavhvmrI &ckid Ef iS yfh wfoufaom ordik ;f okawoe tajctaeudk wifjy&rnfqydk gu
udk toH;k jyK&ef vdyk gonf/ tqdyk g tem;owf{&d,mavhvmrIrmS pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f m þpmtkyu f kd a&;om;onhf 2002 ckEpS f txd ajrmufO;D acwfEiS fh ywfoufí yHEk ydS f
jzpfNy;D ? qDavsmo f ifah wmfonht f jyif? qufvufavhvm&ef vdt k yfonhf taMumif; xkwaf 0Ny;D ausmufpmaygi;f csKypf mtkyaf omfvnf;aumif;? bmoma&;txdr;f trSwf
t&mwpfcjk zpfaMumif;udk oD;jcm;vGwv f yfonho f rdik ;f rsm;u tcdik tf rm azmfjyvsu&f dS rsm;jzpfonhf bk&m;ykx;kd ? ausmif;? apwD? 0wfjyKaqmif ponfwUdk tm; twdtus
onf/ þordik ;f rsm;onf A[dt k ajcjyK csO;f uyfavhvmolwt Ydk wGuf pdeaf c:rrI sm;jzpf pm&if ; rS w f w rf ; jyKvk y f x m;onh f uwf w avmuf r sm;aomf v nf ; aumif ; ?
Ny;D a'oqkid &f mtajctaersm;udk taotcsm avhvmppfaq;&ef zdwaf c:vsu&f dS r&Sad o;onf udk awGU&ygonf/
onf/ þordik ;f rsm;rSaeí tem;owf{&d,mrsm;tay: uREykf w f Udk od&xdS m;onhf &ckid o f rdik ;f udk avhvmEdik &f eftwGuf vG,v
f ihw
f ul&&SEd ikd af om taxmuf
ordik ;f qkid &f mtjrifrsm;udk csUJ xiG af y;ygonf/ xkjYd yif orkid ;f ynm&Sirf sm;u ,Ofaus; txm;rsm;rSm &ckdifordkif;qkdif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; (uAsm? ESpfpOfrSwfwrf;rsm;?
rIEiS fh pD;yGm;a&;qufo, G rf I uGe, f ufEiS fh pyfqidk íf azmfjyMuaomtcg tem;owf yg;pyf&mZ0ifrsm;? &mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm;) ponfwkdYjzpfygonf/ pmtkyfpmwrf;tcsdKUrSm
{&d,mrsm;onf wpfcgwpf&w H iG f A[dak 'orsm; jzpfvmwwfMuonf/ xkwaf 0Ny;D jzpfaomfvnf; trsm;pkukd taemufEikd if H pmMunhw f u
dk rf sm;ü rawGU&EdS ikd yf g/
uReaf wmf\tjriftm; wifjy&ygvQif tqkyd go;D jcm;vGwv f yfonhf orkid ;f &ckdifordkif;pOfudk wpkwpnf;wnf; azmfjyEdkifonhf wpfckwnf;aom &mZ0ifrSm
qkid &f m avhvmrIrsm;rS Edik if aH &;? vlrsKd ;a&;qkid &f mwkUd EiS fh qufE, G yf wfoufaeaom irnf;&mZ0if jzpfonf3 (vufa&;rltenf;i,f usef&Sdygonf)/ jrefrm? yg&Sef?
twdwu f mvwpfc\ k &cdik o
f rdik ;f tawGUtBuKH rsm;udk wpfvmT csi;f jyefvnfa&mifjyef Mwyd &l &mZ0ifrsm;ESifh b*FvpD may taxmuftxm;rsm;rSvnf; &ckid Ef iS yfh wfoufí
[yfapEdik v f rd rhf nf[k ,lqygonf/ odrw S pf &mrsm;udk &&SEd ikd yf gonf/ MopBw;D ,ef; oHwref a*a,g*h f c&pfpawmhzf
zJ,ef;bJ&f*g ( Gerog Christoph Fernberger ) (1999)? Mo*wfpwif
bkef;awmfBuD; qDbufwa,mif ref&dau (Sebastião Manrique) (1927)?
'wfcsv f rl sKd ;q&m0ef abmufwm paumufwef (Wouter Schouten ) (1727)
wkUd \ c&D;oGm;rSww f rf;rsm;rSaeívnf; 16 &mpk taESmif;ydik ;f ESifh 17 &mpk tv,f

ydik ;f &ckid jf ynfEiS yhf wfoufaom wefz;kd rjzwfEikd o f nhf tcsut f vufrsm;udk &&SEd ikd yf g
onf4/ ay:wl*DESihf'wfcsfarmfuGef;wkdufrsm; ü jyKvkyfcJhaom okawoersm;u
b*Fvm;yifv,f ukeo f ,G af &; uGe, f uftwGi;f odUk &ckid jf ynfaygi;f pnf;0ifa&muf
cJhyHkESihf &ckdifrif;rsm;ESihfywfoufí uRefkyfwkdUxifjrif od&Sdxm;onfrsm;udk csJUxGifay;
ygonf (Guedes 1994; Subrahmanyam 1997)/ vGecf ahJ omq,fpEk pS t f wGi;f
&cdik Ef iS yhf wfoufí pdw0f ifpm;rI rsm;jym;vmjcif;u &cdik q f ikd &f m awGUqakH qG;aEG;yGJ
rsm;5? pmwrf;rsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;? yg&*lbGJU,lusrf;rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJhonf/
,ciftBudrfrsm;u pl;prf;&SmazGjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;rcHcJh&onhf þa'oi,ftm;
okawoDwUdk avhvmaomtcgü t"dutm;jzifh jyóemESp&f yf BuKH awGU&onf/ yxr
jyóemrSm taxmuftxm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk a'owGif;umvtwefMum
'kuc© &H mS azG&jcif;? ynm&Sirf sm;taejzihf c&D;oGm;vm&ef cufcjJ cif;? ay:w*l D vkyaf zmf
udik zf ufwpfO;D ajymouJo h Udk taemufEikd if H armfueG ;f wku d rf sm;ü &cdik &f nfneT ;f pmtkyf
rsm; &SmazG&onfrmS aumuf&;kd yHük tyf&mS &ouJo h Ukd jzpfaejcif;? 'kw, d jyóemrSm
awGU&o dS nhf ordik ;f qdik &f mpmtkyrf sm;rSm NAw d o
d Quv kd edk aD cwfwiG rf S a&;om;jyKpak om
pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;jzpfaejcif;wdUk jzpfygonf/ &ckid Ef iS yfh wfoufí ,cifu a&;om;
azmfjycJMh uaom pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;taMumif;udk atmufwiG f a0zefwifjyoGm;rnf
jzpfonf/
&ckdifordkif;tay: t*Fvdyf? jrefrmESihf &ckdifpma&;olrsm;\ xifjrif,lqcsuf
rsm;ESi?fh tjcm;wpfzufwiG f ta&SUb*Fvm; tem;owfa'oü &ckid w f efc;kd tmPm
wufvmrIEiS fh ywfoufaom tdE, ´d ESifh b*FvpD ma&;olrsm;\ t"dygÜ ,af umuf,l
csurf sm;rSm vGepf mG jcm;em;vsu&f o dS nf/ þodjYk zpf&jcif;rSm ordik ;f ynm&Sirf sm;taejzih?f yHk (4) ref&ad u (Manrique)\ c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf; pmtkyf
olwv Ykd ufvrS ;f rS&D m taxmuftxm;rsm;tay:wiG o f m vH;Hk vH;k vsm;vsm; trSjD yK rjynfph akH om ordik ;f rsm; tjzpfwnf&v dS su&f adS eonf/
cJhMujcif;aMumihf jzpfygonf/ acwfaemufusaeaomfvnf; avhvmzG,faumif;aom &ckdifordkif;udk
t*Fvdyf odkUr[kwf jrefrm &ckdifpma&;olrsm;onf &ckdifjrefrmayrlrsm;ESihf tmomyDz,f,m (Arthur P. Phayre) \ History of Burma (1883) ü
taemufEdkifiHrSwfwrf;tenf;i,ftay:tajcjyKí a&;om;Muonf/ odkU&mwGif awGU&&dS ygonf/ z,f,monf &ckid jf ynf\ yxrqH;k NAw d o d Q tkycf sKyaf &;tMu;D tuJ
olwdkUonf b*Fvm;ta&SUawmifydkif;ü &cdkifwkdYyg0ifywfoufcJhrIESihf pyfvsOf;í rsm;xJ rS wpfO;D jzpfNy;D þa'otaMumif;udk txl;pdwyf g0ifpm;oljzpfonf/6 1840
pdw0f ifpm;rI tenf;i,fomjyoonfukd awGU&onf/ xkjYd yif &cdik u f kd us,jf yefUaom ESpfrsm; tapmydkif;ü a&;om;cJhaom ]]&ckdif&mZ0if}} rSm z,f,m\ apckdif;rIt&
jrefrmEdik if aH wmf\ pdw0f ifpm;zG,&f mraumif;aom bk&ihEf ikd if iH ,fwpfct k jzpf tcsed f a'ocH &mZ0ifq&m irnf;u a&;om;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ *st D ;D [maA; (G. E. Harvey)
umvtawmfMumonftxd rSw, f cl MhJ uonf/ þokUd aom tajctaetwGi;f 1880 \ xif&mS ;aom History of Burma wGiv f nf; &ckid u f kd jrefrmEdik if \
H a,bk,s
jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif a'gufwmzkd;crf;rm;(Forchhammer 1891)onf uGi;f qif; ordik ;f ESifh qufpyfvsuo f m azmfjyyg&o dS nf/ [maA;onf &ckid jf ynf\ uk, d yf ikd f
avhvmrI tenf;i,fjyKvyk cf ½hJ rkH QvíJG 16 ESifh 17 &mpk &ckid jf ynf\ t"duykx;kd awmf Edik if aH &;zGUH NzKd ;wk;d wufru I kd ta&;ray;cJah y/ olonf atmufjrefrmjynfEiS hf b*Fvm;
BuD;rsm;rSm jcHKEG,fydwfaygif;xvsuf&SdNyD; pepfwusazmfxkwfrI rjyKEdkifcJhay/ b*FvD odUk &ckid \f e,fy,fcsUJxiG rf u I kd tenf;i,frQom &nfneT ;f azmfjycJo h nf/ 'D*stD ;D a[mvf
ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;uvnf; &cdkifudk jrefrmESihfqufpyfíom &IjrifMuNyD;? oD;jcm; (1936) onf 'wfcsf ta&SUtEd , d´ ukrP Ü D (VOC) \ yHEk ydS Nf y;D taxmuftxm;rsm;
ae&mXmewpfct k jzpf tm&Hpk u
kd rf eI nf;yg;onf/ ¤if;wdUkonf b*FvED iS yfh g&eS f taxmuf (aeUpOfrw S w f rf; 'dik ,f m&Drsm; - Dagregister) udk &SmazGazmfxw k vf suf &ckid jf ynfrS
txm;rsm;ud&k mS azGNy;D jrefrmhorkid ;f jyXmef;pmtkyrf sm;udk toH;k jyKum rif;pOfrif;quf bwm;AD;,m; (Batavia) odUk qefpyg;ESifh uRew f ifyUkd ru
I kd pdw0f ifpm;zG,jf zpfatmif
ESifh Edik if aH &;tjzpftysurf sm;udk ajc&mcHMuonf/f b*FvyD nm&Sirf sm;onf ajrmufO;D avhvmwif jycJo h nf/ History of Burma (1967) pmtkyfxJü 16 &mpk &ckdifESihf
a&Teef;awmftwGi;f ü b*FvpD mayudt k m;ay;cJah om &cdik b f &k ifrsm;udk ta&;ay; jrefrm jzpfwnfrIudk armifxifatmifu ckdifrmpGm azmfjycJhygonf/ ]]&ckdifwkdUonf
azmfjycJhMuaomfvnf; (rcefUav;pm;pGmjzifh ¤if;wkdUu arm*f[kac:aom) &ckdifrsm;\ trsKd ;om;a&;pdw"f mwfukd xde;f odr;f xm;MuNy;D jrefrmwkUd \ rlvtpjzpf&onfukd
&kyyf vkH mT ESiq fh ufpyfírl a,bk,stm;jzihf tEIwv f u©Pmaqmifíom a&;om;Muyg *kP, f Ml uonf}} [ka&;om;cJo h nf/ ol\ pmtkyx f w
J iG f &ckid u
f kd atmufjrefrmjynf
onf/ b*Fvm;ta&SUawmifydkif;ü arTaESmufzsufqD;0ifa&mufwkdufckdufrIrsm;udk tm;odrf;ydkuf&ef ,SOfNydKifaeaom jrefrmjynf\ ya'o&mZfEdkifiHrsm;teufrS wpfck
&nfnTef;vsuf yifv,f"m;jyvkyfrIESihf uRefukeful;rIrsm;rS aeí &ckdifrsm;onf tjzpfom todtrSwf jyKcyhJ gonf/ odUk aomf armifxifatmifonf &ckid jf ynf\ ordik ;f
¤if;wkUd \ bk&ifukd <u,f0csr;f omapcJo h nf[k olwUdk u oH;k oyfMuonf/ odjYk zpfí qkid &f m jzpfay:w;dk wufrrI sm;udk *&kpu kd jf cif; r&Scd ahJ y/ [maA;ESiahf rmifxifatmifwYkd
¤if;wkUda&;om;aom &ckid o f rdik ;f &kyyf v
kH mT rsm;rSm bufvu dk rf &I NdS y;D pmzwforl sm;twGuf onf jrefrmjynf\ t"duEdik if aH &;A[dXk mersm;jzpfonfh yk*?H tif;0? yJc;l wkUd uo kd m
ta&;ay;cJo h nf/ [maA;\ &ckid Ef iS yfh wfoufaom azmfjycsurf mS z,f,mavmuf tajccHtaxmuftxm; wpfcrk Qr&Sb d J a&;om;cJo h nfukd awGU&onf/
tao;pdwfrusvSay/ odkUaomf ¤if;onf &ckdifayrl taxmuftxm;rsm;udk &ckdifonf ]]yJcl;\xkdufwefaom NydKifzuf}} jzpfvmcJh\/ tb,faMumifhqkd
zwf&IoHk;oyfcJhaMumif; awGU&onf (olonf z,f,mxufydkí ayrlrsm;udk aomf &ckdifonf ]]bk&ifhaemif\ vif;vJYaom ukefoG,fa&;? bmoma&;ESihf
avh v mcG i h f & cJ h [ ef w l y gonf ) / od k U a omf armif xif a tmif o nf r nf o nh f ,Ofaus;rI ay:vpDrsm;}} udk yHw k u
l ;l cscahJ omaMumifh jzpfonf[k odomxif&mS ;aom
&ckid t f axmuftxm;udrk Q ud;k um;jcif;rjyKcahJ cs/ taMumif;t&m odyrf &Sb d EJ iS hf armifxifatmifu &Si;f jycJzh ;l onf/ *sD tD; [maA;onf
jrefrmEdik if o
H ak woe toif;*sme,fukd zwf&zI ;l olrsm; taejzihf &cdik o f rdik ;f &ckid wf Udk \ ]]ppfreS af om t&nftaoG;}} ESifh ywfoufí avQmw h uG cf jYJ y;D ]]&ckid w
f Udk rmS
ESipfh yfvsO;f í 1913 rS 1934 twGi;f taMumif;t&muGjJ ym;pGm a&;om;xm;aom rdrdudk,fudkom Munfh&Iolrsm;}} jzpfaMumif;? ]]jrefrmwkdUxuf tppt&m&mwGif
arm&pfaumvpfEiS fh &ckid pf ma&;ol OD;pHabmfO;D ESifh OD;pHa&Tbk wkUd \ aqmif;yg;wpf'gZif acwfaemufusorl sm;}} jzpfaMumif;? rdr\ d *kPo
f u
d m© ESifh rvku d af tmif a&;om;cJyh g
ausmu f kd &if;ES;D uRr;f 0ifNy;D jzpfMuygrnf/ (Oyrm - San Shwe Bu 1918; 1919a; onf/ okdU&mwGif &ckdifESihf tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;\ aEG;axG;aom qufqHa&;ESihf
1919b; 1921; San Baw U 1921; Collis 1923a; 1923b; 1923c; 1925) ,Ofaus;rI vTr;f rd;k rIrsm;tjyif yifv,fjyiftwGi;f &ckid w f Udk NyKd if qkid rf ?I '*Fg; toH;k jyKrI
ol w d k U \ a&;om;csuf r sm;ü ork d i f ; tpOf t vmrsm;ud k jznf h p G u f E d k i f o nh f ESifh 17 &mpk &ckid b f &k ifrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&; oabmxm;ponfwUkd ukd [maA;u azmfjycJh
]]'@m&Dordkif;}} ESihf yg;pyf&mZ0ifrsm; yg0ifonf/ arm&pfaumvpfonf onf/ (1967, 138, 140, 176)/ þonfrSm &ckdifbk&ifrsm;ESihfywfoufí &Sm;yg;
ordkif;ynm&SifwpfOD; r[kwfaomfvnf; &ckdifjynf? &ckdifbk&ifrsm;taMumif;ukd aom taygi;f vu©Pmjyonfh tav;xm;azmfjya&;om;rIwpfcyk ifjzpfygonf/
jrefrmjynfwiG ;f ESifh jynfy pmzwfy&dowfrsm; od&adS tmif pGr;f aqmifEidk cf yhJ gonf/ b*FvDordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;\ a&;om;csufrsm; (Bhattacharya 1927;
ol\vlBuKd urf sm;aom pmtkyrf mS oD&o d "k r®&mZmrif;vufxuf ajrmufO;D odUk Siddiq Khan 1936; Habibullah 1945; Ghosh 1960; Askari 1960; Sharif
a&muf&adS exdik cf ahJ om ay:w*l b D ek ;f awmfBu;D ref&ad u (Manrique) taMumif;jzpf 1966; Tarafdar 1967; Ali 1967; Chandra Roy 1972; Serrajuddin 1986)
onhf The Land of the Great Image jzpfonf/ 1943 wGif yxrtBurd f ü t"du taMumif;t&moH;k ckrmS odomxif&mS ;onf/ ¤if;wkYd rSm (1) &ckid af &wyf\
yHEk ydS cf NhJ y;D rMumao;rDEpS rf sm;u ,d;k ',m;wGif jyefvnfyEkH ydS x f w
k af 0cJyh gonf/ odUk &m wkdufckdufrI? b*Fvm;awmifydkif;ESihf ta&SUawmifydkif;wGif &ckdifwkdU\ uRefzrf;rI? (2)
wGif Arakan's Place in the Civilization of the Bay (1925, 39-40) &ckid ef ef;awmfwiG ;f rlpvifvrT ;f rd;k rIEiS fh (3) ppfwaumif; qdyu f rf;udk &cdik w
f Udk vTr;f rd;k
aqmif;yg;xJwiG f arm&pfaumvpfu ]]16 ESihf 17 &mpk ajrmufO;D ,Ofaus;rIrmS csKyfudkifEdkifrIwkdYjzpfygonf/ ¤if;wkdU\aqmif;yg; trsm;pkwGif &ckdifESihf rlpvifurÇm\
