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2018 FinQuiz CFA Level 2 Formula Sheet PDF
2018 FinQuiz CFA Level 2 Formula Sheet PDF
fgg
Reading 9: Correlation & Regression • H1: b1 ≠ 0 (linear relationship does bcd (
h
)
10. F-Statistic or F-Test = =
ggi
exist) bce ( )
-
! jkhk/
%ΔS e f / d = i f − id ⎛ S f / d Pd
⎜ ⎟ = S f / d ⎜ Pd
⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎟
• 6. Under the Cobb-Douglas production
• Forward premium or discount: ⎜ P ⎟ ⎜ P ⎟ function:
qf/d = ⎝ f ⎠ ⎝ f ⎠
• For one year horizon = • Marginal product of capital = MPK =
Ff /d − S f /d = ⎛ CPI d ⎞ α AK α-1 L 1-α = α Y/K
q f / d = S f / d ⎜ ⎟
⎜ CPI ⎟ • α Y/K = r èα = r (K) / Y = Capital
"i −i % or ⎝ f ⎠
S f /d $ f d ' ≅ S f /d (i f − id ) income / Output or GDP
# 1+ id & 12. Fisher effect:
• id = rd + πεd
• Using day count convention: 7. Output per worker or Average labor
• if = rf + πεf productivity (Y/L or y):
( " Actual % +
* $ - • if – id = (rf – rd) + (πεf- πεd) • GDP/Labor input = TFP × capital-to-
# 360 '& -
Ff /d − S f /d = S f /d * (i f − id ) • (rf – rd) = (if – id) - (πεf- πεd) labor ratio × share of capital in GDP
* 1+ i " Actual % -
* d$ - • Or y = Y/L = Akα
) # 360 '& ,
Reading 14: Economic Growth & The
Investment Decision 8. Contribution of Capital Deepening = Labor
7. Forward discount or premium as % of spot
rate: productivity growth rate – TFP
1. Economic growth = Annual % ∆ in real
Ff / d − S f / d GDP or in real per capita GDP
≅ (i f − id ) 9. Contribution of Improvement in
S f /d technology = Labor productivity growth
R •
If uncovered interest rate parity holds 2. P = GDP rate – Capital Deepening
“”• R
• Ff /d − S f /d
= = %ΔS ef /d ≅ (i f − id ) 3. Expressing in terms of logarithmic rates: 10. Growth Accounting based on Solow
S f /d Approach = ∆Y /Y = ∆A / A + α ∆K/K +
• (1/T) % ∆P = (1/T) % ∆GDP + (1/T) (1 – α) ∆L/ L
%∆ (E / GDP) + (1/T) % ∆(P / E)
8. Purchasing Power parity (PPP)
• Pf = S f/d × Pd
• % ∆ in stock MV = % ∆ in GDP + % 11. Labor productivity growth accounting
∆ in share of earnings (profit) in GDP equation
• S f/d = Pf / Pd
+ % ∆ in the price-to-earnings • Growth rate in potential GDP = LT g
multiple rate of labor force + LT g rate in labor
9. Relative version of PPP = %∆S f/d = πf – πd
productivity
4. A two-factor aggregate production
10. Ex ante version of PPP = %∆Sef/d = πef –
function: Y = AF (K, L) 12. Balanced or Steady State Rate of Growth
π ed
in Neoclassical Growth Theory:
5. Cobb-Douglas Production Function = F • Growth in physical capital stock = ∆K
11. Real Exchange Rate
(K, L) = Kα L1 - α = sY – δK
FinQuiz Formula Sheet Level II 2018
2. Goodwill = Cost of acquisition – investor’s share of the FV of the net Add: Unamortized excess PP (Excess PP – Amount attributable xxx
identifiable assets to PP&E)
PP Xxx = Investment in Investee xxx
Less: (% of Ownership Interest × BV of Investee’s Net (xxx)
Assets) Transactions with Associates:
= Excess Purchase Price Xxx 4. Upstream Transactions:
Less: Attributable to Net Assets: Investor’s share of Associate’s reported NI (% of Ownership xxx
-Plant & Equipment (% of Ownership Interest × difference (xxx) Interest × Reported net income)
b/wBV & FV) Less: Amort. of excess purchase price (xxx)
-Land (% of Ownership Interest × difference b/wBV & FV) (xxx)
Less: Unrealized profit (% of Ownership Interest × Profit from (xxx)
= Residual Amount (Treated as Goodwill) Xxx
upstream sale in Associate’s NI)
3. Amort. of Excess PP: = Equity Income to be reported as a line item on Investor’s I.S* xxx
Investment in associate:
PP Xxx Balance in the investment in Associate to be reported at the end of
•
Add: Investor’s share of Investee’s NI (% of Ownership Xxx year:
Interest × Investee’s NI) PP xxx
Less: Div. received (% of Ownership Interest × Div. paid) (xxx) Add: Equity income (as calculated above)* xxx
Less: Amort. of excess PP attributable to plant & equipment (xxx)
Less: Div. received (% of Ownership Interest × Div paid) (xxx)
(Amount attributable to PP&E* ÷ Remaining life of PP&E)
= Balance in investment in Investee Xxx
= Value of Investment in Associate’s company at the end of year xxx
Where, *Amount attributable to Plant & Equipment = % of Ownership
Interest of investor × (FV of P&E – BV of P&E)
19. Goodwill Impairment Test under U.S. 5. Net i income = Discount rate × Net 10. Adjusted Pre-tax Income:
GAAP (Two Step Approach) Pension asset • = Reported Pre-tax income + (Actual
return on plan assets – Expected return
• Step 1: Goodwill Impairment Test 6. Net return on plan assets = Actual return on plan assets)
• Impaired when CV of Reporting Unit on plan assets – (Plan assets × i rate) Or
(including Goodwill) > FV of • = Reported Pre-tax income + Total
Reporting Unit (including Goodwill). 7. Actuarial g/l = Actual return – (Plan assets reported pension and other post-
• Step 2: Measurement of Impairment × Expected return) retirement benefits - Current service
loss = CV of Reporting unit’s costs - i exp component of pension
Goodwill - Implied FV of Reporting cost + Actual return on plan assets
unit’s Goodwill 8. Total Periodic Pension Costs =Sum of
• Where Implied FV of Reporting unit’s components of periodic pension costs 11. Adjusted Net Operating Exp=Reported Net
Goodwill = FV of Reporting Unit – operating exp – Total reported pension and
FV of Reporting unit’s net assets • Total periodic pension cost in a given other post-retirement benefits + Current
period = ∆in Net pension liability or service costs
Reading 17: Employee Compensation: Post asset adjusted for employer
Employment & Share-Based contributions 12. Adjusted i Exp. = Reported i exp. + i exp.
• Total Net periodic pension cost (End component of pension cost
1. Under DC Plans: Pension exp = Co.’s Funded Status* – Beg Funded Status*)
annual contribution to plans adjusted for ∆ – Employer Contribution 13. Adjusted i and investment Income
in yr-end accruals where *Pension liability is treated as a =Reported i and investment income +
negative Actual return on plan assets
2. Funded Status = PV of DB obligations –
FV of plan assets 9. Adjusted Total P&L pension exp (income) 14. Compensation exp. = FV of stock on the
Grant Date
3. Period pension cost of a Co.’s DB pension • = Current service costs + i costs + (-)
plan = ∆ in Net pension liability or asset actuarial losses (actuarial gains) + past 16. Compensation
exp
recognized
=
¤0<•34•0y¥•ˆ
040+
adjusted for employer’s contributions service costs (or plan amendments) –
5•9Š•ˆ
34¦‰•09;Šy40
•O‰
(+) Actual return (loss) on plan assets
V•¦;y0y0•
5•9Šy0•
‰•<y4ˆ
FC Parent’s Presentation
Currency
1. Cumulative Translation Adjustment = CTA = Assets – Liabilities –
inventories measured at
Common Stock – Retained Earnings market value under the lower
of cost or market rule.
ii) Measured at historical Current rate Historical rate
2. Balance Sheet Exposure: costs e.g. PP&E
Foreign Currency (FC) LIABILITIES
B.S Exposure Strengthens Weakens Monetary liabilities: a/c Current rate Current rate
When assets translated at +ve -ve payable, LT debt, accrued
Net Asset B.S
current X rate > liabilities translation translation exp., and deferred income
exposure
translated at current X rate adj adj taxes.
When liabilities translated at -ve +ve Nonmonetary liabilities:
Net Liability B.S i) measured at current value Current rate Current rate
current X rate > assets translation translation
exposure ii) not measured at current
translated at current X rate adj Adj
(X = exchange) value i.e. deferred revenue Current rate Historical rate
Hyperinflationary Economy
FinQuiz Formula Sheet Level II 2018
Decomposition and Analysis of the Co’s Reading 21: Capital Budgeting 9. Profitability index = PI = 1 + (NPV/Initial
Valuation: investment)
9. Parent Co. pro-rata share of 1. Depreciable Basis = Purchase price + any when PI > 1, invest and when PI < 1, do
subsidiary/affiliates = (Subsidiary’s share Shipping or handling or installation costs not invest.
price in FC× Shares held by Parent Co. ×
X- rate)/Parent Co. total market Expansion Project 10. CAPM = ri = R F + βi [E (R M) – R F]
capitalization 2. Initial Outlay = FCInv + NWCInv
NWCInv = ∆non-cash current assets – Economic and Accounting Income
10. Implied Value of Parent Co. (excl. ∆non-debt current liabilities= ∆NWC 11. Accounting income = Rev – Exp
subsidiary/affiliates) = Parent Co.’s Mkt
Cap - Value of subsidiary/affiliate holdings 3. Annual after-tax operating cash flow = CF 12. Economic Income = AT CF from
= (S – C – D) (1 – T) + D or CF = (S – C) investment + ∆ in MV = AT CF from
•;<•0Š
©4.’9
¦TŠ
©;‰ investment + (End MV – Beg MV)
11. P/E ratio of Parent Co = (1 – T) + TD
²·
4m
•;<•0Š
©4.
OR
4. Terminal year after-tax non-operating cash = AT CF from invstmnt. – (Beg MV – End
12. Implied P/E ratio of Parent Co. =
flow = TNOCF = Sal T + NWCInv – T (Sal MV)= AT CF from invstmnt. – Eco. Dep
Implied
Value
of
Parent
Co.