acwfaemufusaeaom ta&SUydkif;qDrS ,Ofaus;rIjzpfxGef;jrifhrm;aom rlpvif &Iyaf xG;aom qufqaH &;? uReu f ek u f ;l rI\ pD;yGm;a&;t& ta&;ygyEkH iS fh &cdik \ f
&yf0ef;qDodkU vSnfhajymif;vdkufjcif;\ &vm'fyifjzpfonf}} [k okawoeqdkif&m e,fy,fcsJUxGifrIudk csdefnd§azmfjyay;onhf EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlrI,Ofaus;rI
qkid &f m ausmaxmufaemufcH taMumif;&yfrsm; udak zmfjyxm;jcif; r&Syd g7/ armfv0D

[mrD'lvmcef (Hamidullah Khan) (1873) u &cdkifwdkU\ ay:vpD udk
]]&cdkifbk&ifrsm; e,fajrydkrdk ydkifqkdif&ef &efpaqmif&Gufonhf vIyf&Sm;rI}}? ta&SU
awmifb*Fvm;a'o\ tpdwt f ydik ;f trsm;pkukd tmPmvTr;f rd;k Edik &f eftwGuf ]]tuú
bmbk&if\ b*Fvm;tm; trnfcrH QusL;ausmrf t I Ny;D ? b*Fvm;a'o jynfwiG ;f a&;
ESifh Edik if aH &; jyoemrsm;tay: tcGit hf a&;,lwwforl sm;}} [lí (Ghosh 1960,
58) udk;um;azmfjycJhzl;onf/ okdUapumrl b*FvDordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;taejzihf &ckdif
bk&ifrsm;\ ajrmufbufoUkd e,fy,fcsUJ xiG jf cif;? &ckid w f Udk b*Fvm;ta&SU awmifyikd ;f udk
wku d cf u kd af om ppfyrJG sm;ESifh ay:w*l -D tm&SE, G zf mG ; (Luso - Asian) vlrt I zGUJ tpnf;
\ vltiftm;tultnDjzifh &ckdifwdkU tpDtpOfwus vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufcJhaom
ppfwaumif;a'owGi;f uRezf rf;&ef 0ifa&mufwu dk cf u
dk rf wI Udkukd uGjJ ym;jcm;em;pGma&;
om;azmfjyjcif; rjyKcJhMuay/ okdU&mwGif twlvf csef'&m &GdKif; (Atul Chandra
Roy) (1972, 72-3) u *s[ef*& d f bk&ifvufxuf tpydik ;f ü b*Fvm;\ aoe*FAsL
[m cHwyfrsm;rSm vGwv f yfaom ajr&Siyf a'o&mZfrsm; (Bhuiyas okUd r[kwf Bhara
Bhuyan) ESifh &ckid -f ay:w*l D yifv,f"m;jyrsm; vufxw J iG &f adS Mumif;? cHwyfrsm;udk
ckid cf ahH umif;rGepf mG wnfaqmufxm;Ny;D ta&;Bu;D aom jrpfaMumif;rsm;\ jrpfqakH e&m
rsm;wGif wnf&SdaMumif; azmfjycJh ygonf/ olu &ckdifwkdU\ &efpusL;ausmfrIrsm;udk
]]yifv,f"m;jyrsm;\ vk,ufzsuq f ;D rIrsm;}} [k oH;k EIe;f Ny;D r*dw k Udk \ ppfa&;aqmif
&GufrIrsm;udk ]]wkdufckdufatmifjrifrI}} [k azmfjycJhonf/ a&wyfpcef;rsm;
wnfaqmufru I yifv,f"m;jy&efukd cufcpJ mG BuBhH uchH EH ikd cf yhJ gonf/ rd&Zm; emxef
(Mirza Nathan) \ 1608 rS 1624 twGi;f b*Fvm;ü jzpfysucf o hJ nhf tjzpftysuf
rsm;udak zmfjyaom r*dpk pfAv kd cf sKy\f rSww f rf; (Baharistan i Ghaybi) wGif &ckid rf sm; yHk (5) paumufwef (Schouten)\ c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf; pmtkyf
udk ]]x<uaomif;use;f aom}} ]]rke;f wD;&G&H mS zG,af umif;aom}} [lí 0daoojyKchJ azmfjycJyh gonf/ tvrf*&d f q,f&m*sL'if (Alamgir Serrajuddin) u rl]]b*Fvm;\
aomfvnf;? b,faomtcgrQ yifv,f"m;jyrsm; [lí rac:a0:cJhay/ emxefonf omvGeaf om ,Ofaus;rIrmS acwfaemufusaom rsKd ;EG,pf jk zpfonfh a&S;qefaom
(ta&twGuf ydrk akd zmfjyxm;onf[k xif&aomfvnf;) &ckid w f Udk \ ajrmufrsm;pGm &cdik v f Ul tzGUJ tpnf;twGuf ,Ofaus;rIped af c:csuw f pf&yfukd jzpfxeG ;f apcJo h nf}}
aomtiftm;udk azmfjyNyD; ]] 1617 wGif &ckdifbk&if (The Raja of the Mags) [k xifjrifa&;om;cJo h nf/ odUk &mwGif þb*Fvm;a'h&fS ynm&Sio f nf &ckid b f &k ifrsm;
onf bv0g (Bhalwa) udk xyfcgwvJvJ wku d cf u dk Nf y;D aemuf &I;H Ny;D &if;&H;I um rlpvifbGJUcH,ljcif;rSm &ckdifeef;awmftwGif; rlqvifvTrf;rdk;rI aMumifhjzpfonf[k
ol\ ppfwyfukd jyefvnfzUJGpnf;&if; tvkyrf sm;vsuf &So d nf }} [k a&;om;cJzh ;l onf xif&mS ;pGmazmfjyaom a,bk,s tjiif;yGm;csuu f kd y,fcsczhJ ;l onf (Ghosh 1960,
(Nathan 1936, 1: 404)/ tjcm;aom 17 &mpk rlpvif taxmuftxm;wpfck 58; Serrajuddin 1986, 17-18)/
rSm 1666 ckEpS f ppfwaumif;udk r*do k rd ;f ykud rf tI m; azmfjyonhf &S, d muf O'if bDp0k g bmwmcsm&D,m (B. Bhattacharya) u &cdik t f ay: tdE, d´ rlqvif
wmvpf&fS (Shiab ud Din Talish) \ Fathya i Ibriyya jzpfygonf/ wmvpf&\ fS vTr;f rd;k aMumif; aumvpf\ a&;om;csuu f kd txl;tav;teufxm; azmfjyNy;D
tzGihfpmydk'fwGif (]]bk&ifonf ay:wl*D yifv,f"m;jyrsm;udk b*Fvm;ü vk,uf &ckid jf ynf\ cEÅw D &m;jynf0h aom Ak'b ¨ momrif;qufuykd if ]]ta&;ygaom b*FvrD if;
zsuq f ;D &ef wm0efay; tyfonf/ þvky&f yftwGuf &ckid af &wyfukd apvTwjf cif; quf}}[lí oH;k oyfaumufcsucf sco hJ nf (Bhattacharya 1927, 144)/ z,f,m
rjyKay}}) [ka&;om;cJhonf/ xkdYjyif ¤if;u 1630 ESpfrsm;ü &cdkifwkdUtaejzihf url irnf;&mZ0ifudkzwf&INyD; ajrmufOD;rif;qufudk wnfaxmifol rif;apmrGef
aemufxyf e,fajrydrk &kd &S&d ef wku d cf udk f BuKd ;yrf;rIrsm; rjyKvyk af wmhonf?h b*Fvm; onf (1426-28) 0ef;usiüf b*Fvm;plvwefu ppfa&;t& tultnDay;cJrh aI Mumifh
tay: &ckid \ f ajymif;vJomG ;aom ay:vpDuv kd nf; azmfjycJo h nf/ od&Yk mwGif rlvESifh ]]b*Fvm;bk&if\ vufatmufcH tjzpfaexdik &f ef oabmwlco hJ nf}} [k xifjrif
wpfqihcf H taxmuftxm;rsm;udk ud;k um;qufpyfxm;onhf *serf eD aD *g&h fS (Jamini a&;om;cJo Y nf/ þazmfjycsurf mS tBu;D tus,f jiif;cH&k rnhf taMumif;t&yfwpfck
M. Ghosh ) \ Magh Raiders in Bengal t& yifv,f"m;jyrIEiS fh e,fajrusL; jzpfonf8/ tb,faMumihq f akd omf b*Fvm;plvwefonf &ckid u f kd ydik pf ;kd cJah Mumif;
ausmf wku d cf u
kd rf w
I Udk\ jcm;em;csuu f kd a00g;pGm od&&dS onf/ b*Fvo D rdik ;f ynm&Sirf sm; b*FvD taxmuftxm; wpfpw kH &mrQ rawGU& jcif;aMumihf jzpfygonf/ [mbDbl
taejzifh &cdik Ef iS yfh wfoufí azmfjyaomtcg rlpvifrsm;u ydrk íkd omvGeo f nf[l vm (A. B. M. Habibullah) u ]]&cdik w f Udk b*Fvm;\ vufatmufcjH zpfcahJ Mumif;
aom cHpm;csujf zifh a&;om;Muonf/ 'gumwuúov kd u f xkwaf 0onfh History oufaojy&ef taxmuftxm;}} wpfcrk S rawGU&aMumif;? 1433 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f ü
of Bengal ordik ;f pmtkyüf tufp?f tJef bmwmcsm&D,m (S. N. Bhattacharya) b*Fvm;rSm ]]xdkuJYodkY pGrf;aqmifEdkifonfhtaetxm; r&SdaMumif;}} qkdygonf
u ]],Ofaus;rIwpf0ufwpfysuo f m xGe;f um;onf?h rGe*f v kd KdG uf vk,ufzsuq f ;D (Phayre 1833, 78; Habibullah 1945, 35)/ b*FvDordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;u
wwfaomvltyk pf \ k yHyk ef;oGijf yif? oabmxm; trltusiEfh iS fh oabmxH;k pH}}wkUd ukd xif&mS ;onhf b*FvpD mqdEk pS Of ;D jzpfol a'gu0f vmumZD (Dawlat Qazi) ESifh tmv0g
rwlyg- bmomjyefo)l \ bmompum;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIwUdkukd okawoe jyKcMhJ uonf/

aemufxyf ESpEf pS q f ,f ausmMf umaomtcg yifrvm*wÅrif; (Pamela Gutman)
(1976) onf &cdik af 0omvD tEkynmESifh ordik ;f udk avhvmcJo h nf/ vGecf ahJ om
ESpaf ygi;f av;q,ftwGi;f &ckid q f &mawmf toQipf udEú u ´ ohJ Ukd aom pma&;q&m
tcsdKUonf a'oxkwfr*¾Zif;rsm;ü &cdkif,Ofaus;rIESihfpyfvsOf;í vlodrsm;aom
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;cJhMuygonf/ odkUaomf a'oxkwfr*¾Zif;rsm;rSm
apmifa&tenf;i,fom xkwfa0EdkifNyD; jynfyEdkifiHrsm;u od&SdMujcif;r&Sday/
&cdik o
f rdik ;f udk 0goemt& aZmufcsoak woejyK avhvmazmf xkwcf o hJ nfh q&mBu;D
OD;pHomatmifonf a&S;a[mif;&ckid jf ynf\ '*Fg;rsm;? &kyyf mG ; qif;wkrsm;ESiyfh wfoufí
pmtkyfrsm;xkwfa0cJhNyD; t*FvdyfbmomokdUvnf; jyefqkd yHkESdyfcJhygonf/ (Oyrm -
San Than Aung 1979 )/ þonf w k d U onf &cd k i f E S i h f ywf ouf í
yHk (6) &cdik w

f Ykd wefc;dk xGm;pOfu &cdik yf ikd ef uf e,fajrrsm; tcsuftvuf&SmazGaeolrsm;twGuf jy|mef;ordkif;pmtkyfrsm;tjyif tjcm;
avhvmp&mrsm;jzpfvmMuonf/
(Al Awwal) wkUd tm; &cdik ef ef;wGi;f ü trIxrf;apcJh aom oD&o d "k r®&mZm (1622- 1990 jynhv f eG Ef pS rf sm;wGirf l &ckid o
f nf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfEiS fh uke;f abmif
1638)ES i f h owd k ; "r® & mZm (1645-1652)wk d U vuf x uf ES i h f y wf o uf í acwfO;D ü ay:w*l rD sm; a&muf&rdS EI iS q fh ufpyfí okawoejyKaeMuaom ynm&Sirf sm;
cs;D usL;azmfjyMuaomfvnf; tjcm;aompma&;olrsm;u owdjyK razmfjyMuyg/ udk us,u f s,jf yefjY yefq
Y aJG qmifp&m ae&mwpfcjk zpfvmcJo h nf/ tdE, ´d ordik ;f ynm&Sif
jrefrmEdik if v
H wG vf yfa&;&Ny;D 1948 ckEpS af emufyikd ;f &cdik jf ynf\ taetxm; qef*sKd i;f qlb&mref,ef (Sanjay Subramanyam) (1990; 1993) onf a*smhpf
rSm oD;jcm;{&d,m wpfcu k ohJ Ukd jzpfvmNy;D c&D;oGm;vm&ef cufcjJ cif;? tuefUtowf&dS AD;eD;,dkYpf (G. Winius) (1983) Ny;D aemuf? ud&k rkd ef',furf;ajc&Sd ay:w*l D vlrt I zGUJ
jcif; rsm;aMumifh ynm&Sirf sm;tMum; pdw0f ifpm;rI enf;yg;cJ&Y onf/ 1950 ESprf sm;wGif tpnf;ESifh ywfoufí vnf;aumif;? yifv,fatmf ta&SUbufurf;ajcESifh ywfouf
D ef bJ[Ef ;kd (Denise & Lucien Bernot) wkUd onf xkpd Ofu
'eD;Zf bJ[Ef ;kd ESifh vlp, ívnf;aumif; xJx0J if0if okawoejyKco hJ nf/ ol\a&;om;csurf sm;u b*Fvm;
ta&SUygupöwefjynf ppfwaumif; awmifwef;a'o&Sd r&rm rsKd ;EG,pf k (b*Fvm; ta&SUawmifyikd ;f &Sd ay:w*l -D tm&S EG,zf mG ; (Luso -Asian ) vlrt I zGUJ tpnf;ESifh
ta&SUawmifodkU a&TUajymif;vmaom &cdkifrsm;/ rSwfcsuf- ]r&rm}ESifh ]r&rmBuD;} qufE, G yf wfoufí us,u f s,jf yefjY yefY em;vnfoabmayguaf pygonf/ tefem
rm[*J&h fS a*;'J&h fS (Ana Marques Guedes) (1994) \ ay:w*l aD rmfueG ;f wku d rf sm;ü vnf oabmaygufaprnfjzpfonf/ &cdkiftay: uRefawmf\ pdwf0ifpm;rIrsm;rSm
topf awGU&Sdaom taMumif;t&mrsm;uvnf;? ay:wl*D vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ESihf 1984 wGif pwifco hJ nf/ xdpk Ofu uReaf wmfonf yg&jD rKd U jyifopftrsKd ;om; pmMunhf
ywfoufí vnf;aumif;? a'owGif; wefcdk;tmPmtajctaeESihfywfoufí wku d f (Bibliothéque nationale) ü jrefrmaypmrlrsm;udk okawoejyKvsuf&SdNyD;
vnf;aumif;? ydkrdkem;vnf oabmaygufapcJhonf/ 1580 ESihf 1630 twGif; ajrmufOD;acwf &cdkifordkif;udk pwifpdwf0ifpm; cJhonf (Leider 1998c)/ &ckdifESihf
tjzpftysufrsm; jynhfpHkonhf tcsdefumvü b*Fvm;yifv,fta&SUydkif;wGif qufE, G yf wfoufí aqmif&u G cf MhJ uaom okawoe vkyif ef;rsm;rSm Eke,fygonf/
ay:w*l rD sm;wnf&rdS EI iS fh &cdik jf ynfEiS fh atmufjrefrmjynf NyKd izf uftpd;k &ESpcf t k Mum; od&Yk mwGif pdw0f ifpm;olr&Sb d J oD;jcm;qefpmG &yfwnfc&hJ aom tajctaersKd ; r[kwf
ay:w*l w D Ydk qufpyfwnf&rdS u I kd olrtaejzihf azmfjycJyh gonf/ odUk aomf olronf awmhyg/ &efuek w f uúov kd üf vnf; &cdik af usmif;ol?ausmif;om;rsm;onf ynm&yf
ay:w*l t D m&S EG,zf mG ; vlrt I zGUJ tpnf;\ uGjJ ym;aom tajctaersm;ESifh pyfvsO;f í txl;jyK okawoeusr;f rsm;udk wifoiG ;f cJMh uonf/ a'ocH taxmuftxm;rsm;
azmfjyrI tenf;i,fom jyKco hJ nf/ rpfcs*D ef wuúov kd rf S rku f ,f csmeD (Michael
d u tay: tajccHxm;aom ¤if;wd\ Yk okawoejyKcsurf sm;onf aemifwpfcsed f ynm&yf
Charney) (1993; 1994; 1997) onf ay:w*l D aMu;pm;ppfonfrsm;udk avhvm A[kow k zvS,&f mwGif us,jf yefUaom toD;tyGirhf sm;udk a0qmzl;yGiafh pvdrrhf nfjzpf
ae&mrS &cdkifbk&ifrsm;xH ajymif;a&TUavhvmonf/ jyifopf tEkynmordkif;ynm&Sif onf/ jrefrmEdik if üH ay:xeG ;f vmaom &ckid q f idk &f m okawoejyKcsurf sm;rSaeí &cdik f
uufo[di;f a[rGef (Catherine Raymond) (1995) onf uG,v f eG of l rm[D*w hJ J jynftaejzihf awmiftm&SEiS fh ta&SUawmiftm&S tem;owf {&d,mtwGi;f Ak'b ¨ m
a,; (Marie Gatellier) (1993) \ ajc&mudkeif;NyD;? 0okEá& ajrapmihfewf om bk&ifEh ikd if w
H pfct k jzpf wnf&cdS ahJ Mumif;udk ydrk o kd wdjyKrMd uap&ef t&Sed t
f [kef
&kyw
f rk sm;ESifh ywfoufívnf;aumif;? oD&v d uFmESi&fh ckid f qufqaH &;ESifh ywfoufí jr§ihfwifay;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvihfygonf9/
vnf;aumif; avhvmokawoejyKco hJ nf/ jyifopf rEkóaA'ynm&Sif tvufqeG f
'&m 'rJ[ h q f eG ;f (A. de Mersan) uvnf; &cdik b f moma&; yGv J rf;obifrsm;
taMumif;udk þpmtkyaf &;om;aecsed w f iG f us,jf yefpY mG uGi;f qif;okawoe jyKvyk f
vsu&f ydS gonf/ xkt Yd wl onf[*d f NrKd U&dS 'wfcst f a&SUtEd , ´d ukrP Ü D armfueG ;f wku d rf sm;
(Dutch VOC archives) wGif pwDzef zGef [m;vJe;f (Stephan van Galen)
(1998) onf ajrmufO;D ü tajcpdu k of nfh 'wfcst f a&SUtEd , d´ ukrP Ü u D ek of nfrsm;\
rl&if;vufa&;pmrlrsm;udk awGU&SdcJhygonf/ þonfwkdUrSaeí uRefukeful;rI
taMumif;ESifh ppfwaumif;qdyu f rf;\ ta&;ygt&ma&mufrt I aMumif;udk ydrk ekd m;
BuKd ;yrf;vsu&f MdS uonf/ rGew f rYkd mS &ckid af wmifyikd ;f oHwaJG 'owpf0u kd o f Ykd uke;f aMumif;?