(excluding
subsidiary/affiliates)
T – B T)
NI
of
Parent
Co. −Equity
Income
from
13. Economic Profit (EP) = NOPAT– $WACC
subsidiary/affiliates Replacement Project where,
5. Initial Outlay = FCInv + NWCInv – Sal 0 + NOPAT = net operating profit after tax
13. Discount to Benchmark = T (Sal 0 – B0) i.e. EBIT (1 – Tax rate)
ß
¶•03Ž¦;<T« 9 +
•;<•0Š
©4.•/R EBIT = earnings before interest and taxes
É
¶•03Ž¦;<T« 9
•/R 6. Annual after-tax operating cash flow $WACC= dollar cost of capital = WACC
(incremental) × capital
Off-Balance Sheet Leverage from Operating • CF = (∆S – ∆C – ∆D) (1 – T) + ∆D or Capital (after Year 1) = investment =
Leases • CF = (∆S – ∆C) (1 – T) + T∆D Initial Investment – depreciation
U.¯
’
•»
4m
-•;9•
‰;P¦•0Š9
14. Adj. Fin Lev =
U.R
á R•Í
7. Terminal year after-tax non-operating cash 14. MVA
or
NPV = Š\1 (1’³¯©©)Í
U.”’•»
4m
-•;9•
‰;P¦•0Š9 flow = TNOCF = ∆Sal T + NWCInv – T 15. Total value of Co. = original investment +
15. Adj. D-to-E ratio =
U.R (∆Sal T – ∆B T) NPV
16. Adj. i-coverage Ratio = 8. (1 + Nominal rate) = (1 + Real rate) (1 +
R¶·U+”•‰
•O‰’V•0Š
RO‰ 16. Residual income (RI) = NI – Equity
Z
•O‰’¯99ª¦•ˆ
Z
•O‰
40
-•;9•9 Inf rate) Charge
• RI t = NI t – (re × B t-1)
FinQuiz Formula Sheet Level II 2018
Payout Policies: Reading 26: Mergers & Acquisitions • Unlevered NI = EBIT × (1- tax rate)
7. Stable Div. Policy • NOPLAT = Unlevered NI + ∆ in
• Expected ↑ in Div. = (Expected 1. Statutory Merger = Co. X + Co. Y= Co. X deferred taxes
Earnings × Target payout ratio – 2. Subsidiary Merger = Co. X +Co. Y=(Co.
Previous dividend) × Adj. factor X + Co. Y) 11. FCF = NOPLAT + NCC – ∆ in Net WC –
• Adj. factor = 1/no. of yrs. over which Capex
adj. in div. will take place 3. Consolidation = Co. X + Co. Y = Co. Z
12. FCF = NI + net interest after-tax + ∆ in
8. Residual Div. Policy 4. New shares issued by Acquirer = deferred taxes + net noncash charges – ∆ in
• Div. = Earnings – (Capital budget × ºTŠ
3;‰
4m
U;<••Š NWC – Capex
9Š43T
‰<y3•
4m
¯3¼ªy<•<
Equity % in capital structure) or
Terminal Value:
• Div. = Zero, whichever is greater. 5. Post-merger no. of shares outstanding =
”y5. Acquirer’s pre-merger total shares
9. Div. Payout Ratio = 13. Using constant growth formula
²·
outstanding + new shares issued by †©†Ç (1’•)
Terminal
ValueU =
²·
Acquirer (³¯©©ó‘ôõÌÍÑ +•)
10. Div. Coverage Ratio =
”y5.
6. Post-Merger EPS = 14. Using Market Multiple
11. FCFE Coverage Ratio = ¯3¼ªy<•<« 9
‰<•
¦•<••<
R;<0y0•9’U;<••Š« 9
‰<•
¦•<••<
R;<0y0•9
•
Terminal
ValueU = FCFU ×
†©†R
•49Š
¦•<••<
0ª¦®•<
4m
9Ž;<•9
4ªŠ9Š;0ˆy0• †©†
[”y5.’SŽ;<•
V•‰ª<3Ž;9•9]
7. Post merger P/E (if market is efficient) 15. EV =MV of debt + MV of equity – cash &
FCFE = CFO – FCInv + Net Borrowings •<•
¦•<••<
9Š43T
‰<y3•
4m
¯3¼ªy<•< cash equivalents
=
•49Š
¦•<••<
R•S
Reading 24: Corporate Performance, 16. Takeover Premium = takeover (deal price)
Governance & Business Ethics 8. No. of acquirer shares received by each per share (of target Co.) – current stock
shareholder (in target Co.) = No. of target ”•
+
S•
price of target Co. =
shares he/she owns × X ratio c˜
Reading 25: Corporate Governance [ cÕìו
íî
íïÔðïÔ
íñ
—Zîò
Z 17. Estimated takeover price of Target =
9. HHI = Z –íÔÕì
cÕìו
íî
íïÔðïÔ
íñ
òÕîw×Ô
×
Estimated stock price of Target based on
2 Comparables + Estimated takeover
1. Share Overhang = 100
²4.4m
9Ž;<•9
<•‰<•9•0Š•ˆ
®P
ŠŽ•
Ò‰Šy409 premium
U4Š;-
04.4m
9Ž;<•9
4ªŠ9Š;0ˆy0•
10. Unlevered NI = NI + Net Interest after-tax
• Net interest after-tax = (i exp – i • When takeover premium is given in
income) × (1 – Tax rate) Or %, Estimated takeover price of Target
FinQuiz Formula Sheet Level II 2018
= (Estimated stock price of Target • V–P: True Mispricing • {(V0 – P0)/P0} = estimate of return
based on Comparables) × (1 + • VE–V: Valuation Error from convergence over period
Takeover premium in %) where,VE = estimated value
P = market price 7. IRR:
18. Target Shareholders’ gain = Premium = P T V = intrinsic value • Intrinsic value= D1 / (k-g)
–VT • If asset (fairly priced), market price =
where, 2. Residual Income Model = NI – (cost of intrinsic value: k = (D1 / P0) + g
P T = price paid for target company equity × Beg value Equity)
V T = pre-merger value of target 8. Req ROE = Rf + ERP
company Reading 28: Return Concepts
9. GGM Intrinsic value = D1/ (k-g)
19. Acquirer’s gain = Synergies – Premium = 1. Dividend yield or investment income =
S – (P T – V T) (DH/P0) Macroeconomic Model Estimates (Supply side
models):
20. Post-merger value of the combined 2. Price appreciation R = (PH-P0)/P0
company = V A* = V A + V T + S – C 10. ERP = [{(1+EINFL) (1+EGREPS)
where, 3. HPR = r = {(DH + PH) / P0} – 1 OR r = (1+EGPE)-1} +EINC]-Expected Rf R
V A = pre-merger value of the acquirer {(P1 – P0+CF1) / P0 • where EINFL= expected inf.(
C = cash paid to target SH i.e. cash paid = forecasted as) {(1+YTM of 20-yr T-
cash price paid per share of target co. × no. 4. Expected Alpha = Exp. R – Req. R bonds) / (1+YTM of 20-yr TIPS)} –
of shares outstanding of target co. 1.