a&aMumif;jzifh tvG,w f ul vma&mufEidk o f nf/ xdek nf;wl trf;'vufawmifMum;rS
tcef; (3) wpfqifu h v k m;wefEiS hf av;NrKd U jrpf0rS ;f vGijf yifoYkd tif;0wyfrsm; 0ifa&mufEikd af Mumif;
&ckdifwdkYa'owGif;wefcdk;tmPmBuD;xGm;vmjcif; awGU&onf/ OD;ukvm;&mZ0ifü tif;0bk&if rif;BuD;pGmap:uJ (1368-1401) onf
(16 &mpktapmydkif; tajctaersm;) ¤if;\ OD;&D;awmfukd 1373 ckEpS w f iG f &ckid üf eef;wifay;cJah Mumif;? xdo k o l nf &ckid üf
ckepfEpS pf ;kd pHaMumif; jyqdo k nf/ od&Yk mwGif þodaYk om eef;wifay;rIrsKd ;udk &ckid rf if;quf
rif;Am (1531-1551)vufxufrS pEó"k r®&mZm (1652-1684) vufxuf pm&if;ü azmfjyxm;jcif;r&Sday/ &ckdifrif;qufrSwfwrf;rsm;ü a'ocH &ckdifbk&ifrsm;
txd ESpaf ygi;f wpf&mhig;q,ftwGi;f ajrmufO;D bk&ifEh ikd if aH wmfonf Edik if aH &;wefc;kd pd;k pHru I o kd mazmfjyxm;Ny;D ¤if;wdrYk mS eef;oufwakd wmif;vSonfukd awGU&onf/ þ
tmPm? e,fy,fcsUJxiG rf ?I pD;yGm;a&;tiftm; ponfww Ykd iG f tzufzufrS wd;k wufcNhJ y;D onfukd Munfjh cif;jzifh 14 &mpkuek cf ge;D &ckid jf ynfü Edik if aH &;tajctae wnfNird rf I
Bu;D us,cf rf;em;aom acwfumvwpfcu k kd wnfaqmufEikd cf ahJ Mumif;awGU&onf/ r&Sad Mumif; oH;k oyfEidk o f nf/ 1406 wGif &ckid b f &k if e&rdwv f S b*Fvm;odYk xGuaf jy;
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f iG f ckv
d o HI nf/ xdt k csed u f ¤if;\ eef;oufrmS ESpEf pS o f m&Sad o;onf/ 1428 cefw Y iG f
&ckid üf ckid rf maom wyfrawmftiftm;? e,fy,fcsUJ xiG v f rkd EI iS hf wHcg;zGihf pD;yGm;a&;wdYk e&rdwv f S &ckid o f jYkd yefvmonf/ ¤if;onf b*Fvm;plvwef apvTwaf om ppfonf
&SEd iS Nhf y;D jzpf\/ &ckid w
f yfrawmfü Edik if jH cm;ppfonf trsm;tjym; 0ifa&muf trIxrf;jcif;? Advk yf gtultnDjzifh &ckid x f ;D eef;udk jyefvnf&,laMumif;ajym qdak vh&MdS uonf/ ol
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aygi;f pnf;0ifa&mufcjhJ cif;? jynfyusL;ausmrf u I kd wGe;f vSeEf ikd &f ef xda&muf aom b*Fvm;ücdv k pHI OfEiS phf yfvsO;f aom '@m&Dqefonfh yg;pyf&mZ0if tcsut f vuftcsKd U
umuG,fa&;AsL[mrsm; csrSwfaqmif&GufcJhjcif; ponfh tjcif;t&mrsm;onf udk irnf;&mZ0if wGif awGU&onf/ e&rdwv f u
S b*Fvm;plvweftm; rnforYkd nfykH
aemufxyf q,fpEk pS rf sm;pGmtxd tvGet f a&;Bu;D aom tcef;u@rS yg0ifco hJ nf/ qifzrf;&onf[k oifay;jcif;? ¤if;\uRr;f usiv f rd m® rIaMumifh a'vDuykd if plvwef
rif;Am tmPmr&rDEpS af ygi;f wpf&mcefu Y kd avhvmMunfrh nfqv kd Qif &ckid jf ynftae taejzifh atmifEikd cf hJ onf[k &mZ0ifq&mu 0ih<f um;pGmazmfjyjcif;ponfwYkd jzpfonf/
jzifh rnfuo hJ Ykd a'owGi;f wefc;kd tmPmBu;D xGm;vmcJyh u kH kd em;vnfoabmayguEf ikd f þodaYk om Zmwfvrf;rsKd ;rSaeí b*Fvm;ESihf &ckid q f ufqaH &;udk aumufcsucf sí
rnf jzpfonf/ r&Edik o f vd?k &ckid üf tapmydik ;f umv rlpvifa&muf&rdS EI iS phf yfvsO;f ívnf; &Si;f vif;pGm
15 &mpktpydkif;ü &ckdifonf rGef? jrefrm e,fy,fcsJUxGifrI\ om;aumifjzpf rod&EdS ikd af y/ rnfoyYkd ifjzpfap e&rdwv f bS *Fvm;cdv k pIH Ofu jzpfysucf o hJ nfqakd om
cJhonf/ xdktcsdefu yJcl;ESifh tif;0wdkYrSm &ckdifwpf0Srf;vHk;udk vTrf;rdk;tkyfcsKyfEkdif&ef pdwu f ;l Zmwfvrf; tcsut f vufrsm;udak xmuf½v I Qif xdak cwfxu kd mv &ckid jf ynf
onf b*Fvm;plvwefjynfxuf *kPo f rd nf K§d ;rSed cf o

hJ nf [lírlum; &mZ0ifq&m b*Fvm;plvwefu rif;apmrGet f m; eef;wifay;cJo h nf[al om Zmwfvrf;
taejzifh ,lqcJyh &kH onf/ wpfcu k t kd aMumif;jyKvsu?f 15&mpktwGi;f &cdik t f ay: b*Fvm;u Edik if aH &;tmPm
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tajctaersm;ESiphf yfvsO;f í tenf;i,frQom od&cdS iG &hf ygonf/ avmif;MuufNrKd Uawmf tao;pdyf pdppfavhvmMunhrf nfqykd gu azmfjyygtaMumif;t&mtm; axmufco H nfh
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rif;apmrGeo f nf ukvm;wef av;NrKd UviG jf yifrsm;ESihf &rf;NAu J Re;f wdu
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G f
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f yk cf sKycf iG hf &Sad ecsed t f wGi;f b*Fvm; plvwef
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usa&mufaeaom oHweJG ,fukd Edik if aH wmftwGi;f jyefvnfxnfo h iG ;f Edik cf o hJ nf/ bk&ifwYkd rlqvifbUJG c, H jl cif;ESihf b*Fvm;yHpk H yg&eS t f u©&mxd;k '*Fg;rsm; oH;k pGcJ jYJ cif;wdYk
xdjYk yif taemufajrmuf e,fy,fa'o &mrl;yef;0g txdvnf; tmPmcsUJ xiG cf o hJ nf/ jzpfonf/
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(1443-1469) ESifhawGUqHkNyD; &ckdif½dk;r\ a&usae&mtm; ESpfEdkifiHe,fpyfe,f csKyfudkifEkdif&efzufNydKifrIrSm tqdkyg bk&ifrsm;\ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; ,SOfNydKif&ef
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xlaxmifcJhNyD;? tcsif;csif; wef;wlnDrQaom bk&ifrsm;tjzpf&yfwnfcJhMuonf/ aom tcsut f vufrsm;udk aESmif;ydik ;f umvrsm;twGuo f m&&So d nf/ þonfrmS
&ckid ef ef;wGi;f ü qef;opfwx D iG f oDu;kH cJah om &ckid rf if;orD;{csi;f onf jrefrmuAsm b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfukefoG,fa&;uGef,uftwGif;odkY &ckdifjynf aygif;pnf;0if
avmuudkwpfacwfqef;apcJhonf/ xdkYjyifjrefrm&[ef;pmqdkawmf &Sifr[m&X a&mufaMumif; od&EdS ikd o f nfh t&dyt f >rufwpfcyk ifjzpfonf10/ ajrmufO;D acwftwGi;f
om&ESihf &Siaf waZmom&wdYk ajrmufO;D eef; awmfüESpt f wefMum oDwif;oH;k cJMh u ppfwaumif;udk &ckdifwdkYyxrqHk;tBudrf pwifwdkufckdufonfh ckESpfudk &Sif;vif;
onf (Pe Maung Tin 1987, 53-4)/ þumvtwGi;f ü ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfonf aocsmpGm rod&ay/ 1459 ckESpfrS pwifí ESpfaygif;ig;q,fMum ppfwaumif;udk
tif;0ESiyhf cJ ;l uJo h yYkd if oHCmjyKjyifa&;twGuf oD[Vkd b f ufoYkd ajcOD;vSnchf o hJ nf/ &ckid w
f x Ykd ed ;f csKycf o
hJ nfqakd om z,f,m\ cefrY eS ;f csurf mS aocsma&&mrIr&Syd g/ tb,fh
aMumifqh akd omf plvwef ½kuef O'if bmbuf&mS (Sultan Rukn-ud-Din Barbak ,lq&onfh &ckid w f yfzUJG rsm;u Bwyd &l vufrS ppfwaumif;udk jyefvnford ;f ydu k cf hJ
Shah) (1459-1474) onf 1473ü ppfwaumif;udk xde;f csKyv f su&f adS eaomaMumifh onf/ odaYk omf 1517 ckEpS w f iG f b*Fvm;plvwef [lq,ef&mS (Husayn Shah)
jzpfonf (Phayre 1883, 73)/ &ckid w f Ykd taejzifph pfwaumif;udk umvrnfrQ&n S f (1493-1519) \ om;awmf Ekq&wfcef (Nusrat Khan) \ jyefvnford ;f ydu k jf cif;udk
MumpGmodr;f ydu k Ef idk cf ahJ Mumif; &mZ0ifrsm;ü yg&o dS nfh wdak wmif;aom azmfjycsurf sm;ü cH&onf/ ay:wl*D&mZ0ifq&m bdk;&dkUpf (Bouros) \ tqdkt& 1516-17 wGif
vnf;rawGU&acs (Habibullah 1945, 35; CL 1932, 2:33)/ ppfwaumif;odYk yxrqH;k a&muf&v dS maom ay:w*l rD sm;udk &ckid b f &k ifu ol\Ekid if H
15-&mpkuek cf ge;D tcsed üf &ckid jf ynf\ Edik if aH &;ordik ;f rSm ½Iyaf xG;vsu&f NdS y;D twGi;f odYk ukeo f , G af &;twGuf vma&muf&efzw d af c:co
hJ nf/ þzdwMf um;csuu f kd
1513 rS 1531 twGi;f rif;pOfrif;qufqif;oufyrkH mS vnf; ya[Vdwpfco k zG,jf zpf 1519 ywf0ef;usi[ f k cefrY eS ;f Edik o
f nfh ay:w*l t D mPmydik rf sm;xH &ckid b
f &k if\ aeYprJG yg&dS
aeaMumif;awGU&onf/ &ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;u þumvudk ta&;ay; azmfjyjcif;rjyK aomay;pmt& twnfjyKEikd o f nf (Bouchaon and Thomaz 1988)/
Muay/ 1531rS 1553txd &Snv f sm;aomeef;ouftwGi;f bk&ifrif;Am\ bke;f wefc;kd &ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;ü tjcm;aom eef;pHbk&ifrsm;udk rif;Amavmufcrf;em;BuD;
BuD;xGm;rIu ,cifrif;qufrsm;udk vTrf;rdk;vkdufjcif;aMumifhjzpf[efwlygonf/ us,pf mG azmfjyxm;onfukd rawGU&ay/ xdjYk yifrif;Am\ vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udv k nf;
rif;Ambk&ifonf pD;yGm;a&;wHcg;zGifh0g'udk usifhoHk;NyD;? taemufajrmufa'o ppf ¤if;tm; qufco H rl nfoEl iS rhf Q rwlatmiftvGet f rif; cs;D usL;xm;onfukd awGU&
waumif;qDoYkd e,fy,fcsUJ xiG cf o hJ nf (Pires 1944, 228) / &ckid af 'oodYk ay:w*l rD sm; onf/ ¤if;vufxufü eef;pOfrw S w f rf;udk pwifa&;om;apcJNh y;D 11 "r®owfusr;f
yxrqH k ; a&muf & S d c sd e f j zpf o nf h 16 &mpk t apmyd k i f ; wG i f ppf w aumif ; rS m udvk nf; jyefvnfjyifqifa&;om;cJo h nf/ jAm[®PtpOftvm t& aqmif&u G of nfh
b*Fvm;a'o\ ta&;ygaom qdyu f rf;oH;k ckteufwpfcjk zpfonf/ 1521ckEpS w f iG f &mZbdaou r*FvmxHk;pHrsm;udkvnf; jyefvnfaqmif&Gufonf (Tha Htwan
*dktmodkYw&m;0if apvTwfonfh ay:wl*Dudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJU0ifjzpfol trnfrod Aung 1927, 45, 93-110)/ rif;Ambk&ifvufxuf &ckid t hf arGtESprf sm;udk oQpf
&mZ0ifq&mwpfOD;u ppfwaumif;onf vlrsdK;aygif;pHkusufpm;&m NrdKUawmfjzpf aomif; ykxdk;awmfBuD;ESifh eef;awmfukef;twGif; wHwkdif;eH&Hrsm; (1997-98
aMumif;? ckdifrmonfhcHwyf&SdNyD; NydKifzufukefonf tkyfpkrsm;tMum; ppfwaumif; eef;awmfuek ;f wl;azmf&mü þwHwikd ;f rsm;\ aocsmaphpyfaom yHo k @mefrsm;udk
udkvTrf;rdk;rI&&SdEdkif&ef tcsif;csif;,SOf NydKifvsuf&SdaMumif;azmfjycJhonf (Bouchon azmfxw k Ef idk cf o
hJ nf) uJo h aYkd om ausmufom;jzifh jyKvyk x f m;onfh vuf&mrsm;ü
and Thomaz 1988)/ plvwefw\ Ykd tem; owfe,ferd w d t
f wGi;f ü wnf&adS om awGU jrifEdkifygonf/ "n0wD ta&;awmfyHkü rif;Ambk&ifonf armufolZmNrdKU
ppfwaumif;rSm &ckid Ef iS Bhf wyd &l wdu Yk kd aoG;aqmifjzm;a,mif;aom ypfrw S w
f pfcjk zpfchJ (Murshedabad) txd us,jf yefaY om b*Fvm;e,fy,frsm;udk odr;f ydu k cf ahJ Mumif;?
onf/ 1513wGif ppfwaumif;udk Bwyd &l bk&if "nrPdus (Dhañamanikya) a'vD]]plvwef}} \ orD;awmfukd vufqufcahJ Mumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ ta&;
0ifa&mufwu kd cf ukd o f nf/ ESpEf pS Mf umonft h cg &cdik b
f &k if *ZmywdapvTwo f nf[k awmfyükH azmfjyxm;aom wku d cf u dk &f jcif;\&nf&, G cf suo f nf rif;Ambk&if\ e,fy,f
csUJ xiG yf ikd pf ;kd vdrk EI iS hf &efpusL;ausmv f rkd w I u Ykd kd xif[yfvsu&f ydS gonf/ wyfrsm;udpk pk nf;Ny;D usL;ausmo f w l u
Ykd kd yifv,f0odw Yk ikd af tmif jyefvnfarmif;xkwf
"n0wDta&;awmfykH tqdt k & rif;apmrGeo f nf ¤if;tm;eef;wifay;cJo h nf EkdifcJhonf (CL 1932, 2:49)/ þtjzpftysufrSm *dktm&Sd ay:wl*DtmPmydkifrsm;\
udk aus;Zl;qyfaomtm;jzifh &ckdifydkifb*Fvm;e,fy,ftrsm;pkudk plvwefrif;xH vkyfaqmifcsufr[kwfbJ b*Fvm;ESifh ppfwaumif;{&d,m&Sd rsm;jym;aomay:wl*D
vufaqmifay;cJh&onf/ odkY&mwGif ,cktcsdefü tcsdeftwdkif;twmwpfcktxd tajccsorl sm;\ aqmif&u G cf surf sm;jzpfEidk o f nf/ þwku d cf u dk rf aI Mumifh &ckid w f t
Ykd MhH o
aus;Zl;qyfcJhNyD;jzpfojzifh xkde,fajrrsm;udk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&ef bk&ifrif;Amvdk cJh&aMumif; irnf;&mZ0ifü azmfjyxm;onf/ aemufydkif;wGif 17 &mpktapmydkif;rS
vm;onf[k ta&;awmfyu kH qdo
k nf/ od&Yk mwGif rif;Am b*Fvm;e,foYkd 0ifa&muf pwifí ay:wl*DESifh&cdkifwdkY r[mrdwfjzpfvmaMumif; taxmuftxm;awGU&
wdu k cf udk cf ahJ Mumif; ckid rf monfh taxmuftxm;rawGU&ay/ odaYk omf 1539-40 onf/12
ywf0ef;usiüf &ckid w f Ykd ppfwaumif;udk odr;f ydu k af tmifEikd cf ahJ Mumif;udrk l ,HMk unf 1546ckEpS wf iG f &cdik u f kd jrefrmwdUk 0ifa&muf wku d cf u dk o f nf/ rif;Ambk&if
vufcHEkdif&ef vHkavmufonfh taxmuftxm;rsm; awGU&onf/ &ckdifwdkYonf vufxufü &ckdifwdkY\ tiftm;tpGrf;udk yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf prf;oyfcH&
ukepf nf a&mif;0,fazmufum;olrsm;ESihf avSMuKH p;D wwfaom tusi&hf o dS nfh aMu;pm; jcif;jzpfonf/ rif;Ambk&ifonf jrefrmwdYk 0ifa&mufwu kd cf ukd v f rd rhf nf[k BuKd wif
ppfonfrsm;aygrsm;&m ppfwaumif;qdyu f rf;tm; Bu;D rm;aomtcuftcJtrsKd ;rsKd ; arQmv f ifNh y;D jzpfonfth wdik ;f ? ajrmufO;D NrKd Uawmfukd uRr;f usio f nfh umuG,af &;tpD
udk &ifqikd v f suf xde;f csKycf MhJ uonf/ 1539aemufyikd ;f tajctaersm;ESihf pyfvsO;f í tpOfrsm;jzifhf vHNk cKH cidk cf ahH tmif aqmif&u G x f m;cJo h nf/ 1545 wGif jrefrmwdo Yk nf
ay:wl*D&mZ0ifq&m bkd;&dkUpfu wpHkw&mrQrazmfjycJhay/ odkY&mwGif 1542 ckESpfwdkif &ckid jf ynfawmifyikd ;f oHwJG e,fukd wdu k cf udk o f nf/ xkaYd emuf Munf;wyf? a&wyfrsm;
atmif ppfwaumif;udk &ckdifwdkYxdef;csKyfvsuf&Sdaeao;aMumif;udkrl tqdkygckESpf ukvm;wefav;NrKd U jrpf0rS ;f üpk&;kH rdMuNy;D 7ckid Nf rKd Uawmfukd ppfoBl u;D bk&ifah emif (aemif
ouú&mZf &ufpw JG yfxm;onfh ppfwaumif;wGiaf wGU&aom &ckid b f mom aiGjym;pm wGif bk&ifjzpfvmonf) OD;aqmifvsu0f ikd ;f &Hyw d qf o Ykd nf/ &ckid w f u Ydk vnf; toifh