5. Realized Alpha (Ex-post alpha) = (Actual • EGREPS = expected growth rate in
21. In Stock offer = P T = (N × P AT) HPR) – (Contemporaneous Req. R) real EPS.
where, • Real GDP growth rate = labor
P T = price paid for target co. 6. Expected HPR: productivity growth + labor supply
N = No. of new shares target receives growth rate
• When an asset’s intrinsic value ≠
P AT = price per share of combined firm
market price, the investor expects to
after merger announcement Labor supply growth rate = population
earn = RR + return from the
convergence of price to value growth rate + increase in labor force
Reading 27: Equity Valuation: Applications & • When an asset’s intrinsic value = participation rate
Processes price, the investor expects to earn RR • EGPE = expected growth rate in P/E
only. ratio. (For efficient markets 1+EGPE
1. Mispricing = VE – P = (V- P) + (VE – • E (RT) ≈ rT + {(V0 – P0) / P0} = 1+0 = 1.
V) where,rT = periodic required RoR,
• VE–P: Mispricing
FinQuiz Formula Sheet Level II 2018
• EINC = expected income component • HML (high minus low) = Avg. R on 2 Reading 29: Industry & Company Analysis
(includes dividend yield & high Book-to-market portfolios – avg.
reinvestment R) R on 2 low book-to-market portfolios. 1. % of sales (specific geographic region) =
Sales of a particular region / Total sales of
11. CAPM: Required Return on share i = 16. Pastor-Stambaugh Model (PSM): ri = Rf + a co.
Current expected Rf R + Bi (ERP) Bimarket×RMRF + Bisize× SMB + Bivalue ×
• where ERP = Expected R on mkt HML+ BiLiq× LIQ 2. Co.’s projected Rev. growth = Projected
portfolio – RF R mkt. share × Projected sales of a given
• Beta = Cov of returns with mkt R /mkt 17. 5-factor BIRR Model: ri = T-bill rate + product mkt.
portfolio var. (sensitivity to confidence risk × confidence
RP)–(sensitivity to time horizon × time 3. Forecasted variable costs = % of rev. Or =
12. Adjusted Beta = (2/3) (Unadjusted beta) + horizon RP) – (sensitivity to inf. risk × inf. Unit volume × Unit variable costs
(1/3) (1.0) RP) + (sensitivity to business cycle risk ×
business cycle RP) + (sensitivity to mkt. 4. COGS =Raw materials + Direct labor +
13. Beta Estimation for Thinly Traded Stocks timing risk × mkt. timing RP) Overhead (in producing the goods)
and Nonpublic Companies
• Bu ≈ [1/ {1+ (D/E)}] ×Be 18. Build-Up Approaches for Private Business 5. Finance costs = (Fixed i rate on debt ×
• Be’ ≈ [1+ (D’/E’)] ×Bu Valuation: ri = rf + ERP + Size premi Gross debt at beg. of period) – (i income
+Specific Co. premi rate × cash position at beg of period)
14. Multifactor Models = r = Rf+ (RP)1 +
(RP)2 + … + (RP)k 19. Bond yield Plus RP (BYPRP) cost of 6. Gross debt = LT financial debt + ST
• RPi = (Factor sensitivity)i × (Factor equity = YTM on the co.’s LT debt + RP financial debt + Accrued interest
RP)i.
Country Spread Model 7. Net debt = Gross debt – Cash and cash
15. The Fama-French Model (FFM): ri =Rf + 20. ERP estimate = ERP for a developed mkt equivalents
Bimarket × RMRF + Bisize× SMB + Bivalue × + Country prem. 8. Effective i rate = i exp / Avg gross debt
HML • Country Prem. = yield on emerging
mkt bonds (denominated in currency 9. i rate on avg cash position =i income / Avg
• RMRF = RM –Rf of developed market) – yield on cash position
• SMB(small minus big) = Avg. R on 3 developed mkt. govt. bonds
small-cap portfolios – avg. R on 3 10. i rate on avg. net debt = Net i exp / Avg.
large-cap portfolios. 21. Cost of Capital = WACC = {D/(D+E)}rd net debt
(1-Tax rate) + {E / (D+E)}rE
FinQuiz Formula Sheet Level II 2018
11. Deferred tax asset/liability = Profit and 18. Post cannibalization revenue =Pre- 22. Forecasted CF Statement
loss (reported) tax amount – Cash tax cannibalization revenue – Estimated CF from operating activities:
amount impact on rev. from cannibalization NI (profit after taxes)
Adj. to determine CF:
12. Projected A/C receivable = Forecasted 19. Overall organic rev. growth = [(1 + Add:
annual sales (assuming all credit sales) × volume growth) (1 + % of price/mix dep.