t& od&onf (Shore 1790)/ tmz*ef&Smcef (Afghan Shar Khan) (1539- odak vSmifxm;onfh a&rsm;udk wl;ajrmif;rsm;rSwpfqifh xkwv f w T Nf y;D NrKd UawmfteD;
1545) vufxuf b*Fvm;ESihf tdE, d́ ü jzpfymG ;aomjyif;xefonfh Ekid if aH &;vdiI ;f 0ef;usif? taemufydkif;ESifh ta&SUawmifydkif;a'orsm;udk a&vTrf;rdk;apcJhonf/
wHy;kd onf &ckid t f m; b*Fvm;ta&SUawmifyikd ;f wGif Mum;0ifaqmif&u G &f efEiS hf NyKd if ajrmufO;D NrKd UawmfrmS tv,ftvwf awmifuek ;f rsm;tMum;wGiw f nf&NdS y;D xlxyf
zufjzpfonfh Bwyd &l tm; armif;xkw&f ef rvTrJ a&Smifomaom tajctaewpf&yf aom awmtkyrf sm;u tumtuG,af y;um awmifbufwiG f a&uefBu;D ESpcf &k ídS
udk jzpfay:apcJo h nf/ awmifukef;wpfckESifhwpfcktMum; wHwdkif;rsm;jzifh qufoG,fum&Hxm;aMumif;
1534wGif ay:w*l aD &wyfonf ukvm;wefjrpfuq kd efwufNy;D &ckid w f u Ykd kd awGU&onf (CL 1932, 2: 46-8) / &ckid w f w Ykd iG f wdu
k cf u dk o f rl sm;udk wGe;f vSeEf idk 7f ef
ajrmufO;D txdqw k cf gG omG ;ap&ef wduk cf u dk cf o hJ nf/ odaYk omf &cdik b f &k ifonf ol\ tiftm; tvHt k avmufr&Sd acs/ odaYk omf jrefrmwdrYk mS tpma&pmjywfvyfvmjcif;ESihf
ydwrf ad ejcif;wdaYk Mumifh jyefvnfqw k cf mG Mu&onf/ rMumrDtcsed üf yif jrefrmwyfrsm;

NrKd U0efceft Y yfí tkycf sKyEf ikd cf ahJ om oHwu JG ykd g vufvw T Mf u&onf/ OD;ukvm;&mZ0ifü
azmfjyouJo h Ykd &ckid xf ;D eef;qufcEH ikd o
f l tjcm;wpfO;D tm; jrefrmwdaYk xmufcH aqmif
&Gucf o hJ nfqjkd cif;ESihf ywfoufírl &Si;f vif;aom tajzr&Sad cs/ xdt k aMumif;ESihf
pyfvsO;f í &ckid rf w S w f rf;rsm;üvnf; taxmuftxm; rawGU&ay (U Kala 1960)/
aemufxyf ESpo f ;kH q,ftMum 1580 wGif &ckid u f kd jrefrmwdYk wpfzefwu kd cf u
dk jf yef
onf13/ þtBurd üf jrefrmwdYk tBu;D tus,f ½H;I edrchf yhJ gonf/ xdt k csed rf pS í &ckid w f rYkd mS
rdru d , kd u f ckd ck u
H muG,o f rl sm;tjzpfrS olwpfyg;tm; usL;ausmw f u kd cf udk o f rl sm;tjzpf
odYk ajymif;vJvmcJo h nf/
16 &mpk ukecf ge;D wGif ud½k rkd ef',fEiS hf b*Fvm;rS rlpvifEiS hf ay:w*l u D ek o f nf
rsm; ajrmufO;D odYk a&muf&o dS nf/ ¤if;wdo Yk nf &ckid jf ynf\ t"dujynfyydu Yk ek jf zpfaom
qefpyg;ESifhb*FgvDuRefrsm;udk 0,f,lMuNyD; tdE´d,xGufcsnfxnfypönf;rsm;ESifh
ZdrfcHypönf;rsm;udkeef;awmftwGuf a&mif;cscJhMuonf/ &ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;ü jynfyrS
oabFmtajrmuftjrm; a&muf&SdvmaMumif; azmfjy\/ jrefrmjynftxufydkif;rS
ywåjrm;ESihf tdE, d́ jynfjzpf csnx f nfypön;f rsm;rSm b*Fvm;yifv,fEiS hf tif;0udk
qufo, G o f nfh &ckid jf ynfjzwf ukeo f , G af &;\ t"duypön;f rsm;jzpfMuonf (Guedes
1994, 201; Leider 1994; Blackmore 1985, 30)/ þtcse d üf &ckid jf ynfonf
"n0wD (pyg;qefa&aygonfh ajr) qdo k nft h wdik ;f a'ocHjynforl sm;twGuf tpOf
tjrJpnfyifzGHYjzdK;wdk;wufonfh wdkif;jynfjzpfcJh\/ ukefoG,fa7;csJUxGifjr§ifhwifrIu
&ckid jf ynfukd <u,f0csr;f omapcJNh y;D &ckid b f &k ifrsm;udk tiftm;ckid rf m awmifw h if;apcJyh g
onf/ &ckid jf ynfwiG f Edik if jH cm;om; aMu;pm;ppfonfrsm;? tEkynmonfrsm;? ukeo f nf yH(k 7) r*dck w
H yfpcef;wpfct k m; &cdik af &wyfrS wku
d cf u
dk af eyHk
rsm;vnf; tvGerf sm;jym;vmonf/ tdE, d́ rsm;ESihf aemufyikd ;f wGif ay:w*l rD sm;u jrif;ay:rSyk*d¾KvfrSm r*dkbk&ifcHjzpfonf (Schouten pmtkyfrS)
vufeuf xkwv
f yk rf EI iS hf toH;k jyKrI enf;ynmrsm;udk vTaJ jymif;ay;cJo
h nf (Per-
son and Das Gupta 1987; Parker 1988; Subrahmanyam 1993; Tak Htwan
Ni 1985)/ xdjYk yif ausmufom;ykx;kd awmfrsm;ESihf cHwyfrsm;wnfaqmuf&mwGiv
f nf; tcef; (4)
tultnD ay;cJMh uonf/ rif;Amvufxufonf Edik if aH &;tmPmcsUJ xiG Ef ikd rf I zl;yGi&hf m ppfbk&ifrsm;vufxuf &cdkife,fy,fcsJUxGifrI
umv wpfckjzpfonfhjyif ajymifajrmufonfh tEkynmvuf&mrsm;xGef;um;&m
ordkif;acwf wpfckvnf; jzpfcJhonf/ rif;Amtm;qufcHol rif;wdu©m (1553- bk&ifrif;zavmif; (1571-1593) vufxuf 1578 0ef;usifü ppf
1555)onf xD;eef;vkyu JG &kd ifqikd v
f suf eef;wufvmcJo Y nf/ ¤if;onf cef;em;xnf0g waumif; udk wku d cf ukd o f rd ;f yduk rf EI iS fh 1624 ckEpS f oD&o d "k r®&mZmrif;vufxuf
aom ud;k aomif;ykx;kd awmfBu;D udk wnfxm;cJo h nf/ þykx;kd awmfBu;D rSm 16 &mpk 'gumNrKd Utm; &cdik af &wyfrS wku d cf u
dk rf w I Ukd onf &cdik jf ynf e,fy,fcsUJ xiG rf \ I t"du
&ckid Af o
d u k m\ tajymifajrmufq;kH aom vuf&mwpfcyk if jzpfonf (Gutman 2001)/ usaom acwfumvwpfcu k kd azmfñeT ;f vsu&f o dS nf/
1550 ESifh 1580 ckESpfrsm;twGif; &ckdifbk&ifrsm;onf Bwdyl&EdkifiHESifh rif;Amvufxufppfa&;atmifjrifrEI iS fh Adou k mynmxnf0gcefn Y m;cJrh w I rYkd mS
vnf;aumif;? ppfwaumif; rlpvifb&k ifcrH sm;ESiv hf nf;aumif;? ppfrufjzpfymG ;cJo h nf/ zGUH NzKd ;rI aES;auG;cJah om &mpkEpS w f pfct k qH;k wGif ay:xu G cf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ rif;zavmif;
(Bwdyl&onf 1560 tapmydkif;ESpfrsm;wGif ppfwaumif;udk xdef;csKyfEdkifcJhNyD;? onf ppfwaumif;udk xde;f csKyjf cif;jzihv f nf;aumif;? b*Fvm;ta&SUajrmufurf;ajcü
ppfwaumif;&Sd rlpvifbk&ifcHrsm;rSm udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&Sdaom b*Fvm; plvwef &cdik af &wyfrawmftm; Edik if aH &;OD;aqmifrI vufeufu&d , d mtjzpf toH;k jyKEikd jf cif;jzifh
rsm;tjzpf wefc;kd Bu;D xGm;vmcJNh y;D ? taemufbufü Edik if aH &;&eforl sm;ESihf &ifqikd cf &hJ
vnf;aumif; &cdik \ f a'owGi;f wefc;kd tmPmBu;D xGm;rIukd tESpf 20 twGi;f xl
ygonf/) 1567 wGif b*Fvm;a'o tpdwt f ydik ;f trsm;pkukd r*dw k yfrsm; odr;f yku d cf NhJ y;D
axmifco hJ nf/ ¤if;onf 1580-81 ü jrefrmwdUk \ usL;ausmrf u I kd wGe;f vSecf o hJ nf/
vGwfvyfaom plvweftkyfcsKyfrIudk ed*Hk;csKyfapcJhonf/ þjzpfpOfrSm b*Fvm;
xkjYd yif ta&SUajrmufawmifwef;a'o&Sd rsKd ;EG,pf b k &k ifrsm;\ wefc;kd tmPmudk acsreI ;f
wpfciG v f ;kH \ ordik ;f twGuf acwfumvtopfwpfck zGiv hf pS af y;vkud jf cif; jzpfygonf/
okwo f ifcuhJ m Bwyd &l tm; ppfwaumif;udk ,SONf yKd io f rd ;f ydu
k v f okd t l jzpfrS ed*;kH csKyaf pcJh
r*dk bk&ifcHrsm;onf b*Fvm;ta&SUydkif;ESifh awmifydkif;a'orsm;\ ckcHwGef;vSefrIudk
q,fpEk pS f twefMum qufvuf&ifqikd cf &hJ onf/ þodYk ckid rf monfh A[dck sKyu f ikd rf I onf/ q,haf jcmuf&mpktukef ü Bwyd &l awmifyikd ;f onf &cdik b f &k iftm; ¤if;wdUk \
tmPm r&Sjd cif;uyif b*Fvm;ta&SUawmifyikd ;f a'oudk Ekid if aH &;tmPm ,SONf yKd irf EI iS hf t&Sifociftjzpf todtrSwfjyKMu&onf (Chowdhury 1997, 151)/ ppfw
ppfrufa&;&m ,SONf yKd irf I jzpfay:ap&ef wHcg;zGiahf y;ovdk jzpfco hJ nf/ 16 &mpk tukef aumif;onf &cdik b f &k ifEh ikd if \
H ppfa&;ESifh pD;yGm;a&; tajccHtw k jf rpfwpfct k jzpf?
ESihf 17 &mpk tapmydik ;f umvrsm;onfum; ta&SUajrmufa'oodYk &cdik w f eYkd ,fy,f ESpfaygif;&Spfq,fMumrQ &yfwnfcJhygonf/ þydkifpdk;rIudk &ckdif&mZ0ifrsm;ü txl;jyK
csUJ xiG Ef idk cf o
hJ nfh txGwt f xdyf tcsed u f mvrsm;yif jzpfawmhonf/ azmfjyxm;aMumif;rawGU&ay/ þonfrmS b*Fvm; ta&SUawmifyikd ;f tm; &cdik yf ikd pf ;kd rI
tpdwt f ydik ;f wpfct k jzpf &Ijrifjcif;aMumifh vnf;aumif;? ppfwaumif;udk wpfBurd f vIyv f suf yJc;l udv k ufvw T Nf y;D awmifiül tcdik t f vHak ecJo h nf/ xkt d cg &cdik t f rd f
wpfcgvnf; xl;xl;jcm;jcm; wku d cf u
kd o
f rd ;f ydu
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wku d cf ukd &f ef awmifil bk&if\urf;vSr;f csuu f kd vufccH o hJ nf/ &cdik b
f &k ifonf ¤if;\ ywåjrm;ukeo f ,G rf rI mS &cdik jf ynfojYkd zwfaom vrf;aMumif;rSwpfqifo h m b*Fvm;
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f &J ef tiftm; awmifh
wif;rI r&Sad cs/ a'b&dwo k nf *dt k m tumtuG,af tmufü ay:w*l D tajccHpcef;
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(Guedes 1994,128 fn 37) oefvsiq f yd u
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1984)/ 1603 ck ZGev f wGif a'b&dwk oefvsio f Ykd jyefvmNy;D ol\ uk, d yf ikd f tkycf sKy&f m
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wGif &cdik o f nf a'owGi;f wefc;kd tmPm vTr;f rd;k Edik rf üI *kPo f a&&So d nhf jrihrf m;
aom tqiht f wef;wpfcu k kd ydik q
f idk x f m;Ny;D ? b*Fvm;? *dt k m? jrefrmESifh ,d'k ,m;Edik if H
rsm;odYk oHwrefapvTw&f ef vHak vmufonhf todtrSwjf yKc&H rIuv kd nf; &&Sx d m;Ny;D
jzpfonf/ yx0DEdkifiHa&; tajctaersm; vsifjrefpGmajymif;vJvsuf&Sdjcif;aMumifh
Nird ;f csr;f a&;rSmrl jzpfxeG ;f jcif; r&Sad cs/ 1600 jynhEf pS w f iG f jrefrmESifh b*Fvm;e,fwüYdk
A[dkcsKyfudkifrIESihf tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmuif;rJhvsuf&SdNyD; jynfyEdkifiHrsm;tzkdU ppfa&;
Mum;0ifaqmif&u G &f ef tcGit fh a&;rsm;udk jzpfay:apcJo h nf/ q,fpEk pS Ef pS cf k ausmv f eG f
Ny;D aemufwiG rf l b*Fvm;wpfciG o f Ykd r*dt k mPmpuf jzefMY uufEikd cf NhJ y;D tif;0odYk a&TU
ajymif;eef;pdu k of nhf jrefrmbk&ifEh ikd if o H nfvnf; tiftm;jrihw f ufvmcJo h nf/ odaYk omf
þNcrd ;f ajcmufrrI sm;ukd &cdik \f ppftiftm;ESifh obm0cHwyfrsm;u wm;qD;Edik cf o hJ nf/
1618 wGif Bwdyl&udk r*dkppfAdkvfcsKyf tDb&m[ifcef zmw[*sef (Ibrahim Khan
Fath Jang ) u wku d cf u kd f onf/ Bwyd &l bk&if ,a&Sm"& rPdus (Yashodhara
Manikya) rSmvnf; &cdik o f Ykd xGuaf jy;cJ&h onf (Majumdar 1973, 165)/ xdk yH(k 9) &cdik b
f &k ifo&D o
d "k r®&mZm wdik ;f cef;vSnv
fh nfawmfro
l nfukd
wdu k cf u
kd rf aI Mumihf Bwyd &l NrKd Uawmfusq;kH Ny;D ¤if;NrKd Uawmftm; r*dpk pfAv kd cf sKyuf ajrydik q f idk f yef;csq D &mu o½kyaf zmfxm;yHk (Schouten pmtkyfrS )
cGifh (jagir) &&Scd ohJ nf/ þonfrmS r*d{k u&mZf *s[ef*&d f (Jahangir) vkv d m;vsu&f dS
aom &cdik u f kd wku d cf ukd o f rd ;f ydu
k af &; vkyif ef;pOf\ tBuKd ajcvSr;f yif jzpfygonf/
&cdik bf &k iftaejzihv f nf; ¤if;\ rsm;jym;vSaoma&wyfukd aESmihaf ES;rIr&Sad pbJ jyef tcef; (5)
vnfpkpnf; wkefYjyefcJhonf/ &cdkifa&wyfü (ydkrdkazmfjyxm;aom ta&twGuf *kPf,l0ifh<um;rIESihfauseyfESpfodrfhrIumv
jzpfonfh) ]]&Gufwdkif ESpfckygoabFm (ghurab) tpD; 700 ESihf cwfavS (jaliya)
tpD; 4000 yg&SdaMumif;}}? zmw[*sef (Fath-Jang) uvnf; ]]tcdset f enf;i,f oD&o d "k r®&mZmrif; vufxuf (1622-1638) yxrydik ;f eef;pHEpS rf sm;wGif
twGif;ü ppfavS 4000 rS 5000 cefYudk toihfjyifqifcJhaMumif;}}? rif;carmif;\ ta&SUb*Fvm;ü r*dw k EYkd iS jfh zpfymG ;aeaom y#dyu©rmS qufvufjzpfymG ;vsu&f o dS nf/
wyfzUJGrsm;rSm]]cwfavS 2000 cefu Y kd ¤if;wkEYd ikd if \H e,fpyfü csex f m;cJNh y;D }} vSnjfh yefomG ; &cdik jf ynfü 1629 rS 1634 twGi;f aexkid o f mG ;cJah om bke;f awmfBu;D ref&ad u
aMumif;? r*dpk pfAv kd cf sKy\ f rSww f rf;wGif emxef (Nathan) u azmfjyonf (Nathan (Father Manrique) u ¤if;taejzihf &cdik o f Ykd yxrtBurd f a&muf&pdS OftwGi;f ?
1936, 2:630)/ ESpfESpf MumNyD;aemuf (1612 ESihf 1623 ckESpfrsm;twGif;) ckepfESpfMum qufwdkufjzpfyGm;aeaom &cdkifwdkY\ pD;eif;wdkufcdkufrIrsm;aMumihf
r*d{k u&mZf\ b*Fvm;bk&ifco H nf &cdik t f m;aemufwpfBurd f wku d cf u kd &f ef BuKd yrf;jyef omoemjyKrsm;rSm b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfudk jzwfoef;oGm;a&muf&ef rjzpfEikd af Mumif;
onf/ þwpfBurd w f iG rf l ¤if;\wyfzUJGrsm; &ckid o f yYkd if ra&mufEikd bf J awmxJawmifxüJ a&;om;cJo h nf/ r*d&k mZ0ifq&m wmvpf&fS (Talish) url ]r*dt k ifyikd ,
f m\ rnfonfh
tpma&pm iwfrw G u f m vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; ta&;edrchf &hJ onf (Nathan 1936, 2: tpdwt f ydik ;f wGirf Q rlqvifwt Ydk ay: vTr;f rk;d &efEiS fh tmPmcsKd ;ESrd &f ef vkv d m;aom
632-3; Qanuango 1988, 262)/ yifv,fatmftwGi;f &Sd &ckid w f Ukd taetxm;tm; rnfonht f rd ef ;D csi;f t,lrmS ; bk&ifrQ r&Sad Mumif;? tqdyk gt,lrmS ; bk&ifwrYkd mS vnf;
rlpvifwkdU\ tefwkpdefac:rIrsm; xyfcgwpfvJvJ &IH;edrfhaeonhftwGuf &cdkifudk rdrdwkdY\ touftdk;tdrf e,fajrrsm; vHkNcHKpdwfcsap&eftwGuf enf;rsdK;pHkjzihf
tEdik &f &ef b,faomtcgrQ jzpfEikd v f rd rhf nfr[kw[ f k b*FvrD sm;tBum; ,HMk unf ESrd cfh sO;D nTwf 0yfwmG ;MuaMumif;? xkad 'orsm;&Sd r*kt d &m&Swd rYkd mS wdu k cf ukd af tmifEidk rf rI S
rIwpfcu k kd jzpfay:apcJah vonf/ wpfcsed w f nf;rSmyif ta&SUb*Fvm;a'oodYk ESppf Of &&SdaomtusdK;tjrwfopfwdkYukd cHpm;MuaMumif;} r*dktjrifjzihf a&;om;cJhonf
usL;ausmrf EI iS fh ¤if;a'o&Sd &Gmol&mG om;rsm;tm; ESix f w
k af c:aqmifomG ;rIwrYkd mS &cdik f (Sarkar 1933, 423)/ 1623 atmufwb kd mvwGif b*Fvm;ukd oD&o d "k r®&mZm
eef;awmf\ armufrmrIvyk &f yfrsm;[k qkEd ikd yf gonf/ wkdufcdkufonf/ þwdkufcdkufrItm; 'gcifoQbmZfyl&f (Dakhin Shabazpur) udk
pD;eif;0ifa&mufr[ I k emxef (Mirza Nathan) u nTe;f qdck o hJ nf/ r*dpk pfAv kd cf sKyf
tDb&m[ifcef zmw[*sef (Ibrahim Khan Fath-Jang) uvnf; ¤if;\a&wyfudk
csucf si;f wkejYf yef apvTwcf o hJ nf/ od&Yk mwGif ]]xdak eYuek cf ge;D ü &&Sad omowif;rsm;t&
&cdkifbk&if (Raja of the Mags) onf ¤if;\ wdik ;f jynftm; tjcm;wpfzufrS 0if 1628 wGif jrefrmbk&iftaemufzufveG u f kd ol\om;awmfu vkyBf uo H nf/
a&mufwu kd cf u
kd v f monfh jrefrmwdt Yk m; jyefvnf wGe;f vSe&f eftvdiYk mS rdrXd meokYd þjzpf&yfonf jrefrmhx;D eef;qufcaH &; y#dyu©wpf&yfudk Ed;I qGay;ovdk jzpfco hJ nf/
jyefvnfxu G cf mG oGm;aMumif; od&&dS onf}} [k emxefu a&;om;cJo h nf (Nathan jrefrmrif;om;onf ol\ xD;eef;t½du k t f &mqufcrH w I iG f oD&o d "k r®&mZm\ ausm
1936, 2:638-41)/ þ jrefrmwdYk 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u
kd rf EI iS fh pyfvsO;f í &ckid Ef iS jfh refrm axmufaemufcH tm;ay;rIudk &&Sd&ef arQmfvifhcJhonf/ odkYaomf rsm;rMumrDwGif
taxmuftxm;rawG&Y ay/ 1625 'DZifbmvwGif wdu k af vS 1600 yg0ifaom ud,k &f aH wmfrsm;\ vkyBf urH u I dk cHvu kd &f onf/ rnfoyYdk ifjzpfap &cdik b f &k iftwGuf
a&wyfpjk zifh 'gumNrKd Uudk &cdik w f w
Ykd u kd cf u kd jf y;D jrKd Uawmfukd arTaESmuf vk,ufzsuq f ;D jrefrmha&;&m udprö sm;ü 0ifa&mufpu G zf uf&ef tajctaeaumif; wpf&yfukd jzpfay:
cJo
h nf/ wpfEpS Mf umjy;D aemuf &cdik af &wyfrawmfonf oefvsiEf iS hf yJc;l ukd vk,uf apcJo h nf/ taemufbufveG rf if;\ nDawmfrsm;rSmvnf; axmifxm;jcm;em;aom
wdu k cf u kd jf yefonf/ þpD;eif;wdu k cf u kd rf EI iS yfh wfoufí jrefrmtaxmuftxm;rsm; &Sr;f jynfapmfbmG ;rsm;ukd wdu k cf u
kd af e&onf/ odjYk zpfí xdt k csed w
f iG f jrefrmxD;eef;tm;
u EIwq f w d af eMuonf/ rnfolqufcHrnf qkdjcif;ukd csufcsif;qHk;jzwfí r&ao;acs/ &cdkifbk&ifonf
1624 {NyDvwGif oQm;*s[ef (Shah Jahan) onf ¤if;\zcifjzpfol r*dk jrefrmjynfokdY oHtzGJYapvTwfNyD; 0ifa&mufpGufzufrIESihf pyfqdkifaom Ncdrf;ajcmufrI
{u&mZf *s[ef*&d f (Jahangir) tm; ykeu f efNy;D b*Fvm;udo k rd ;f ,lonf/ oD&o d "k r® tenf;i,fyg&Sdonfh &mZoHukd ay;ykdYcJhonf/ 1630 jynhf vGefESpfrsm; tapmykdif;ü
&mZmu ¤if;xHokdY tzdk;wefonfh vufaqmifrsm;ykdYvTwfonf/ r*dkxHrSvnf; jrefrmjynfoYkd oH;k Burd x f ufrenf; oHapvTwcf NhJ y;D &cdik o f Ykd jrefrmuk, d pf m;vS,t f zGYJ
wefz;kd &So d nhf *kPo f a&&Sad om t0wftpm;ESifh tjcm;vufaqmifypön;f rsm; &cdik o f Ydk wpfBurd o f ma&muf&o dS nf/ þoHwref tvJtvS,rf S rnfoaYdk om tusKd ;&v'f
jyefvnf ay;yku Yd m ¤if;\e,fajrtay: tcsKyt f jcmtmPm ydik q f ikd rf u
I dk twnfjyKonhf &&Scd o hJ nfudk rod&EdS ikd af omfvnf; vlox d if&mS ; y#dyu©wpfcu k kd a&SmifvEJT ikd cf o
hJ nf/
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1)/ 1624 atmufwb kd mwGif oQm;*s[ef\ykeu f efrI ta&;edrchf o hJ nf/ od&Yk mwGif ESpfjynfaxmifMum; r[mrdwfzGJY&eftvdkYiSm ajrmufOD;odkY ,dk;',m;bk&if jAoxHk
aemuf av;ESpMf umaomtcg oQm;*s[ef r*d{k u&mZfjzpfvmojzihf oD&o d "k r®&mZm (Prasattathong) u oHapvTwo f nf (Van Vliet 1975, 95)/
\ uRr;f usiv f rd m® aom oHwrefy&d,m,frmS t&mra&muf rjzpfcahJ cs/ oQm;*s[ef 1620 aESmif;ydkif;rS 1630 jynfhESpfrsm; twGif;wGifrl 17 &mpk tpydkif;ESihf
\ (1628 rS 1658 txd) &Snv f sm;aom eef;oufwpfavQmuf ta&SUb*Fvm;ü rwlawmhbJ EdkifiHa&;ESihf ppfa&;qdkif&m tcGihfta&;rsm; usOf;ajrmif;vmcJhonf/
ay:wl*Dtm&SEG,fzGm;wdkY yHkrSeftwdkif; uRef0ifzrf;aeapumrl &cdkifukdusL;ausmf oD&o d "k r®&mZm vufxuf 'kw, d ykid ;f wGif b*Fvm;? jrefrmESifh &cdik jf ynf\ qufqaH &;
wduk cf ukd &f ef r*dw k t Ykd aejzihf jyef;xefaom BuKd ;yrf;tm;xkwrf rI sm; wpfBurd w f pfcgrQ wjznf;jznf; ajymif;vJvmonf/ &cdkifppfbk&ifrsm; vufxufü pOfqufrjywf
rjyKvkyfcJhay/ jzpfymG ;aeonfh ppfyrJG sm;u bk&ifrsm;\ ppfa&;pGr;f &nfudk e,fy,fcsUJ xiG f wdu k cf u kd f
&Gux f m;aom &cdik w f \ Ykd vky&f yfrsm; jzpfvmcJo h nf/

17 &mpk tv,fyikd ;f ü &cdik b f &k ihEf ikd if o H nf txGwt f xdyo f Ydk a&muf&cdS hJ
aMumif; oHo,jzpfzG,fr&Sdacs/ ajrmufOD;NrdKUawmfonfvnf; tdE´d,ork'´&m
wpf0Srf;&Sd ukefonf taygif; a&mif;0,fazmufum;&m? vlrsdK;aygif;pHk usufpm;&m
zGNYH zKd ;wd;k wufaom NrKd UawmfBu;D jzpfvmcJo h nf (Bhattacharya 2002)/ &cdik b f &k ifonf
[dEL´ -Ak'b ¨ mom eef;"avh? &cdik ½hf ;kd &m tpOftvm avmuDa&;&mrsm;ESifh Ak'b ¨ mom
w&m;"r®wu Ykd dk usio fh ;kH vdu k ef maqmif&u G o f uJo Y kdY rlqvift&m&Sw d \Ykd tBuÓH mPfrsm;
udv k nf; BuKd qckd o hJ nf/ þonfukd &cdik b f &k ifwUkd \ r*dq k efu
Y siaf &; jyKral qmif&u G f
csu[ f k rSe;f qEdik yf gonf/ &cdik t f yk cf sKyo f w l \
Ykd wGe;f tm;ay;rIjzihf a&;om;cJo h nfh
umZD (Daud Qazi) ESifh tv0g (Alaol) wd\ Yk uAsmrsm;rSmvnf; b*FvpD mayü
yHk(10) &cdkifbk&if oD&dok"r®&mZm 'gumrS odrf;ydkuf&&dSonfh r*dktajrmuf txifu&ae&m &&Scd MhJ u\/ þjzpf&yftm; bmompum;ajrmufjrm;pGm toH;k jyKonfh
r'&yfjywdkufwGif jyoxm;onf ("gwfyHk - OD;0if;BudKif) eef;awmfwpfc\k ,Ofaus;rIyef;rsKd ;pHyk iG v hf ef;atmif axmufyaHh y;aom rSwo f m;zG,f
&m vl&nfvnfonhf vkyaf qmifcsu[ f k ordik ;f ynm&Sirf sm;u ,lqMuonf/ yg&eS f
atmifEdkifrIrsm;qDokdY OD;wnfapcJhonf/ oD&dok"r®&mZm ESihf ¤if;tm; qufcHolrsm; bmompum;ukdvnf; awmf0ifeef;&if;0efESifh ,if;\½Hk;awmfu toHk;jyKcJhonf/
vufxufwiG rf l ,cifb&k ifrsm;vufxufu &&Scd ahJ om tajctaersm;udk aumif;pGm ajrmufO;D a&Teef;awmftwGi;f wGif *syef? c&pf,mefEiS fh rlpvif uk, d &f aH wmfrsm;uvnf;
umuG,f xdef;odrf;EdkifcJhMuonf/ xdktcsdefwGif jrefrmjynfrSm ,cifutiftm; tjynfjynfqikd &f m uRr;f usio f rl sm;tjzpf trIxrf;cJo h nf/
awmihw f if;rIrsKd ; jyefvnf&&Sv d mNy;D b*Fvm;üvnf; r*dw k Ykd wefc;dk tmPm ckid Nf rpJ mG 1638 (edrdwfraumif;onfh &ckdifouú&mZf 1000 jynfhESpf) ü jzpfyGm;aom
wnfaxmifvmEdik o f nfukd awGU&onf/ þtajctaersKd ;wGif wdu k cf u
kd af tmifEikd rf I eef;vkrw I pf&yfonfyif &cdik jf ynf\ rif;{u&mZf wefc;kd tmPm? Edik if aH &; taet
topfqo kd nfrmS jzpfEikd zf ,G rf &Sad cs/ xkjYd yif jrefrm odrYk [kwf r*dw k \Ykd t"du wdu k cf u kd f xm;ESihf bk&ihfEdkifiH\ tajccHtkwfjrpfwdkYukd tm;tifcsnfheJY roGm;apcJhaMumif;
vmEdik rf rI sm;ukd wm;qD; ydwq f &Ykd efrmS &cdik bf &k ifrsm;twGuf vufawGUusonhf wpfck awGU&ygonf/ &cdik rf w S w f rf;rsm;u rdz&k m;ewfoQirf ,f\ &if;ES;D uRr;f 0ifol avmif;
wnf;aom a&G;cs,pf &m jzpfvmonf/ odjYk zpfí b*Fvm;tm; ESppf Ofp;D eif; wdu k cf u kd f Muufpm; ukovESifh bk&ifo&D o d "k r®&mZmwdt Yk Mum; jzpfymG ;onhf y#dyu©uo kd m
onf/ xdw k u
kd cf u
kd rf rI sm;rSm r*dw k u
Ykd sL;ausmrf I rjyKEikd rf D BuKd wifvufO;D rI &,laqmif tav;ay;azmfjyMuonf/ ukovtaejzihf arSmu f a0 yÍövuftwwfjzifh oD&d
ok"r®&mZmukd eef;awmfrS jzKwfcs&ef BuHpnfaeaMumif; twdkifyifcHtrwfBuD;

ivuf½;kH u bk&iftm; today; cJo h nf[k &mZ0ifrsm;u qdyk gonf/ þtcsuu f kd
bke;f awmfBu;D ref&ad uu oD&o d "k r®&mZm \ eef;ouf'w k ,d ykid ;f ü jzpfymG ;cJah om
y#dyu©[k oG,0f u kd f twnfjyKco hJ nf/ ref&ad uu bk&ifeh ef;ouf&n S af p&eftwGuf
jyKvkyfonhf vlESifhwd&ämef p wdkYtm; ½IwfaxG;onhf ,ZfylaZmfrItaMumif;udk
azmfjycJo h nf/ 'wfcsrf w S w f rf;rsm;t&rl bk&ifonf ukov\vlrsm;ukd okwo f ifchJ
aMumif;? od&Yk mwGif ukovtm; aemufyikd ;f ü eef;awmfwiG ;f &mxl;Bu;D Bu;D rm;rm;
ay;cJhaMumif; od&onf17/ oD&dok"r®bk&ifewf&GmpHNyD;aemuf xD;eef;qufcHol
rif;om;i,frmS ewfoQirf ,f\ ya,m*jzihf vkyBf ucH &H onf/ ,if;aemuf ewfoQirf ,f
\ Ncrd ;f ajcmufcx H m;&onfh eef;wGi;f rSL;Bu;D rwf&mwdrYk mS rnfot Yl m; xD;eef;vTaJ jymif;
ay;&rnfukd csDwHkcswHk jzpfaeMupOf avmif;Muufpm;u xD;eef;odrf;ydkufonf/
rSL;rwftrsm;pkrmS vnf; avmif;Muufpm;\ &ufpufpmG owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf/ 1638
Zlvikd f 3 &uf aeYwiG f avmif;Muufpm; ukovrif;tjzpfukd a&muf&NdS y;D e&ywd
(vlw\Ydk t&Si)f [laombGu YJ dk cH,ol nf/ odaYk omf ¤if;\vlaygi;f rsm;pGm owfjzwfco hJ nhf
vky&f yfaMumifh aemifEpS af ygi;f rsm;pGmtxd ol\tmPmpufxal xmif&ef BuKd ;yrf;ír&
jzpfcohJ nf/ e&ywdonf aejynfawmf&dS q&mawmfBu;D q,fEh pS yf g;ukd Mo0g'cH,&l ef[k
taMumif;jy zdwMf um;cJo h nf/ odaYk omf zdwMf um;jcif;\ trSew f u,f &nf&f , G cf surf mS
rl ¤if;\xD;eef;pd;k pHjcif;udk w&m;0iftwnfjyK&ef jzpfonf/ ¤if;tm; axmufcH
tm;ay;oltrsm;pkrSm ]vlopf} rsm; jzpfMujyD; eef;"avh xHk;xrf;pOfvmwdkYESihf
&if;ES;D uRr;f 0ifrrI &SMd uyJ pnf;pdrt f mPm ,pfr;l aeMuolrsm;omjzpfonf/ e&ywd
onf oD&o d "k r®&mZm\ rif;wdik yf iftrwfBu;D ivuf½;kH ukv d nf; ajrmufO;D eef;awmfü
rlv&mxl;jzihf jyef vnftrIxrf;&ef vdu I v f u
Id v
f v
JS JS awmif;yefc\ hJ / ivuf½;kH rSm yHk (11) &cdkifwdkY uRefa&mif;aeyHkjrifuGif; (Schouten pmtkyfrS)
tajrmftjrif Bu;D pGm jzihf ppfwaumif;a'o awmifyikd ;f wGif cHv k aIH ecJo h nf/ e&ywd onfh b*Fvm;jynftm; Edik if aH &;t& aygi;f pnf;a&;jzpfpOftwGi;f tBu;D tus,q f ;kH
onf ckepfESpfwmrQ xD;eef;pdk;pHcJh&aomfvnf; ¤if;trSefwu,f tkyfcsKyfcJhaom aom atmifjrifrIjzpf\/ 1660 jynfhESpfwGif b*Fvm;bk&ifcH oQm;½SL*sm (Shah
tcsdefumvrSm ig;ESpfrQomjzpfygonf/ 1643 aemufydkif;ü e&ywd rrmrusef;jzpf Shuja)onf ¤if;\ aemifawmf Mo&efZpf (Aurangzeb) xHrS {u&mZfw\ Ykd &mZyv’if
vmojzihf om;awmf tdraf &SUrif; owd;k "r®&mZm (1645-1652) u eef;wGi;f udpö vk,&l ef BuKd ;yrf;aom tqH;k tjzwfwu kd yf w
JG iG f ta&;edrcfh o hJ nf/ odjYk zpfí &SL*sm
t00ukd aeYpOf wm0ef,l aqmif&u G cf &hJ onf/ 1638 wGif ppfwaumif; bk&ifc\ H rSm ,if;\rdom;pkEiS fh aemufvu kd af emufyg &maygi;f rsm;pGmESit fh wl toufab;
awmfveS rf I ESifh jynfwiG ;f y#dyu©wYkd &Sad eapumrl qefpyg;ul;oef;a&mif;0,frEI iS fh vGwu f if;&mokYd xGuaf jy;cJ&h Ny;D tajctaet& &cdik jf ynfoYdk 0ifa&mufcv dk o IH nf/
uReu f ek uf ;l rIwYkd jzpf xGe;f wd;k wufonf/ xkt d csed u
f bk&ihb f @mwdu k tf wGi;f odYk ½SL*smonf ¤if;\orD;rsm;teufrw S pfO;D ukd &cdik b
f &k iftm; qufo&ef jiif;qdck o hJ nf/
tcGeb f @mrsm; tqufrjywf 0ifa&mufvsu&f adS eao;aMumif; 'wfcst f axmuf ¤if;\ aemufvu kd rf sm;rSmvnf; ykeu f efx<u&ef BuKd ;yrf;rI? eef;awmftm;rD;½IUdrpI onfh
txm;rsm;u twnfjyKay;onf/ taMumif; jycsurf sm;pGmjzihf pGypf cJG &H onf/ þtajctaetwGi;f ½SL*smonf &cdik f
&cdkifbk&if owdk;"r®&mZmonf ppfwaumif; jrpf0uRef;ay:odkY ppfqifa&; jynfwiG ;f rS wdww f qdwx f u G af jy;&ef BuKd ;yrf;cJah omfvnf; ra&&maom tajctae
wpfck qifENJT y;D bmvl0g a'o (e0gcgv)D udk usL;ausmf wdu k cf u kd o f nf/ wdu k cf ukd rf I rsm;atmufwiG f uG,v f eG cf ohJ nf (Schouten 1727, 229-36; Bernier 1830, 150-
tNy;D wGif ]bk&if} ckepfO;D u &cdik rf if;jrwf\ tmPmpufukd todtrSwjf yKMuaMumif; 6; Qanungo 1988, 645; Harvey 1922; Hall 1936, 88-9)/ xka Yd emufyikd ;f wGif
irnf;&mZ0ifu qdkonf (CL 1932, 2: 220)/ &SL*sm\ aqGrsKd ;rsm;tm;vTwaf y;&eftwGuf ta&;qd&k ef ajrmufO;D NrKd UoYdk vma&mufMu
pEó"k r®&mZm \ &Snv f sm;aom eef;pHEpS f (1652-1684) twGi;f &cdik b f &k ihf aom Mo&efZpf\oHwrefrsm;rSmvnf; ESrd chf sapmfum;jcif;cH&onf/ þokaYd om rzG,f
eef;awmf\a&Tacwf ukeq f ;kH onf/ pEó"k r®&mZmudk Bu;D us,jf rihjf rwfaom bk&if r&mtajctaersm;ukd r*dw k &Ykd ifqikd cf MhJ u&Ny;D 1664 a&mufaomtcgrS b*Fvm;bk&ifcH
wpfO;D tjzpf trSw&f Muonf/ pEó"k r®&mZmonf usL;ausmw f u kd cf u
kd f atmifEikd o f l opfjzpfol oQm;tpöwmcef (Shaysta Khan) u &cdik jf ynftm; ppfa&;t& wdu k cf u kd f
wpfO;D r[kwb f J ¤if;rwdik rf D bk&iftrsm;pkuo hJ yYdk if vlw\Ykd t&Sio f cif om jzpfygonf/ &ef tjyif;txefaqmif&Gufawmhonf/ &cdkifwdkYuvnf; vsifjrefpGmwHkYjyefonfh
1665 wGif Buo H umESiq fh m; txGuEf eI ;f aumif;aom aomif;wD;uRe;f ukd vufvw T f taejzihf aMumufrufz, G af umif;aom a&wyfBu;D udk apvTwv f suf 'gumNrKd UteD;
vduk &f Ny;D aemuf wpfEpS t f MumwGif &ckid jf ynftm; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;rS <u,f0 wyfpx JG m;onhf r*dak &wyftyk pf u k dk armif;xkwcf o hJ nf/ od&Yk mwGif þwdu k cf u kd rf I
csr;f omapcJo h nfh pD;yGm;a&;tajccHpcef; ppfwaumif;ukd vufvw T f qH;k ½H;I &jyef aMumifh oQm;tpöwmcef\ vH;k 0rqkwcf mG a&;[laom qH;k jzwfcsuu f dk ydrk ckd ikd rf mapcJNh y;D ?