(Assumed DSO/ 365) contribution to rev. growth)] -1 ↓
in a/c receivable
↓ in inventory
13. Projected inventory = Assumed COGS / 20. Construction of Pro Forma I.S: ↑ in a/c payable
Assumed Inventory TO ratio Sales Total adjustments
Less: COGS Net CF from operating activities
14. ROIC= NOPLAT / Invested Capital = EBI = Gross profit CF from investing activities:
/ (Operating assets – Operating liab.) Less: Admin. exp. 𝐴𝑑𝑑: ↓ in plant and equipment
Less: Distrib. Exp. Net CF from investing activities
15. ROCE = Op. profit / Capital employed (i.e. Add: Other income from operation CF from financing activities:
debt and equity capital) = EBIT ↑ in notes payable
Add (Less): Other operating income ↑ in LTD
16. Rev. loss for co. due to cannibalization of (exp.) Less: Dividends paid
demand = Projected no. of units of product Less: Finance costs & other financial Net CF from financing activities
cannibalized by the new substitute product exp. Forecasted ↑ in cash
× Estimated ASP = Profit before tax
Where, Less: Income Tax 23. Forecasted B.S
• Average selling price (ASP) = Add: Income from associates PP&E
©4¦‰;0P« 9
•9Šy¦;Š•ˆ
;5•.
<•5. = Profit from continuing Add: Investment in associates
©4¦‰;0P« 9
•9Šy¦;Š•ˆ
9Žy‰¦•0Š9
4m
‰<4ˆª3Š
operations Add: Other financial assets
• No of units of a product cannibalized Add (Less): Profit (loss) from Add: Deferred tax assets
by the new substitute product = discontinued operations = Total non-current assets
Expected no. of product shipments × = Net profit for the year Inventories
% representation of each category Less: Non-controlling interests Add: Trade and other receivables
(e.g. consumer & non-consumer) × = Owners of the co. Add: Cash & cash equivalents
Cannibalization factor for the category
Add: Other current assets
21. EBITDA = EBIT + Dep. & amort. exp. =Total current assets
17. Post cannibalization shipments =Pre-
Total assets = Total non-current +
cannibalization shipments – Expected
Total current assets
cannibalization Share capital
FinQuiz Formula Sheet Level II 2018
Add: Share premium Reading 30: Discounted Dividend Valuation 6. GGM for Preferred stock (fixed rate
Less: Treasury shares ”
perpetual preferred stock) = Vu =
<
Add: Consolidated reserves+Net profit 1. Asset’s value is PV of its expected future
to co. owners 0 ©†Í
CFs i.e. Vu = Š\1 1’< Í 7. GGM ERP = 1-yr. forecasted div. yield on
Plus: Translation reserve
market index + consensus LT earnings
+/-: Profit or loss recorded in equity
2. RI = NI – (cost of equity × Beg. BV of growth rate – LT govt. bond yield
= Equity attributable to
shareholders common equity)
8. Actual value of a company’s share = Vu =
Plus: Non-controlling interest R/
= Equity 3. In RI Model: Value of stock = BVPS at t = + PVGO
<
LT financial debt 0 + PV of expected future residual where,
Add: Provision for employee benefits earnings • PVGO =Sum of PV of expected
Add: LT provisions for liabilities and • where, BVPS = common SHs’ equity / profitable opportunities of reinvesting
charges no. of common shares outstanding the earnings.
Add: Deferred tax liabilities • RI model (assumes Clean Surplus E1/r = no-growth value per share
Accounting holds) i.e. BV t = BVt-1 + R/
= Total non-current liabilities • When P0 = V0 then. PVGO = Pu −
<
ST financial debt and accrued interest NIt – Divt »ù •ù •
• Can be restated as
or
or
=
Add: Trade and other payables R/ R/ R
4. DDM 1 •»“Ò
Add: Income tax payable +
< R/
Add: ST provisions for liabilities and • With Single HP = Value of Stock =
where, 1/r = value of P/E for no-
charges PV of expected Div. + PV of expected
growth company.
Add: derivative financial instruments Selling Price at the end of year one =
”/ •/ PVGO/E1 = component of P/E value
Add: Liabilities held for sale Vu = +
(1’<)/ (1’<)/ that represents growth opportunities.
= Current liabilities
• Value of stock for 2 years HP = Vu =
”/ ”? •? ”/
24. FCFF: + + • •ù R/ 1+®
(1’<)/ (1’<)? (1’<)? 9. Leading ratio = = =
R R/ <+• <+•
Normalized operating profit 0 ”Í •-
• For n-HPs = Vu = Š\1 1’< Í +
1’< -
Less: Taxes ”ù (1’•)
• When HP is extended into indefinite •ù Rù
= Normalized operating 10. Trailing
P/E
ratio =
= =
á ”Í Rù (<+•)
profit after tax future: Vu = Š\1 (1’<)Í (1+®)(1’•)
Add: Dep. & amort. (<+•)
∆ in WC 5. Gordon Growth Model (GGM) = Vu =
Less: Capital expenditures ”ù × 1’• ”/ 11. GGM can be used to derive required RoR
or =
= FCFF <+• <+• ”ù (1’•) ”/
=r= +g= +g
•ù •ù
FinQuiz Formula Sheet Level II 2018
• FCFF = EBITDA (1 – Tax rate) + Dep Required rate of return (real) [in %] Reading 32: Market based Valuation: Price &
(Tax rate) – FCInv – WCInv Enterprise Value Multiples
• FCFE = FCFF – Int (1 – Tax rate) + 15. Single-Stage FCFF and FCFE Model for
Net borrowing + issuance of preferred International Valuation: 1. Trailing P/E or Current P/E =
stocks – redemption of preferred stock FCFFu ×(1 + g <•;- ) ©ª<<•0Š
ºTŠ
•<y3•
‰•<
9Ž;<•
Value
of
firm = Vu = ¦49Š
<•3•0Š
ÿ
!ª;<Š•<9« R•S
10. Forecasted FCFF = Forecasted [EBIT ×(1 WACC<•;- − g <•;-
– Tax rate) – FCInv – WCInv] FCFF1
= 2. Forward P/E or Leading P/E or Prospective
WACC<•;- − g <•;-
©ª<<•0Š
º;<T•Š
•<y3•
‰•<
9Ž;<•
11. Incremental fixed capital expenditures as a P/E =
²•OŠ
,•;<« 9
RO‰•3Š•ˆ
R;<0y0•9
proportion of sales increases = Value
of
Stock = Vu
©;‰yŠ;-
•O‰+”•‰
•O‰ FCFEu ×(1 + g <•;- )
·03<•;9•
y0
9;-•9 = 3. Basic EPS =
r<•;- − g <•;- U4Š;-
R;<0y0•9
FCFE1 ³•ŽŠˆ
¯5•
04.4m
9Ž;<•9
;3Šª;--P
4/9
ˆª<y0•
ŠŽ•
‰•<y4ˆ
12. Incremental working capital expenditures =
r<•;- − g <•;-
as a proportion of sales increases = 4. Diluted EPS =
·03<•;9•
y0
³©
U4Š;-
R;<0y0•9
·03<•;9•
y0
9;-•9 16. Two-stage FCFF valuation model equation
²4.4m
9Ž;<•9
4/9
‡Ž•0
Ž4-ˆ•<9
4m
is: •O3•<3y9•ˆ
ŠŽ•y<
4‰Šy409
Š4
4®Š;y0
34¦¦40
9Š43T
13. FCFE = NI – (FCInv – Dep) – WCInv + 0 †©††Í
• Firm
Value = Š\1 (1’³¯©©)Í +
è/
Net borrowing †©††-Ï/ 1 É/ 1+®
where, × 5. Justified Forward P/E = P0/E1 = =
(³¯©©+•) (1’³¯©©)- <+• <+•
Net borrowing = DR×(FCInv – Dep) +
DR×(WCInv) Or ”ù (1’•)/Rù
• Two-stage FCFE valuation model 6. Justified Trailing P/E = P0/E0 =
<+•
FCFE = NI – (FCInv – Dep) – WCInv equation = Equity
Value = 1+® ×(1’•)
+ (DR) ×(FCInv – Dep) + (DR) 0 †©†RÍ †©†R-Ï/ 1 = where
+ × <+•
Š\1 (1’<)Í (<+•) (1’<)-
×(WCInv) Or P = price; E = earnings; D = dividends; r =
FCFE = NI - (1-DR) ×(FCInv – Dep) required rate of return; and g = dividend
– (1 – DR) ×(WCInv) 17. Excess Cash = Total
Cash
Available − growth rate
Total
Assets
of
Firm×
14. Modified Build-Up method to estimate real º•ˆy;0
-•5•-
4
m
·0ˆª9Š<P
3;9Ž SŠ43T« 9
•/R
7. PEG ratio =
discount rate: º•ˆy;0
-•5•-
4m
·0ˆª9Š<P
U4Š;-
¯99•Š RO‰•3Š•ˆ
R;<0y0•9
“<4‡ŠŽ
V;Š•
y0
%
CEY = current earnings yield on the mkt. * It includes preferred stock and div.
index i.e. E/P. in arrears on preferred stock. ” ”y5
‰•<
9Ž;<•
19. Dividend Yield = =
• •<y3•
‰•<
9Ž;<•
CBY = current Moody’s Investors Service • BVPS for whole company =
• Trailing Div Yield =
A-rated corporate bond yield. Š4Š;-
;99•Š9
–
Š4Š;-
-y;®y-yŠy•9
”y5yˆ•0ˆ
V;Š•
LTEG = consensus 5-year earnings growth 0ª¦®•<
4m
9Ž;<•9
4ªŠ9Š;0ˆy0•
©ª<<•0Š
¦TŠ
•<y3•
‰•<
9Ž;<•
rate forecast for the mkt index. • Leading Div Yield =
VÒR+•
b = coefficient (measures weight, the mkt 13. Justified P/B = P0/B0 = †4<•3;9Š•ˆ
”y5
‰•<
9Ž;<•
45•<
ŠŽ•
0•OŠ
P<
<+•
gives to 5-year earnings projections). ©ª<<•0Š
¦TŠ.
•<y3•
‰•<
9Ž;<•
• 1
• By taking inverse: = 14. Justified P/B based on RI model = P0/B0 =
R ©¶,+®
×
"UR“ 20. Div Yield (by using GGM) = Justified Div
•»
4m
•O‰•3Š•ˆ
mªŠª<•
<•9yˆª;-
•;<0y0•9
9. Own Historical P/E: Justified price = 1+ ”u <+•
¶u Yield = =
Benchmark value of own historical P/Es × •u 1’•
10. Terminal Value (T.V) based on where Net Sales = Total Sales – preferred stock* + MV of debt – Cash &
Fundamentals: returns– customer discounts Short-term Investments
• T.V in yr n = (justified trailing P/E) ×
(forecasted earnings in year n) 16. P/S ( in terms of Gordon Growth Model = • MV of Common equity = No. of
Éù
• T.V in year n = (justified leading P/E) •ù üù
1+® (1’•) shares o/s × Price per share
Justified P/S = =
Sù (<+•) • Cash & Investments = cash, cash
× (forecasted earnings in year n+1)
where, E0/S0 = Business’s profit equivalents, short term investments
11. Terminal Value based on Comparables: margin etc.
• T.V in yr n = (Benchmark trailing *If minority interest exists and it is not
P/E) × (forecasted earnings in year n) 17. g = Retention rate (b) × ROE included elsewhere, then it should be
S;-•9
• T.V in yr n = (Benchmark leading g = b × PM0 × × added back.