onf/ ppfwaumif;tm; Munf;aMumif;? a&aMumif;rS wdu k cf u
kd &f ef aphpyfaocsmaom
r*dw
k Ykd ppfwaumif;udk odr;f ydu k Ef ikd jf cif;rSm 17 &m pktapmykid ;f uyif pwifchJ BudKwifjyifqifrIudk jzpfay:apcJhonf/
ppfwaumif;NrKd U usq;kH Ny;D aemuf pEó"k r®&mZmonf ¤if;NrKd Uudk r*dw k vYkd uf tvnftywfa&muf&NdS y;D aemuf ESpv f zkd , G f o½kyaf zmfa&;om;cJo h nf (Schou-ten
wGi;f rS jyefvnf&&Sad tmif rBuKd ;yrf;cJah y (Sarkar 1933, 95-7; CL 1932, 2: 222)/ 1727)/ olonf ajrmufO;D ü av;vMumrQ aexdik c f NhJ y;D NrKd Uawmfywf0ef;usif ae&mtESHY
r*kd&mZ0ifq&m wmvpf&Sf (Talish) u ay:wl*DwdkY opömazmufjcif;onf us,uf s,jf yefjY yefY oGm;a&mufco hJ nf/ olonf &cdik jf ynfEiS fh jynfov l xl k taMumif;ukd
ppfwaumif;tm; r*dkxH vufvTwf qHk;½HI;apcJhonhf t"dutcsufjzpfonf[k awmufy&Sif;vif;NyD; wpfcgwpf&H tHhMozG,f pdwful;ÓmPfuGefYjrL;zG,f aumif;
½dk;&Sif;pGm rSwfcsufjyKcJhonf (Habibullah 1945, 38)/ okjYd zpfí umv&SnMf umpGm avmufatmif o½kyaf zmfa&;om;onf/ 'wfcsf ta&SUtEd , d́ ukrP Ü \ D ukeo f ,
G af &;
uReu f ek o f , G af &;jzihf ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf tjyeftvSet f usKd ;rsm;cJo h nfh ay:w*l t D m&SE, G f t"duypön;f rSm *smAm;uRe;f &Sd pdu k yf sKd ;ajrrsm;twGuf vkt d yfaom aus;uRerf sm;ESifh
zGm;wdt Yk aejzihf &ckid b f &k iftay: qufvufopömrapmiho f d Edik af wmhjcif;tay: pOf;pm; qefpyg;jzpfonf/ 1645 ckESpf owdk;"r®&mZmeef;wufcsdefwGif &cdkifxD;eef;\
Mu&rnfjzpfonf/ wpfESpfcefY rMumjrihfrDrSmyif &cdkifbk&ihfydkifeufrSm ppfwaumif; tjcm;NyKd izf ufwpfO;D ukd yGiyfh iG v
fh if;vif;axmufccH o hJ l 'wfcsu f ,kd pf m;vS,f tm;&JeYf
awmifydkif;jzpfaom &mrl;a'o\ ajrmufbuf&Sd zDeDjrpf (Feni River) txdom
use&f adS wmhonf/ þ zDepfjrpfrmS vGecf ahJ omESpf ESp&f mcefu Y &cdik ef ,fy,f csUJ xiG rf I
tpjyKco hJ nhf e,fpyfae&mjzpfonf/ 1666 ckEpS o f nfum; aemifEpS af ygi;f ESpq f ,f
ceftY Mum &cdik b f &k ifrif;jrwf uG,v f eG cf sed tf xd pdwrf supf üd owd&&dS dS xifusecf rhJ nf
jzpfaom usq;kH ½H;I edrchf &hJ rI\ jyif;xefaomtpyif jzpfawmhonf/
&cdik wf tYkd wGuq f v kd Qif pEó"k r®&mZmrSm oDvorm"dEiS fh jynfph NkH y;D tvSL'ge
&ufa&maom Ak'b ¨ mom bk&ifwpfyg;jzpfonf/ ppfwaumif;NrKd U usq;kH oGm;onhf
twGuf &cdik b f &k ifonf pdwyf sUH viG jfh cif;r&Sb d J r[mrkeb d &k m;okYd yHrk eS t
f wdik ;f bk&m;zl;
xGuEf ikd cf ahJ Mumif; &mZ0ifrsm;u azmfjy\/ pEó"k r®onf rm&fig;yg;tygt0if jzpfaom
apwDawmfjrwfo;kH qludk wnfxm;uk;d uG,cf o hJ nf/ tqkyd g rm&fig;yg;apwDrsm;onf
&cdkifAk'¨tEkynmü {&m0wDjrpf0Srf;\ AdokumvTrf;rdk;rIudk azmfjyvsuf&Sdonf/
'wfcsf ta&SUtEd , d´ ukrP Ü D (VOC) rS q&m0efwpfO;D jzpfol abmufwm yH(k 12) &cdik af &wyf&efrS umuG,&f ef r*db k &k ifcH oGe;f vkycf o
hJ nfh Bibi Mariam
paumufwef (Wouter Schouten) u &cdkifjynf\ <u,f0rIESihf bk&ifjzpfol\ tajrmufBu;D tm; bmomjyefoEl iS t hf wl awGU&pOf
rmausmjyif;xefonfh rdru d , dk uf kd pdwcf s,MkH unfrI taMumif;wdu Yk dk 1660-61 wGif ('gumNrdKU tdkprmeD yef;NcHwGif&dSonf)
zGe'f eJ [f rJ ;f (Arent van den Helm) &cdik jf ynfrS uwdu k u f ½du k f xGucf mG oGm;onf/
ok&Yd mwGif 1653 a&mufaomtcg ajrmufO;D ü 'wfcsf ta&SUtEd , d´ ukrPÜ D jyefvnf
zGiv fh pS cf ohJ nf/ qlb&mref,ef (Subrahamanyam) \ rMumao;rD avhvmokaw
oejyKcsurf sm;t& 1656 wGif ,ufu;kd bwfp[ f eJ ;f pfb½kcf (Jacobus Hensbroeck)
acgi;f aqmifaom 'wfcst f a&SUtEd , d´ ukrP Ü D uk,d pf m;vS,t f zGUJ rmS avmu0wfqikd &f m
uwdazmufzsurf EI iS fh pD;yGm;a&;oabmwlncD suw f t Ykd ay: tjyeftvSef em;vnfrI
vGrJ mS ;Ny;D ajrmufO;D wGif xde;f odr;f cH&aMumif; od&onf (Subrahmanyan 1997)/
od&Yk mwGif ,cifuxufyrkd kd aumif;rGeo f nhf ukeo f , G af &; tajctaersm;jzpfxeG ;f &ef
pEó"k r®&mZm oabmwlco hJ nf/ okEYd iS fh 'wfcsf ta&SUtEd , d´ ukrP Ü o D nf &cdik jf ynfoYkd
ud½k rkd ef',frS txnftvdyrf sm; wifoiG ;f Ny;D bwm;AD;,m; twGuf &cdik rf q S efpyg;
0,f,cl ahJ vonf (Raychaudhury 1962; Hall 1936)/ a&S;bk&ifrsm;uJo h yYkd if bk&ihf yHk(13) r*dkESifh&cdkifwdkY b*Fvm;e,f aumfaemhzlvDjrpf (&cdkiftac:uHomjrpf)
tcGeb f @mtwGuf ukeo f , G af &;tcef;u@\ ta&; ygru I kd pEó"k r®&mZmtaejzihf twGi;f wdu k yf jJG zpfymG ;aeonfukd o½kyaf zmfa&;qGx
J m;pOf
txl;*½kjyKco hJ nf/ ,aeYacwf ordik ;f ynm&Sirf sm;taejzihv f nf; ukeo f ,G rf I yrmP (Courtesy: Chittagong University Museum)
rnfrQusqif;cJah Mumif; azmfjy&ef rwwfEikd Mf uacs/ od&Yk mwGif 17 &mpk ukecf ge;D
tESpEf pS q f ,ftwGi;f üjzpfymG ;aom pD;yGm;a&;usqif;rIonf Edik if aH &;tmPmusqif; a&mufot l a&twGuf usqif;cJo h nf/
vmrIEiS fh wdu k ½f ukd q
f ufpyfvsu&f o dS nf/ þokYd pD;yGm;a&;usqif;&jcif;rSm r*dv k ufoYkd 1684 ü bk&ifpEó"k r®&mZm ewf&mG pHonfEiS fh wNyKd ief uf bk&iht f mPmydik f
ppfwaumif;NrdKUusqHk;jcif;? ay:wl*D-tm&SEG,fzGm;trsm;pk (uRefzrf;olrsm;ESifh wdrYk mS NyKd izf uftyk pf jk zpfaom eef;awmfapmihu f ,
kd &f aH wmfwaYkd Mumifh MoZmusqif;cJ&h
ukeo f , G o f rl sm;) &ckid jf ynftm; pGecYf mG oGm;jcif;? r*dw k \Ykd zdtm;ay;rIaMumifh (qefpyg;? onf/ aemufESpfaygif; ESpfq,fausmfMumonftxd rnfonhfbk&if okdYr[kwf
t0wf txnfMurf;ESihf uRefrsm; t"du0,f,lol) 'wfcsfta&SUtdE´d,ukrÜPD eef;vkp;dk pHorl Q ¤if;\NrKd Uawmf ywf0ef;usix f uf ausmv f eG Nf y;D tmPmpufjyefEY aYHS tmif
xGucf go G mG ;jcif; ponhf taMumif;&yfrsm; aMumifh jzpfonf/ qefpyg;? ysm;za,mif;? raqmif&u G Ef idk Mf uay/ pEó"k r®&mZm tm; qufco H jl zpfaom om;awmfBu;D O*¾gAv
csdyf? ywåjrm;ESihf 0g*Grf;0,f,lonhf tdEd́,rlpvifukefonfrsm; &cdkifjynfokdY vm rSmvnf; crnf;awmf oufawmfxif&Sm;&SdpOfü &[ef;0wfvsuf&SdaMumif;
a&mufNrjJ zpfapumrl Edik if w H pf0rS ;f ü jzpfymG ;aeaom Edik if aH &;rNird o f ufraI Mumifh vm &mZ0ifrsm;u azmfjyonf/ eef;awmfwGif; jzpfyGm;aeaom EdkifiHa&; y#dyu©rS
a&Smifv&JG ef &[ef; jyKjcif;jzpfaMumif; nTe;f qd&k ma&mufygonf/ &cdik jf ynf\ vlraI &;ESifh jynfwGif;odkY ajymif;a&TUcJY&avonf/ bk&ihftcGefb@mrsm; umv&Snfvsm;pGm
EdkifiHa&;tajctae þuJhokdY ½kwfw&uf,dk,Gif;ysufpD;jcif;ukd uREfkyfwdkY rnfokdY vHak vmuf<u,f0cJph Ofu ppfa&;csUJxiG rf rI sm;ukd aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf o
hJ nf/ ok&Yd mwGif 1666
&Si;f vif;jy&rnfenf;/ 16 &mpk uwnf;uyif wdu k cf u
kd af tmifEikd cf ahJ om ppfw ü awGYBuHK&onhf ppfa&;twd'ku©onf &cdkifjynf\ ukefoG,fa&;u@tm;
aumif;? aomif;wD;uRe;f ? pku&ú m; (Chocoria)? &mrl;yef;0gEiS fh tjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd aoaMuavmufatmif xd;k ESu½f u kd cf wfrI jzpfapcJo h nf/ ppfwaumif;NrKd U usq;kH Ny;D
cHwyfrsm;ü &maygif;? axmifaygif; rsm;pGmaom&ckdifwyfzGJYrsm;ukd tiftm;jznhfwif; aemuf &ckdifbk&ifrsm;rSm <u,f0zGHU NzdK;cJhaom aeY&ufrsm;qDu pkyHkjynfhvQHcJhonfh
xm;Edik cf \
hJ / okaYd omf ppfwaumif; usq;kH aomtcgwiG rf u l m; cHwyfrsm;ukd &cdik f Opöm"ersm; uif;rJhpGmjzihf &yfwnfaumif; &yfwnfcJhMu&ayrnf/ eef;awmfwGif;
oabmxm;uGv J jJG cif;ESifh aus;vufa'oü ykeu f ef x<urIrsm; ay:ayguv f mjcif;rSm
vnf; Edik if aH &;y#dyu©aMumifo h m r[kwb f J wpfjznf;jznf; avsmeh nf;vmonfh
&if;jrpfrsm;tm; vTrf;rdk;csKyfudkif&ef ,SOfNydKifrIrsm;rS aygufzGm;vmjcif; jzpfonf/
tiftm;enf;onfhbk&ifrsm;rSm olwdkY\wyfzGJY0ifrsm; opöm&Sdap&efESihf tmPm
wnfNraJ p&eftwGuf eef;awmf\&wemrsm;udk toH;k jyKc&hJ onf (CL 1932, 2: 225)/
&cdkifwyfzGJUrsm;\ vlrsdK;aygif;pHk yg0ifrIuvnf; EkdifiHa&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; tusyf
twnf;ukd ydrk jdk yif;xefapcJo h nf/ &ckid w
f yfzUJG rsm;\ oH;k yHw k pfyckH efrY mS ud, k &f aH wmf
rsm;jzpfNy;D ? rwlujJG ym;onh, f Ofaus;rIEiS hf bmoma&;aemufcrH S qif;ouforl sm;
jzpfonf/ xdjYk yif av;onfawmftjzpf ceft Y yfjcif;cH&onhf oQm;½SL*sm\ aemufvu kd f
rsm;xJrS touf&iS f use&f pforl sm; tp&So d w l Ykd jzpfonf/ &cdik jf ynf\ t"duusonfh
ae&mtESt YH jym;ü ykeu f efrrI sm; ay:ayguNf y;D bk&ifrsm;udk vdo k vdk eef;wifeef;cs
jyKEikd cf ahJ om rGeEf iS fh ]tdE, d́ } awmf0if ud, k &f aH wmf acgi;f aqmifrsm;taMumif;udk
&mZ0ifrsm;u azmfjyMuonf/ 1685 ESifh 1700 ckEpS rf sm;tMum; jzpfysucf o hJ nhf
vufa&G;pif wyfzUJG rsm;tMum; tcsi;f csi;f wdu k cf u kd rf rI sm;aMumihf jzpfay:vm&aom
yH(k 14) paumhwvefe,f at'ifb&mNrKd U&Sd
Edik if aH &;tajctae ½kww f &uf ,d;k ,Gi;f rIuMdk unhv f Qif bk&iht f mPmwnfNraJ &;onf
&cdik jf ynfo;kH Oa&myxkwf acwfrt D ajrmufvufeuf ("gwyf -kH &JjrwfviG )f
wyfzGJU0ifrsm;\ opömapmihf odrItay: rnfrQrSDwnfaeonfudk owdjyKEdkifonf/
q,f&h pS &f mpk yxrxuf0ufEpS rf sm;twGi;f Edik if aH &;wnfNraJ tmif jyefvnf

xde;f odr;f Edik cf ahJ omfvnf; &cdik \f ausmMf um;rIrmS ESpt f enf;i,fMumonftxd arS;rSed f
cJ&h onf/ xdjYk yif b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf ukeo f ,
G af &;uGe, f uftwGi;f rS ,cifu tcef; (6)
&&Scd zhJ ;l aom tusKd ;tjrwfrsm; qH;k ½H;I cJjh cif;ukd jyefvnfí tzwfrqnfEikd cf ahJ wmhacs/ csJUxGifjcif;ESihfaygif;pnf;0ifa&mufjcif;
&cdik jf ynftaejzihf ta&SUawmiftm&S\ zGNYH zKd ;rItjzpftysurf sm;ESifh xdawGjY cif; r&Sv d S (BuD;xGm;rI\t&Sdeft[kefrsm;)
aom bk&ihEf ikd if w H pfct
k jzpf&yfwnf&csed f q,f&h pS &f mpkEpS rf sm;wGirf u
l m; &cdik b
f &k ifrsm;
\*kPjf 'yfwrYkd mS wpfjznf;jznf; rIe0f g;EGr;f vscahJ vonf/ &cdik jf ynf\ ud, k yf idk v
f wG vf yfaom ordik ;f rSm twdwu f mv\ taMumif;&yf
om jzpfygonf/ 1785 wGif jrefrmESihf 1825 wGif NAdwdoQwdkY odrf;ydkufNyD;aemuf
&cdkifjynfwGif pD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlOD;a&qdkif&m ajymif;vJrIwdkY jzpfay:cJhonf/ (t"du
taMumif;rSm pOfqufrjywf jzpfay:cahJ om vlO;D a&0ifa&mufrEI iS hf xGucf mG rIwaYkd Mumifh
jzpfonf/) ¤if;\ a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpftrsm;pkrSm qHk;½HI;cJh&onf/
acwfopf&cdik o f rdik ;f rSmvnf; NAw d od Quv dk edk aD cwftwGi;f Edik if aH &;qufpyfrEI iS fh ukv d edk D
acwfveG f jrefrmjynf\ uHMur®mESio fh m ywfoufaeaom a'otpdwt f ydik ;f wpfc\k
ordkif;om jzpfvmcJhonf/ odkYjzpfí ]ukd,fydkifvGwfvyf aomordkif;} ESihf ]a'o
tpdwftydkif;wpfck\ orkdif;}wkdY\ t"dujcm;em;csufrSm pD;yGm;a&; (odkYr[kwf)
,Ofaus;rItaMumif;&yfxuf Edik if aH &; ydík qefygonf/ 1785 rwdik rf u D &cdik jf ynf
onf A[kXd mewpfck odrYk [kwf ,if;\ ud, k yf ikd Af [kXd mersm;pGmrS ay:xu G v f monfh
yx0DEdkifiHa&;qdkif&m tiftm;pk wpfckjzpfcJhonf/ ,if;aemufydkif;wGifrlum;
&cdik jf ynfonf &cdik jf ynfjyify A[kXd me\ vTr;f rd;k csKyu f ikd cf &H aom ae&mwpfct k jzpfoYdk
a&muf&o dS mG ;awmhonf/ (1860 ESprf sm;txd umvuwåm;ESifh aemufyikd ;f &efuek w f Ykd
jzpfonf/)
ydrk ídk wefc;kd Bu;D onhf tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;\ tem;owfe,ferd w d üf wdik ;f jynf
i,frsm; ay:xu G rf EI iS fh &Sio

f efwnfwefEY idk rf w
I o
Ykd nf ¤if;\atmifjrifrt I m; &Si;f jyonhf \ MoZmtmPmrsm; vsijf refpmG usqif;aejcif; ponfh rsuEf mS omay;aom tajc
oDjcm;taetxm;rsm;tay: ar;cGef;xkwfp&m jzpfapygonf/ obm0tm;jzihf taersm;rS tusKd ;tjrwf &&Scd jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ 1663 ckEpS üf r*db k &k ifcEH iS hf ppfAv kd cf sKyf
uREykf w f Ykd tm½Hpk ukd rf rI mS yx0Dtaetxm;tm; OD;pGmcsO;f uyfjcif; jzpfonf/ okaYd omf wm0ef,x l m;ol cefzmw[*sef (Khan Fath-Jang) uG,v f eG Nf y;D aemuf b*Fvm;ü
ta&;Bu;D onfrmS &cdik jf ynftwGuf yx0Dtaetxm; oufoufrQjzifh auseyf wpfEpS yf wfv;kH yHrk eS t f pd;k & uif;rJah ecJo h nf/ odjYk zpfí &ckid w f rYkd mS r*dw k t Ykd m; txd
avmufaom tajzr&Edik yf g/ q,f&h pS &f mpktwGi;f ü &cdik jf ynfonf tdE, d́ ukeo f nf tcdu k rf &Sb d J wdu k cf u kd Ef ikd rf nhf tcGit
fh vrf;&Sad eaMumif; csucf si;f odjrifco hJ nf/ 1664
rsm; a&muf&EdS ikd af om b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfüwnf&NdS y;D ta&SUbufwiG f rwfapmuf wGif 'gumüwnf&o dS nhf r*dak &wyfpk (nawwara) udk &cdik w f Ykd wdu k cf u
kd af rmif;xkwf
aom obm0awmif½;kd r\twm;tqD;&Sv d suf ¤if;\vlO;D a&tm; taxmuftyHah y; cJo
h nf/
onfh ajrMoZmaumif;aom vGifjyifrsm;jzifh wifhw,fcJhonf/ okdY&mwGif ,cif ESpf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf ukefoG,fa&;uGef,ufodkY &cdkifjynfaygif;pnf;0if
wpf&mESifh jcm;em;onfrmS 1750 ywf0ef;usif ukeo f ,G af &;onf twdwu f mv\ a&mufcJhrIrsm;rSm tvGefta&;BuD;í tqHk;tjzwfay;aom atmifjrifrIjzpfonf
t&dyw f pfco k m jzpfygonf/ Edik if aH &;tajctaersm; ,k, d iG ;f ysupf ;D apNy;D pdwaf omu (Leider 1998)/ q,fhckepf&mpk &cdkifjynfukd ta&SUawmiftm&S yifrEdkifiHrsm;\
ESihf tysuftpD;rsm;udk jzpfay:apaom &cdkifjynfyifv,f"g;jywdkYrSmvnf; b*Fvm; yHkrSefbk&ihfEdkifiH trsdK;tpm;xJwGif xnfhoGif;ír&Edkifay/ tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf
a'otwGuf tEÅ&m,fxuf a'gojzpfp&m ykíd jzpfvmcJo h nf/ &cdkifjynf\ <u,f0csrf;om aumif;rGefrIrsm;rSm ,if;\ b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf
Bu;D xGm;rI\ t&Sed t f [kerf sm;ukd em;vnfoabmayguaf p&eftwGuf pD;yGm; a&aMumif;qufoG,frIrsm;ü tvGeftrif; rSDwnfaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/
a&;ESifh Edik if aH &;tajctaersm;ukd avhvm&ef vkt d yfonf/ ouú&mZftvdu k f tjzpf &ckid wf o Ykd nf ukeo f , G af &;wGif tay:,H rQom uk, d wf ikd u
f ,
dk uf s yg0ifywfoufonf/
tysurf sm;ukd azmfjyonfh ordik ;f (histoire événementielle) twdik ;f avhvmrnf od&Yk mwGif ay:w*l ?D 'wfcsEf iS fh y,fv,fe?D *l*s&wf (Gujarat)ESifh uk½d rkd ef',furf;ajc
qdyk gu jrefrmjynf odrYk [kwf b*Fvm;ü jynfwiG ;f ppf odrYk [kwf A[kcd sKyu f ikd rf I odrYk [kwf tmacs; (Aceh) wdrYk S rlpvif ukeo f nfrsm;rSm &ckid jf ynf\ obm0ESifh
tmPm avsmeh nf;aepOftwGi;f &ckid ef ,fy,fcsUJ xiG rf I jzpfymG ;aMumif; awGU&onf/ pduk yf sKd ;a&; xGuu f ek rf sm;jzpfaom jcnfxnf? qefpyg;? Buo H umESifh qm;wdu Yk dk
tdv,mhpf&Smrif;quf (Ilyas Shahi dynasty) (1539) uG,faysmufNyD;aemuf ukeo f , G u f ;l oef;Muonf/ &cdik o f nf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfü t"du ukeaf &mif;
oQm&Sm;(Sher Shah) \ wdak wmif;aom eef;pHEpS rf sm;twGi;f jzpfysucf jhJ cif;jzpfonf/ 0,fazmufum;ol[lí emrnfBuD;cJhNyD; awmxJawmifxJrS zrf;qD;&rdaom
rif;zavmif;\ ppfa&;atmifjrifrIrsm;rSmvnf; b*Fvm;\ us,fjyefYaom tpdwf qifrsm;ESihf txufjrefrmjynfrS ywåjrm;wdkYukdvnf; a&mif;cscJhonf/ odkY&mwGif
tydkif;rsm; (txl;ojzihfta&SUb*Fvm;) taejzihf r*dktkyfcsKyfrItm; emcHrIr&Sdjcif;? &cdik o f v Ydk ma&muf&efrmS cufco J nhf &moDOwkEiS fh a&aMumif; tajctaersm;aMumihf
Bwyd &l rSmvnf; rif;quf,OS Nf yKd if eef;vkjcif;rsm; &Sad ejcif;? jrefrmjynfüvnf; eE´b&k if vnf;aumif;? ajrmufO;D NrKd UawmfoYkd vma&muf&mvrf;jzpfaom ukvm;wefjrpfoYkd
0ifa&muf&eftwGuf uRrf;usifaom a&aMumif;jyrsm; vkdtyfjcif;aMumifhvnf; topf vJv, S af vh&o dS nf/ t"dutm;jzihf a,bk,s toH;k jyKaom a&,mOftrsKd ;
aumif;? tEÅ&m,frsm;aom c&D;pOfjzpfcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh &ckdifbk&ifrsm;rSm olwdkY\ tpm;rSm &cdik w f u kd af vSjzpfNy;D yifv,fjyif oGm;a&muf&ef BuchH ikd o f nhf avSwpfrsKd ;
bk&ifhEdkifiHaps;uGufrsm;tm; qGJaqmifrI&Sdap&ef aqmif&GufMu&onf/ &cdkifwdkY\ jzpfygonf/ ¤if;ukd wufjzihaf vSmcf wfEikd o f vdk &Guv f iT jhf cif;vnf; jyKEidk o
f nf/ jrpf
wdu k cf u
kd rf rI sm;rSaeí a'owGi;f qefpyg;? jcnfxnfEiS fh Buo H um xkwv f yk rf rI sm; aMumif;rsm;ESifh urf;ajcwpfavQmuf toH;k jyKEikd o f nf/ ay:w*l D aMu;pm;ppfonfrsm;
udk tEIwv f u©Pmaqmifaom xdcu dk rf rI jzpfay:apbJ qufvufíom Bu;D xGm;apcJh rSmvnf; tdE, d´ ork'&´ m\ rnfonhaf e&mwGirf S þrQavmuf a&aMumif;uRr;f usirf I
onf/ q,fhckepf&mpk yxrxuf0ufü &&SdcJhaom &cdkifjynf\t&G,ftpm;? ukd raqmif&u G Ef ikd cf ahJ cs/ q,fafh jcmuf&mpktukerf S ppfwaumif;NrKd U rusq;kH rD tcsed f
wefckd;tmPm? *kPfoa&ESihf <u,f0csrf;omrIwdkYrSm ¤if;\ e,fy,f csJUxGifEdkifjcif; txd a'ocHay:w*l u D yÜwed rf sm;onf &cdik af &wyfoabFmrsm;tm; Bu;D MuyfuyG u f J
rS&&Sad om &vm'frsm; jzpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif &cdik w f \Ykd b*Fvm;a'o wduk cf u
kd of rd ;f ydu
k f cJMh uNy;D ¤if;wd\ Yk aqmif&u G rf rI sm;twGuf aiGaMu;rsm;pGm cs;D jri§ jfh cif; cHcMhJ u&ygonf
rIrsm;tm; EdkifiHa&; oabmw&m;t& aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;[k owfrSwf,lq&ef (Guerriro1930, 1: 44)/ &cdik af &wyfonf ywf0ef; usif yJc;l a'orS jrefrmbk&ifrsm;?