U4Š;-
¯99•Š9
P/E) × (forecasted earnings in year U4Š;-
¯99•Š9
SŽ;<•Ž4-ˆ•<9« R¼ªyŠP Ò‰•<;Šy0•
‰<4myŠ
;mŠ•<
Š;O
n+1) 22. ROIC =
where, PM0 = Profit Margin at t = 0 U4Š;-
y05•9Š•ˆ
©;‰yŠ;-
8. Swap Spread = Fixed-rate of an interest Reading 37: Valuation & Analysis: Bonds with 12. Conversion Ratio (CR) = No. of shares of
rate swap – Interest rate on “on-the-run” Embedded Options C.stock from exercising call option
Govt. security
– •
(–)
+
1 1. Value of callable bond = Value of straight 13. Conversion Price (or stated conversion
Ô\1 1’î Ô Í 1’î – • =1
bond – Value of issuer call option price) = Par value of convertible bond ÷
• ↓
↓ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑔 CR
𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑔 2. Value of issuer call option = Value of
straight bond – Value of callable bond 14. Conversion Value (or Parity) = Market
9. TED spread = LIBOR - T-bill rate of price of C.stock × CR
matching maturity
3. Value of putable bond = Value of straight
bond + Value of investor put option 15. Straight Value or Investment Value =
10. Libor–OIS spread = Libor - Overnight Market value of a security without
indexed swap (OIS) rate
4. Value of investor put option = Value of conversion option
putable bond – Value of straight bond
1
11. Local expectations theory = = 16. Min. Value of a Convertible Security is
˜
(Ô,–)
5. The rate in the up state = Ru = Rd × e2σ 𝑡 (greater of conversion value or straight
1 + 𝑟 1 1 + 𝑓 1,1 1 + 𝑓 2,1 1+
where, Rd = Rate in the down state value)
𝑓 3,1 … [1 + 𝑓 𝑇 − 1,1 ]
σ = Interest rate volatility
t = Time in years between “time slices” 17. Market Conversion Price or Conversion
12. Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) Model = dr = a
Parity Price =
(b – r) dt + σ 𝑟𝑑𝑧
»k +»Ï
6. Duration =
º;<T•Š
•<y3•
4m
©405•<Šy®-•
S•3ª<yŠP
>×»ù × ∆, ©V
13. Vasicek Model = dr = a(b – r)dt + σdz
»Ï ’»k + >×»ù
7. Convexity =
18. Market Conversion Premium per share =
>×
»ù × ∆, ?
14. Ho-Lee model = drt = θtdt + σdzt
•»k + •»Ï
Market Conversion Price – Current Market
8. Effective Duration =
Price
>× ∆©ª<5• × •»>
FinQuiz Formula Sheet Level II 2018
• Parameters estimation:
Reading 39: Credit Default Swaps • Upfront premium = PV of credit
⎛ dt ⎞ N spread – PV of fixed coupon Or =
i
ln⎜ ⎟ = α + ∑ bi X t Where 1. Upfront premium = Credit spread – (Credit spread – Fixed coupon) × D of
⎝ 1 − dt ⎠ i =1
the CDS
Standard rate
dt = {1 if default, 0 if no default} • PV of credit spread = Upfront prem. +
• To estimate the loss given default: PV of fixed coupon
2. Expected Credit Loss (%) = Payout ratio =
N
1 – Recovery rate (%) • Credit spread ≈ (Upfront prem./D) +
t(Xt) = c 0 + ∑ ci X i t
Fixed coupon
i =1
Where {ci for i = 1, …, N} are 3. Expected Credit Loss Amount or Payout • Upfront premium in % = 100 – Price
constants. amount = Payout ratio × Notional amount of CDS in currency per 100 par
• Price of CDS in currency per 100 par
11. Price of the coupon bond (assuming no 4. Loss Given Default: = 100 – Upfront premium %
arbitrage and frictionless markets) • Expected loss = Full amount owed –
T −1 Expected recovery 10. Profit for the buyer of protection ≈ ∆ in
BG (t) = ∑ CP(t , i) + (C + F ) P(t, T ) • Expected loss = Loss given default × spread in bps × D × NP
i =1 Probability of default
• Prob. of default (at some point during 11. % change in CDS price = ∆ in spread in
12. Credit spread (t) = Avg. yields on risky T years) = 1 – Prob. of no default bps × D
zero-coupon bond – Avg. yields on riskless during T years
zero-coupon bond 12. Basis = CDS spread (prem.) – Bond’s
Or 5. Value of protection leg = Expected payoff credit spread*
= [Average yields on the risky zero-coupon of bond/loan with credit risk - Expected *Bond’s Credit spread = Yield on bond -
bond – Average yields on riskless zero- payoff of bond/loan with no credit risks Investor’s cost of funding
coupon bond] + Liquidity premium Bond yield = Rf rate + Funding spread +
or 6. Value of premium leg = PV of pmts. made Credit spread
= Expected % loss per year on the risky by the protection buyer to the protection where, Rf + Funding spread = LIBOR
zero-coupon bond + Liquidity Premium seller
13. Synthetic CDO = Portfolio of default-free
13. PV of expected loss = PV of CF of riskless 7. Upfront pmt = PV of protection leg – PV securities + CDS holdings
debt – PV of CF of risky debt = [P (t,T) – of premium leg
D (t,T)] XT
Where, XT = Promised CF at T of a risky 8. Credit spread ≈ Prob. of default × Loss
Co. given default (%)
30. Equilibrium Fixed Swap rate = where probability of an up move 23. E(c2) = π2c++ + 2π(1 – π)c+– + (1 – π)2c
1+˜?u,Ô[,0(1) π = [FV(1) – d]/(u – d)
rFIX,b=
˜?ù,~C,P (1)
24. E(p2) = π2p++ + 2π(1 – π)p+– + (1 – π)2p– –
Expected terminal option payoffs
31. Va=NAa,0(rFIX,a,0 [%
Z\1 𝑃𝑉Ô,ÔZ,Õ + 11. E(c1) = πc+ + (1 – π)c BSM Model
𝑃𝑉Ô,Ô[«,Õ )−StNAb,0(rFIX,b,0 [%
Z\1 𝑃𝑉Ô,ÔZ,0 + 𝑏 ) 25. c = SN(d1) – e–rTXN(d2)
12. E(p1) = πp+ + (1 – π)p–
32. Vt = FBt(C0) – (St/St–)NAE – PV(Par – 26. p = e–rTXN(–d2) – SN(–d1)
NAE) 13. Put Call Parity = S + p = PV(X) + c
where
Reading 41: Valuation of Contingent Claims Two Period Binomial Model: • d1 =
ì[(c/B)’(î’<>/>)–
< –
• d2=d1−
𝜎 𝑇
1. Call Value = cT = Max(0,ST – X) For calls:
14. c++ = Max(0,S++ – X) = Max(0,u2S – X)
27. Replicating strategy cost = nSS + nBB
2. Put Value pT = Max(0,X – ST)
15. c+– = Max(0,S+– – X) = Max(0,udS – X)
28. nS = N(d1) > 0 for calls
One Period Binomial Model:
c’ –– –– 2
3. Up factor = u= 16. c = Max(0,S – X) = Max(0,d S – X)
• 29. nS = –N(–d1) < 0 for puts
c+ For puts:
4. Down factor = d= 30. nB = –N(d2) < 0 for calls
• 17. p++ = Max(0,X – S++) = Max(0,X – u2S)
• Principal payments=Part of the loan Reading 44: Publicly Traded Real Estate
23. Valuation in an international context when payment that amortizes the loan over Securities
land and building are valued separately:
the loan term.