rjzpfEidk o f vdk ud, k u f sKd ;pD;yGm; aqmif&u G cf surf sm;[lívnf; ,lq&efc, J Of;onf/ b*Fvm; plvwefrsm;? ajr&Siyf a'o&mZfrsm; (bharah bhuyan) ESihf r*dkrsm;tay:
þtcsurf mS &cdik b f &k ifrsm;taejzifh b*Fvm;ta&SUawmifyikd ;f tm; ordik ;f aMumif;t& (q,fch ek pf&mpk yxrwpf0uftwGi;f ) tpGr;f jyEdik cf o hJ nf/ xdak &wyfonf &cdik b f &k if
w&m;0ifyikd q f ikd cf ohJ nf[k ,HMk unfMujcif;ESihf qufpyfEikd o f nf/ taMumif;rSm a0om rsm;tm; tdref ;D csi;f Edik if rH sm;tay:ü aoe*FAsL[mt& tusKd ;tjrwf &&Sad pcJ½h kH omr
vDüpd;k pHco hJ nhf a&S;pjEr´ if;qufrmS [&dauv (ppfwaumif; {&d,müyg0ifonf) u wdu k cf u
kd af tmifEidk cf ahJ om e,fajrrsm;tay: xde;f csKy&f mwGiv f nf; vHNk cKH apcJo
h nf/
&Sd pjEr´ if;qufEiS fh qufE, G af omaMumihf jzpfonf (Leider 1999)/ ok&Yd mwGif wpfcgwpf&üH wdu k cf ukd af tmifjrifEikd rf qI o
dk nfrmS trnfcrH Q opömcHapjcif;
þe,fy,fcsJUxGifrI\ t"duaomhcsufrSm &cdkifjynf\ a&wyftiftm;yif xuf tenf;i,fomydyk gonf/ (Leider 1998a; 1998b; Tak Htwan Ni 1985)
jzpfonf/ &cdkifbk&ifrsm;rSm t&G,ftpm;trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonhf &maygif;rsm;pGmaom a& &ckid jf ynfrmS q,fch ek pf&mpktv,fyikd ;f txd tjcm;aom ta&SUawmiftm&S
,mOfrsm;yg0ifonfh a&wyfpkukd qihfac:pk½Hk;jcif;iSm wwfEdkifcJhMu\/ ¤if;wdkYonf EdkifiHrsm;ü jzpfay:aeaom vlOD;a&enf;yg;rIrsdK; BuHKawGU&jcif; r&SdcJhay/ xkdtcsdefrsm;
urf;ajc wpfavQmuf vIy&f mS ;oGm;vmMuNy;D jrpfaMumif;rsm;twGi;f odYk tvsit f jref twGif;ü &cdkif trsm;tjym; ae&ma&TUajymif;jcif;rsdK; r&Sdonhftjyif &cdkif A[kda'o
0ifa&mufEdkifonf/ xkdYjyif oufqdkif&me,fajrtm; ½kwfw&uf0ifa&mufpD;eif; rsm;rSmvnf; ppfyEJG iS x fh ad wGUrI enf;yg;onf/ abmufwmpauguw f ef (Wouter
Edik of nf/ xkaYd emuf wdak wmif;aom umvtawmtwGi;f rSmyif jyefvnfqw k cf mG Schouten) uJo h aYdk om Edik if jH cm;avhvmolrsm;u ajrmufO;D ESifh ,if;ywf0ef;usif
&ef pGrf;aqmifEkdifavonf/ &cdkifbk&ifonf &maygif;rsm;pGmaom avSrsm;? oabFm a'orsm;\ vlO;D a&odyo f nf;jcif;udk aumif;pGmod&cdS MhJ uonf/ 'wfcsq f &m0efjzpfaom
rsm;yg&Sdonhf a&wyfpkudk ppfwaumif; teD;ü NrdKUapmihfwyfpcef;csxm;cJhNyD; ESpfpOf paumufwefu ajrMoZmaumif;rGeo f nf? &moDOwkaumif;onf? ul;pufa&m*g
uif;&Si;f onf? wdu k yf rJG sm;ü vltenf;i,fom aoausr&I o dS nf [k azmfjycJo h nf bk&ifh awmf0if a&wyfrawmf\ wyfzGJYrsm;rSmrl &cdkifbk&ifrsm;\ EdkifiHa&;ESihf ppfa&;
(Schouten 1727, 1: 245)/ rnfoy Ydk if jzpfap &ckid b
f &k ifrsm;onf atmufjrefrmjynf atmifjrifrrI sm;twGuf t"duwm0ef&rdS u I dk ud,
k pf m;jyKMuonf/ xdaYk Mumifh Bu;D xGm;rI
ESifh b*Fvm;ta&SUawmifyikd ;f tm; pD;eif;wdu k f cdu
k jf cif;jzifh vlUprG ;f tm;t&if;tjrpf \ t&Sed tf [kerf sm;ukd avhvmqef;ppfjcif;jzihf Edik if aH &;ESifh ppfa&;atmifjrifrI [laom
rsm;udk axmufy&hH &Sad pEdik o f nf[k ,lqMuonf/ &cdik v f rl sKd ;rsm; ud, k w
f idk f &cdik jf ynf qefu Y sijf cm;em;rI ESpcf \
k t"dutcsurf sm;ukd od&EdS idk yf gonf/
okYd aqmif,cl MhJ uaom vltrsm;pkrmS uRet f jzpf a&mif;pm;&efr[kwb f J ajrmufO;D tjzpftysurf sm;rSm tNrwJ rf; aumif;rGeaf eonfawmh r[kwaf cs/ ¤if;wdu Yk dk
qifajczHk;&Sd &cdkifbk&ihf trIxrf;tpdkU (tkyfpk) wGif zGJUpnf;wm0efay;&ef jzpfonf/ vHak vmufaom tajctaeajymif;vJrrI sm;ESifh EdiI ;f ,SO&f ef vkt d yfonf/ tjcm;wpfzuf
¤if;wdrYk mS eef;awmfwiG ;f wHjrufvn S ;f olrsm;? vufryI nmonfrsm;? tapmifh rsm;ESifh
yef;csDq&mrsm; tjzpfvnf;aumif;? a&wyftwGuf avSavSmfom;rsm;tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? bk&ihv f ,fajrü v,form;rsm;tjzpf vnf;aumif; trIxrf;Mu&
onf/ tcsKd UrmS eef;wGi;f ü tqihjf rihw f m0efrsm; ,lMu&\/ q,f&h pS &f mpk aESmif;ydik ;f t
xd b*FvD a&muf&rdS rI sm; (trsm;tjym;rSm rlpvifrsm;jzpfMuonf) udk &cdik Ef iS t fh *Fvyd f
rSww f rf;rsm;wGif awGU&onf/ yJc;l NrKd Uawmfusq;kH Ny;D aemuf a&muf&v dS maom rGerf sm;
rSm q,f&h pS &f mpkuek q f ;kH csed w
f ikd af tmif wpfo;D wpfjcm; tkypf w k pfct
k aejzihf &Sad eao;
aMumif; od&onf/ r*dx k rH S xGuaf jy;vmaom tmz*ef ppfonfrsm;? &ckid jf ynfü
tajcvmcsonfh ay:wl*D ukefonfrsm;ESihf pGefYpm;olrsm;rSm &ckdifwyfrawmfü
0ifa&muftrIxrf;Muonf/ &cdik jf ynf awmifyikd ;f ESiafh jrmufyikd ;f rS awmifay: tBu;D
tuJrsm;uvnf; ouf? NrKH ? csi;f ESifh tjcm;vlrsKd ;i,frsm; yg0ifonfh tzGrYJ sm;ukd
zGpYJ nf;ay;onf/ odjYk zpfí &cdik b f &k ifw h yfrawmfom;wdrYk mS uGjJ ym;aom ,Ofaus;rI
aemufcrH sm;rS qif;oufvmonhf vlrsKd ;aygi;f pHjk zihf zGUJ pnf; xm;jcif; jzpfonf/
&cdik b
f &k ifrsm;taejzihf pD;0ifvmonh<f u,f0rIrsm;tm; aemufvu kd af emufyg
wpfOD;csif;pDodkYcGJa0ay;EdkifcJhonfESihftrQ tmPmcsdefcGifvQmnDrQcJhNyD; eef;wGif;om; yH(k 14) wyfrawmfppfordik ;f jywduk f (aejynfawmf)&Sd Oa&myxkwf
rsm;ESihf ppfonfawmfrsm;rSmvnf; awmf0ifrif;rIxrf;rsm;tjzpf &yfwnfEdkifcJhonf/ &cdik jf ynfo;kH tajrmuf ("gwyf -kH &JjrwfviG )f
wGif ajrmufO;D ESifh jrefrmjynf\acwfNyKd iu f mvudk EdiI ;f ,SOrf nfqykd gu Ekid if aH &;wnfNird f ckEpS wf iG f ppfwaumif;rS jcnfxnf&ufvyk o f l trsm;tjym;tm; &cdik o f Ykd ajymif;a&TUap
rIrmS vIycf wfvsu&f o dS nf/ Edik if t
hH mPmukd e,fajrcsUJxiG Ef ikd Nf y;D vlO;D a&ESifh t&if;tjrpf jcif;rS rarQmfvifhaom tusdK;&vm'fudk jzpfay:apcJhonf/e&ywdrif;onf tqdkyg
rsm; wd;k jri§ afh qmif&u G Ef idk af om tiftm;Bu;D rm; pGr;f aqmifEikd o f nhf Edik if OH ;D aoQmifrsm; vlo;kH aomif;cefu Y dk ukvm;wefjrpf wpfavQmufü tajccsap&ef vdv k m;cJo h nf/
\ rsKd ;qufrsm;u xde;f csKycf MhJ uonf/ xD;eef;vk&ef BuKd ;yrf;rIrsm; &Sv d ifu
h pm; þ jcnfxnf&ufvyk o f rl sm;rSm bk&ih0f ifaiG&mS azGay;&eftwGuf jzpfaomfvnf;
Edik if aH &;t& tiftm;avsmeh nf;jcif; r&Scd ahJ y/ &cdik jf ynf\ 1638 ckEpS u f rif;quf rvHak vmufaom pm;eyf&u d m© rsm; cGaJ 0ay;rIaMumifh trsm;tjym; aoqH;k cJo h nf/
jywfrq I o
kd nfrmS vnf; 1531 rS 1685 twGi;f jzpfymG ;cJo h nfh wpfcw k nf;aom rSwo f m;zG,af umif;onfrmS þpDru H ed ;f \ &Siof efEikd rf t
I vm;tvmukd eef;awmf
jynfwiG ;f Edik if aH &; y#dyu©jzpfNy;D &cdik b f &k ihEf ikd if \H a,bk,stajctaeudk tenf;i,f twGi;f ü tjyif;txef jiif;ckecf MhJ ujcif;jzpfonf (Van Galan 2002)/
om xdcdkufapcJhonf/ ajrmufOD;onf 1430 rS 1785 wdkifatmif &ckdifjynf\ rif; &cdik b
f &k ifrsm;onf opöm&Sad om trIxrf;rsm;&Sjd cif;aMumifo h m pk;d pHtyk cf sKyEf idk f
aejynfawmf jzpfcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif &ckdifbk&ifrsm;onf q,fhckepf&mpk 'kwd,xuf Mujcif; jzpfygonf/ Edik if aH &; odrYk [kwf pD;yGm;a&; vTr;f rd;k vsu&f adS om ae&mrsm;wGif
0ufESpftrsm;twGif;ü tvsiftjrefajymif;vJvmaom EdkifiHa&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; vkt d yfcsut f & tmPmcGaJ 0 usio fh ;kH rIrsm;&So d nf/ twdtus qd&k aomf ppfwaumif;
ywf0ef;usit f aetxm;ESifh vdu k af vsmnDaxGjzpfap&ef raqmif&u G cf MhJ uay/ jrefrm udpöyifjzpf\/ ppfwaumif;tm; &cdkifwdkYpwiftkyfcsKyfonfh tpydkif;ESpfrsm;twGif;
bk&ifrsm;rSm pdu k yf sKd ;a&;ykv d QrH EI iS fh taumuftcGerf sm;rS tusKd ;tjrwf &&Scd o hJ nf/ ¤if;NrdKUESihf ywf0ef;usif e,fy,frsm;ukd a'ocH rlpviftBuD;tuJrsm;u tkyfcsKyf
od&Yk mwGif ukeo f , G af &;usqif;&mü &cdik b f &k ifrsm;avmuf tajctaeqd;k 0g;jcif; cJhMuonf/ odkYaomf 1590 aemufydkif;ü &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm; ppfwaumif;bk&ifcH
r&dcS ahJ cs/ jrihwf ufrEI iS fh usqif;rIoo H &mu jrefrmbk&ifrsm;tm; tiftm;awmihw f if; jzpfvmMuonf/ ¤if;wdrYk mS &ckid b f &k if\ aqG;rsKd ;&if;csmrsm; jzpfMuNy;D ud, k yf idk 'f *Fg;rsm;
apcJph OftwGi;f &cdik jf ynf\ Edik if aH &;taetxm;rSm 1690 0ef;usiüf ½Iyaf xG;aecJNh y;D oGe;f vkyEf ikd o f nhf &Sm;yg;aom tcGit fh a&;udk &&Scd o hJ nf/ ¤if;wko Yd nf q,fch ek pf&mpk
aemifEpS af ygi;f wpf&mwdik af tmif jyefvnfaumif;rGev f mjcif; r&Sad wmhay/ a&S;,cif tapmykid ;f ü ]taemufb&k if} [laom xl;uJonhf bGt YJ rnfuv dk nf; &&So d nf/
taetxm;rsm;twdik ;f jyefvnfxed ;f odr;f rI rjyKEikd af om tcuftcJwpf&yfrmS apm &ckdifbk&if oD&dok"r®&mZmESihf ¤if;tm; qufcHolrsm;u rlpvifbGJUukd pGefYvTwf
apmydik ;f u&SEd iS cfh ahJ om yifv,fa&aMumif; qufo, G af &;uGe, f ufrsm; qH;k ½H;I oGm; toH;k rjyKMuawmh apumrl? tqdyk g taemufb&k ifrsm;onf rlpvifbUJGudk qufvuf
jcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/ cH,loHk;pGJcJhMuonf (Chowdhury 1997)/ &ckdifbk&ifrsm;ESihf ppfwaumif;teD;
ta&SUtm&Sukef;rydkif; tjcm;ae&mrsm;uJhodkYyif vltrsm;tjym;tm; ywf0ef;usif a'orsm;&Sd ay:w*l D tm&S EG,zf mG ;wd\Yk qufqaH &; taetxm;rsm;ukd
ajymif;a&TUapjcif;rsm; &ckdifwGifjzpfyGm;cJhonf/ ppfwyfzGJYrsm;wGifomru pdkufysdK;a&; MunfhvQif xkda'orsm;twGif; A[kdcsKyfudkif rItmPm avsmh&Jvsuf&Sdaeonfukd
orm;rsm;ESifh vufryI nmonfrsm;tMum;wGiv f nf; ajymif;a&TUrI jzpfymG ;onf/ 1664 awGjY rifEikd of nf/ ay:w*l t D quftEG,rf sm;ESifh vlrsKd ;pHk a&maESmaeonfh c&pf,mef
tpkta0;wdrYk mS &cdik b f &k ihbf @mawmfrS uReu f ek u f ;l rIqikd &f mtwGuf a0pkcaJG 0&&Sad e ,xuf0uftwGi;f rif;oH;k yg;\ tBuaH y; wm0ef,cl ahJ om trwfBu;D r[mynm
orQumvywfv;kH &cdik b f &k iht f ay: umv&SnMf umpGm opöm&SMd uonf/ olwo Ykd nf ausm\ f rsKd ;EG,q f uf jzpfonf/ bke;f awmfBu;D ref&ad u (Father Manrique) ESihf
rSwo f m;avmufz, G &f m ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG ufh v dk nf; &&Scd MhJ uonf/ paumufwef (Schouten)wd\ Yk a&;om;csurf sm;u &cdik t f pd;k &\ xda&mufprG ;f
q,hcf ek pfEiS fh q,f&h pS &f mpktwGuf &ckid ef ef;wGi;f rSL;Bu;D rwf&m aoemywd aqmifEikd rf EI iS fh ywfoufaom tjriftcsKd Uukd azmfjycJo h nf/ vsijf refaoma&aMumif;
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&cdkifjynfü acwfNydKif jrefrmheef;awmfyHkpH uJhodkYaom 0efBuD;rsm;? twGif;0efrsm; a&wyfprk sm;ukd bk&ihyf ikd ef uftwGi;f &Sd rnfonhaf e&modrYk qdk cPcsi;f apvTwEf ikd f
ponfh &mxl;rsKd ; ceft Y yfwm0efay;cJjh cif; r&Sad Mumif;od&onf/ &ckid b f UJG rnf&nfpk onf/ wpfcgwpf&H jzpfay:onhf ykeu f efrrI sm;ukv d nf; ¤if;wdYk ajcwpfvrS ;f rvSr;f Edik rf D
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jynfpdk;BuD;rSm eef;awmfwGif;ü &mxl;tjrihfrm;qHk;jzpfNyD; eef;&if;0ef? vIy&f mS ;rItay:wiG v f nf; wif;usypf mG BuKd ;ukid Ef ikd cf o hJ nf/ ]armfr}f (Maum) awmif
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jrefrm usL;ausmo f rl sm;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;&mwGif wm0efcjH zpfonf18/ "m;ydik Bf u;D rSm rsm;ukd pGefYcGm&ef wm;jrpfcHxm;&NyD; teD;uyfapmihfMuyfMunfh½I cHMu&aMumif;
ppfoBl u;D okrdY [kwf aoemywdjzpfonf/ ud, k &f BH u;D rSm eef;awmfapmihf ud, k &f aH wmf ref&ad uu azmfjycJo h nf/ paumufwef uvnf; 1661 tapmydik ;f oQm;½SL*sm
rsm;\ tBu;D trSL; jzpfNy;D taemufwikd ;f ESifh tdE, d́ rSww f rf;rsm;t& ¤if;onf &kww f &ufxu G af jy;oGm;Ny;D aemufyikd ;f wGif &ckid q f yd u f rf;rS xGucf mG oGm;rnfh oabFm
wpfcgwpf&HwGif b*Fvm;odkY ppfcsD&mü wm0efcHjzpfonf/ ppfuJESihf ZkEÅwfwdkYrSm rsm;ukd jyif;xefpGm xdef;csKyf cJhaMumif; a&;om;cJhonf/
ppfbufqidk &f m tBu;D tuJrsm;jzpfNy;D av;a,mufrS uk;d a,muftxd&o dS nf/ ppfuJ &ckdifjynf\ e,fy,fcsJUxGifEdkifjcif;ESihf b*Fvm;yifv,fatmf ukefoG,fa&;
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onfh EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;ukdvnf; apmihfa&Smuf wm0ef,l&onf19/ a&ZkEÅwfrSm q,fch ek pf&mpk tv,fyidk ;f tMum; Bu;D xGm;rI\ t&Sed t f [kerf sm;ukd yHak zmfjyo&m
a&wyfppfoBl u;D jzpfonf/ qifuBJ u;D rSm bk&ihq f ifawmfrsm;tm; uGyu f &J oljzpf a&mufonf/ Bu;D xGm;zGjYH zKd ;rIu txufwef;vTmwd\ Yk "eOpömrsm;udk pGr;f tm;jri§ ahf y;
onf/ ppfwaumif;ESifh oHwb JG &k ifcu H o hJ aYkd om jrihrf m;onf&h mxl;rsm;udk rif;nDrif; Ny;D aumif;rGeaf om Zdrcf yH pön;f rsm;ukd toH;k jyKvsuf tvSL'gersm;ukv d nf; vGwv f yf
om; odrYk [kwf bk&ihOf ;D &D;awmf baxG;awmf ponfh awmf0ifro d m;pkrsm;u xde;f csKyf pGm aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf o
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onf/ tcsKd Uaom &mxl;jrifrh m;onhf rdom;pkrsm;wGirf l rsKd ;qufwpfcrk S wpfcq k o D Ydk tEkynmonfrsm;taejzihf tdE´d,ESihf jrefrmjynfrS vHIaqmfrIwGef;tm;rsm; &&SdcJh
wm0ef0wå&m;rsm; vTaJ jymif;xrf;aqmifonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf q,fah jcmuf&mpk 'kwd aMumif; oufaocHvsuf&Sdonf/ q,hfig;ESihf q,hfajcmuf&mpkrsm; twGif;ü
jzpfysufcJhaom b*Fvm;AdokumESihf b*Fvm; plvwefrsm;? r*dkbk&ifcHrsm;\

eef;awmfwiG ;f bmoma&;yGo J bifqikd &f m aqmif&u G rf w I o Ykd nfvnf; &ckid t f EkynmESifh
txufwef;vTm ,Ofaus;rI tay: oufa&mufrI &Scd o hJ nf/ q,hcf ek pf&mpk\ 'kw, d
av;yHkwpfyHkESpfrsm;twGif; ajrmufOD;taejzihf vlrsdK;aygif;pHk usufpm;&m
NrdKUawmfjzpfcJhNyD; ukefonfrsm;? tEkynm&Sifrsm;ESihf aMu;pm; ppfonfrsm;tm;
qGaJ qmif&mae&m jzpfvmcsed üf &cdik b f &k ifrsm;onf ¤if;wd\Yk Ak'b ¨ mom o½kyo f @mef
yDjyifatmif tBuD;tus,f tav;teufjyKMuawmhonf/ oD&dok"r®&mZm ESihf
¤if;tm;qufcHolwdkYrSm ygVdbGJUtrnfukd cH,lMuNyD; rlpvifbGJUukd qufvuf
rcH,lawmhay/ ,cif bmompum;ESpfrsdK; (&cdkif^b*FvD) odkYr[kwf oHk;rsdK; (&cdkif^
b*FvD^ yg&Sef) yg&Sdonfh '*Fg;rsm;ae&mü &cdkifbmompum; wpfrsdK;wnf;ukdom
toHk;jyKonhf '*Fg;jym;rsm;jzihf tpm;xdk;vmMuNyD; ]a&Teef;ocif} [laom
toH;k tEIe;f rSm bk&ifrsm; twGuf pH trnfemr jzpfvmcJo h nf/
xdt Yk jyif ajrmufO;D ü wd;k yGm;wnfaqmufvmaom apwDyx k ;kd rsm;\ Adou k m
vuf&mrsm;rSm vnf; atmufjrefrmjynfypkH H qefvmawmhonf/ &cdik \ f ,Ofaus;rI
o½kyfo@mefajymif;vJjcif;tm; tqdkyg tEkynm&yfrsm;u a&mifjyef[yf
vsuf&Sdonf/
þajymif;vJrIrsm;rSm tiftm;BuD;rm;vmonfh tdrfeD;csif;wdkif;jynfrsm;\
qufvuf av;pm;cefn Y m;jcif; rcHMu&awmhaom &cdik b f &k ifrsm;\ *kP, f 0l if<h um;rI
ukd yJhwifxyfjcif;vnf; jzpfEdkifygonf/ odkU&mwGif &cdkifa&wyfrsm;onf b*Fvm; yHk(16) &u©m"dywd a&Teef;ocif
ta&SUyikd ;f ü jyKd izf ufuif;onfh tMurf;zufru I kd jyefUEUHSapcJo h nfrmS trSeyf ifjzpfonf/ &cdik b
f &k ifo;kH wHqyd af wmfrsm; ("gwyf -kH &JjrwfviG )f
*kPf,l0ihf<um;rIrSmvnf; armufrmrItoGifokdY ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ þonfrSm
&cdik b
f &k ihEf ikd if EH iS fh &ckid b
f &k ifw\
Ykd tusKd ;pD;yGm;twGuf aqmif&u G rf [
I k qdv k ifuh pm;?
bk&ifw h t Ykd wGuf rdrud ,

dk u f dk auseyfEpS o
f rd rhf I jzpfap½Hrk v
S íJG a&&Snt
f usK;d pD;yGm;udk
xdcu kd af pygonf/ ta&SUawmiftm&S\ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;acwf ed*;kH csKyo f mG ;
jcif;ESihf r*dktifydkif,m0g'\ ykdrkdNcdrf;ajcmufvmjcif;wdkYu jynfwGif;EdkifiHa&;zdpD;rIudk
jzpfay:apcJhonf/ ESpfaygif; oHk;q,fausmfMum &Snfvsm;aom bk&ifpEók"r®&mZm aemufqufwGJ
\ eef;pHEpS rf sm;twGuf rSwo f m;zG,&f m taumif;qH;k aomjrifuiG ;f rSm olv Y ufxuf
twGi;f Edik if aH &;wnfNird jf cif;yif jzpfonf/ &cdik t hf em*wftm; arSmifrnf;apcJo h nhf ajrmufOD;&cdkifbk&ifrsm;? 1404-1710
1666 ckEpS f ppfwaumif;NrKd Uusq;kH onhw f ikd af tmif Opö"e<u,f0rIEiS fh wefc;kd tmPm rif;apmrGef (e&rdwv
f )S - 1404-1433
toGit f jyiftm; xde;f odr;f xm;Edik o f nhf bk&ifrif;jrwf\ pGr;f &nfonfvnf; rSwf rif;c&D (tvDcif) - 1434-1459
om;zG,fyif jzpfygonf/ bapmjzL - 1459-1481
a'gvsm - 1481-1491
bapmndK - 1491-1493
rif;&efatmif - 1494
pvuFmol - 1494-1501
rif;&mZm - 1501-1513
*Zmywd - 1513?-1515
rif;apmtkd - 1515?
oZmw - 1515?-1521?
rif;acgif&mZm - 1521?-1531?
rif;Am - 1531-1553
rif;wdu©m - 1553-1555
rif;apmvS - 1556-1564
pMum0aw; - 1564-1571
rif;zavmif; - 1571-1593
rif;&mZmBuD; - 1593-1612
rif;carmif; - 1612-1622
oD&dok"r®&mZm - 1622-1638 rS w f p k r sm;
rif;pae - 1638 þpmyxrrlMurf;ESihfpyfvsOf;í okH;oyfaumufcsufcscJhol OD;wifxGwf
e&ywd (avmif;Muufpm;ukov) - 1638-1645 (Heidelberg) tm; txl;aus;Zl;wifygonf/ 1999 arvtwGi;f Hua Hin ü
owdk;"r®&mZm - 1645-1652 jyKvyk af om aqG;aEG;yGüJ OD;xGe;f atmifcsed f (UHRC &efuek )f ESiyfh garmu© Michael
pEók"r®&mZm - 1652-1684 Smithies (xdik ;f Edik if )H wku
Yd toH;k 0ifrnhf rSwcf surf sm; a&;om;cJMh uonf/ aqG;aEG;yGüJ
O*¾gAv - 1684-1685 wifoGif;cJhaom pmwrf;yHkpHtwdkif;om qdkygu &cdkifjynftm; vHk;0Mum;zl;jcif;
0&"r®&mZm - 1685-1692^93 r&So d rl sm;twGuf pdw0f ifpm;rI avsmeh nf;Edik af Mumif;? us,jf yefo Y nfh rSwcf surf sm;ESifh
rPdok"r®&mZm - 1692^93 &Si;f vif;ajymMum;cJah om Chris Baker tm;vnf; vdu I v
f uId v f v
JS JS aus;Zl;wifyg
pEól&d,&mZm - 1694^96 onf/ rl&if;pmwrf;ESihf t"dutaMumif;t&m tenf;i,fom qufpyfr&I adS om
aemf&xm - 1696 tcsut f vufrsm;vnf; ,ckpmpkü yg&ydS gonf/ tenf;i,f tusO;f csKyx f m;apum
rm½krÜD, - 1696-1697 rl b*Fvm;yifv,fatmfESihf qufpyfí &cdkifbk&ifhEkdifiHtm; em;vnfod&Sdap&ef
umvrE¨wf - 1697-1698 ykdrkdaumif;rGefonhf a&;om;csufwpf&yf jzpfvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvihfygonf/
e&m"dywd - 1698-1700 1/ vufawGY taMumif;jycsufrsm;t& Arakan [k ,ckpmpkü toHk;
pE´0drv"r®&mZm - 1700-1706 jyKxm;onf/ &cdik f a'od,pum;onf acwfjrefrmpum;\ a&S;usaom toH;k
pEól&d,&mZm - 1706-1710 tEIe;f rsm;pGmukd xde;f odr;f vsu&f o dS nf/ xifomjrifom t&Sq d ;kH aom jcm;em;csurf mS
]&} tm; jrefrmwdu Yk ],} [k toHxu G af omfvnf; &cdik w f u Ykd rlvtoHxu G jf zpf
(bmomjyefol\ rSwfcsuf/ / azmfjyyg &cdkifrif;qufZ,m;udk ajrmufOD; aom ]&} udk om ckdifNrJpGm ajymqdkMuonf/ yx0Dqdkif&m a0g[m&rsm;tm;
acwf &cdik af usmufpmrsm;? acwfjyKd it
f jcm;taxmuftxm;rsm;ESihf ndE§ iId ;f wdu
k q
f ikd f tu©&mzvS,f&mü acwfjrefrmtoHxGufMyauk U tpm; Maruk U [k¤if;?
vsuf jyefvnfjyifqif&ef vdt k yfygonf/) Yanbye tpm; Ramree [k¤if; t*Fvy db f mom rlvpmvH;k aygi;f rsm; twdik ;f toH;k jyK
xm;ygonf/ &cdkifbk&ifrsm;ü wpfcgwpf&H bGJUtrnftrsdK;rsdK; &SdMuonf/ þpmtkyf 1846, 1882) udk Munhfyg/
ü bk&ifwpfO;D vQif bGUJ trnfwpfcjk ziho f m azmfjyygonf/ &cdik Ef iS fh jrefrmpma&;olrsm; 7/ &cdik ef ef;awmfü xGe;f um;cJah om b*FvpD mayordik ;f ESiyfh wfoufí uGjJ ym;
rSm bk&ifrsm;\ trnfEiS hf bGUJ emrwdUk ukd uGjJ ym;jcm;em;pGm toHv, S w f wfMuonf/ aom tjrifrsm;awGU&onf/ Oyrm Sukumar Sen, History of Bergali Literature,
odUk jzpf&m wpfcgw&HwiG f tqdyk gtrnfrsm;udk rSeu f efpmG azmfjy&ef tcuftcJawGU&yg Dehli, 1960; Suniti Kurmar Chatterji, The Origin and development of the
Bengali Language, Calcutta 1926; ME Haq, Muslim Bengali Literature,
onf/ &Sif;vif;apvdkaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh bk&ifrsm;\ trnfESihfbGJUrnfrsm;ukd Karachi 1957 ESifh rMumao;rDu S. Bhattacharya (2002)
(t*Fvyd b f momjzifh a&;om;&mwGi)f tu©&m zvS,x f m;ygonf/ aemufqufwüJG 8/ NAwd o d Q pmMunhw f u kd f OR3465A, f.128 (jrefrmpmrleyH gw)f CL (1931,
bk&ifrsm;\ pm&if;yg0ifonf/ 2:7) ü Phayre nTe;f qdo k nhpf maMumif; ryg&o dS nfrmS rSwo f m;zG,jf zpfygonf/
2/ Magh, Mag, Mug toH;k tEIe;f twlwyl ifjzpfonf/ þazmfjycsu\ f 9/ rMumao;rDu xkwaf 0onhf (Tun Shwe Khaing 1995, Shwe Zan
rlvtptm; pl;prf;&SmazGru I dk Lucien Bernot (1967) u jyKvyk cf o hJ nf/ 1995) ü toH;k 0ifonhf tcsut f vufrsm; yg&o dS nf/ toQiOf uúo H \ &cdik jf ynf
3/ ta&;tBu;D qH;k aom &mZ0ifrmS &ckid f q&mawmf toQipf E´rmvmvuFm& Ak'¨bmomqdkif&m ynm&yfokawoe (Okkantha 1990) onf Ak'¨bmom
a&;om;onhf &cdik &f mZ0ifopfusr;f jzpfonf/ 1931-32 ü rEÅav;wGif yHEk ydS o f nf/ okawoDtcsKd UtwGuf pdw0f ifpm;zG,jf zpfonf/ &efuek üf tajcpdu k o f nhf &ckid t
f zGUJ
aemifwiG f CL [k nTe;f rnf/ wpfco k nf pmtkypf mwrf;rsm;? okawoepmwrf;rsm;ESifh &Hzef&cH g xkwaf 0onhf
4/ Tosi (1669), Ovington (1696) ESifh Salmon (1735) wdu Yk Manrique r*¾Zif;wpfapmifwu Ykd dk wnf;jzwfxw k af 0vsuf &So d nf/ xdjYk yif &cdik o f rdik ;f ESifh pmay
\ rSww f rf;ukd us,jf yefpY mG toH;k jyKMuonf/ C. Federici \ a&;om;csuf (Federici ukd pdw0f ifpm;ol a&mif;&if;rsm;twGuf olwUkd\toHtm; a0rQvsu&f o dS nf/ (PEAL,
1581; Pinto 1962) ü ppfwaumif;ESihf ywfoufí toHk;0ifaom tcsuft
Publications of Eminent Arakanese Literature, &cdik o f m;Bu;D pmay)/ 'kw, d urÇm
vufrsm; yg&Sdonf/ ppftNy;D ü &cdik jf ynfajrmufyikd ;f &Sd rlpvifrsm;rSm ½k[ d if*smtrnfjzihf Edik if aH &;ESifh ppfa&;
5/ e,fomvefEikd if H Nordwijk ü ICAS conference wGif &cdik q f ikd &f m t&cGx J wk af &; vIy&f mS ;rIrsm; aqmif&u G cf o
hJ nf/ 1970 ESifh 1990 jynhEf pS f tapmydik ;f
tvkyf½Hk aqG;aEG;yGJ usif;ycJhonf/ (25-28 ZGef 1998)/ Amsterdam ü ul;oef; rsm;üjyKvkyfcJhonhf zdESdyfrIrsm;aMumihf a&S;a'ocHrlpvifrsm;ESihf aESmif;ydkif;rS
a&mif;0,fa&;acwfumv jrefrmjynf urf;½d;k wef;ESifh pyfvsO;f í KNAW aqG;aEG;yGJ a&muf&adS exdik Mf uaom b*FvrD sm;ukd xdcu kd af ponf/ olwu Ykd o dk w l Ykd ½k[
d if*sm[k
jyKvyk cf ohJ nf/ atmufwb kd m 1999/ ac:olrsm;rSm EdkifiH&yfjcm;ü ¤if;wkdY\ trSwfwHqdyfrsm;tjzpf "Arakani" trsKd ;om;
6/ Phayre onf &cdik o f rdik ;f ESifh '*Fg;rsm;ESiyfh wfoufí rSwo f m;zG,af umif; a&; vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;ukd jyKvyk cf MhJ uonf/ uHraumif;pGmyif ¤if;wk\ Yd ajrmufO;D acwfEiS fh
onhf ol\yxrOD;qH;k aom a&;om;csuu f kd jyKvyk cf ohJ nf/ Phayre(1841, 1844,
ywfoufaom t"dyÜg,f aumuf,lcsufESihf &cdkifbk&ifrsm;tm; rlpvifrsm;[lí taemufajrmufzufoYdk &cdik ef ,fy,fcsUJ xiG rf t I m; razmfjycJyh g/ Phayre (1883, 163)
twif;tusyf ,lqapjcif;wkrYd mS ordik ;f taxmuftxm;rsm;ukd aoGz&D m a&mufygo u ]rif;zavmif;onf ppfwaumif; wpfcGifvHk;? e0gcgvD wpfpdwfwpfydkif;ESifh
nf/ Mwdyl&udk csKyfudkifcJhonf} [k pmwpfaMumif;wnf;ESihf wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufrIudk
10/ Tome Pires (1944, 227-9) u q,haf jcmuf&mpktpydik ;f ü rvuúmokYd todtrSwjf yKco hJ nf/ Georg Christoph Fernberger \ a&;om;csujf zpfaom 1589
&cdik uf ek o
f nfrsm; a&muf&adS Mumif;azmfjyonf/ ckEpS f ¤if;ppfwaumif;ü &Sad epOftwGi;f trnfrod cHwyfwpfct k m; 0ef;&Hrt
I aMumif;
11/ 0drvtrwfBu;D rSm OD;omxGe;f atmif (1927) tusO;f csKyx f m;onhf u ppfwaumif;wpfciG v f ;kH ukd &cdik w
f Ykd vTr;f rd;k xde;f odr;f &mü awGU&onfh tcuftcJ
&ckid rf [m&mZ0ifawmfBu;D \ tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;pGmukd rlvyxra&;om;ol (1536) rsm;ukd azmfjycJhonf/ (Fernberger 1999)
[k azmfjyonf/ 15/ Bwyd &l &mZ0ifjzpfaom ]&mZrmvm} ü ay:w*l w D tYkd m; yxrqH;k tBurd f
12/ Charney (1993,44-5) u 1534 ü &ckid t f m; wdu k cf u
kd rf u
I dk b*Fvm; azmfjy aom umvjzpfonf/ (Long 1850)
plvwef Mahmud Shah ESifh *dt k mwdt Yk Mum;jzpfymG ;onhf y#dyu©[íl qufpyfjy 16/ CL (1931, 2: 92-93) u r*dkESihf tmz*eft&Sifocifrsm; ESpfpOf y@m
onf/ 1533 wGif plvwefonf Martim Afonso de Mello ESihf tjcm; qufaMumif;? oD&dvuFmbk&if? ay:wl*DESihf rlpvifbk&ifwdkY t½kdtaoay;vsuf
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