• Income to the building = NOI – • Max.debt service based on DSCR = 1. Rent paid by Tenants = Net rent +
assumed land lease payment NOI/DSCR
Proportionate share of the common area
• PV for building = Income to the • When the loan is interest-only, costs of the mall (based on space leased)
building / Cap rate or discount rate Max.loan amount based on DSCR=
• Total value = PV for Building + Value Max. debt service based on DSCR / 2. NAVPS = (MV of R.E Co.’s assets – MV
of the land (from sales comparison Debt interest rate
of R.E Co.’s liab.) / # of shares outstanding
approach)
26. Equity dividend rate or Equity yield rate = 3. Appraised value = NOI / Cap rate
24. The NCREIF Property Index (NPI):
Cash flow / Equity
• Total
Return
of
individual
Property
= where, Cash flow = NOI – Debt 4. Estimating NAVPS:
²Ò·+©;‰•O’(R0ˆy0•
º»+¶••.º») Service • Pro forma cash NOI = NOI – Non
¶••.º»
Equity = Price – Mortgage cash rents* + Adj. for full impact of
• Income return = Cap rate = NOI /
acquisitions
beginning value 27. Calculating Leveraged IRR: • *Non-cash rent = Avg. contractual
• Amount of cash flows available each CF received by the equity investor from rent over the leases’ terms – Cash rent
quarter = NOI – Capex the sale = Sale price – Mortgage balance actually paid.
• Capital
return
= PV = – Initial investment
R0ˆy0•
¦ ;<T•Š
5;-ª•+¶••y00y0•
¦ ;<T•Š
5;-ª• +©;‰•O
• Estimated future expected cash NOI =
PMT = Cash flow
¶••y00y0•
¦ ;<T•Š
5;-ª•
Pro forma cash NOI + Expected
• Total Index Return = Value-Weighted n = Holding period growth in NOI
average return for individual FV = Cash flow received from sale • Estimated value of operating real
properties CPTà I/Y è Leveraged IRR. estate =Estimated future expected cash
25. Private market real estate debt
NOI / Cap rate
• Loan-to-value = Loan / value of the 28. Calculating Unleveraged IRR: • Estimated gross asset value =
property
Cash flow received by the equity investor Estimated value of operating real
• Max. loan amount based on LTV ratio from the sale = Sale price + NOI in the 1st estate + BV of Cash & equivalents +
= LTV ratio (in %) × Appraisal value year BV of Land held for future
of property (in $)
PV = – Initial investment development + BV of a/c receivables
• Debt serve coverage ratio = NOI/Debt PMT = NOI in the 1st year + BV of Prepaid/other assets
service
n = Holding period • Net asset value = Estimated gross
• Debt service=Interest + Principal FV = Sale price asset value – Total debt – Other liab.
payments on the mortgage.
CPT à I/Y èUnleveraged IRR. (but not deferred taxes)
FinQuiz Formula Sheet Level II 2018
• NAVPS = Net asset value / # of shares • PIC = Cumulative capital (CC) called 11. General Case: NPV Method
outstanding down Step 1: POST = V / (1 + r) t
• PIC Multiple = PIC / CC Step 2: PRE = POST – I
5. P/FFO = Current stock prices / Yr-ahead Step 3: F = I / POST
estimated FFO
2. DPI = Sum of distb. / CC called down (or Step 4: y = x [F / (1 – F)]
• FFO = Net earnings + Dep. Exp. on PIC)
Step 5: p1 = I / y
R.E + Deferred tax charges – g/l from
sales of property and debt 3. RVPI = NAV after distb. / CC called down 12. Alternative Method using IRR:
restructuring + Losses on sales of (or PIC)
Step 1: W = I (1 + r) t
property and debt restructuring OR
Step 2: F = W / V
• FFO = EBITDA – Interest Expense 4. TVPI = DPI + RVPI
Step 3: y = x [F / (1 – F)]
Step 4: p1 = I / y
6. P/AFFO = Current stock prices / Yr-ahead 5. Mgmt. fees = % fee × PIC
Step 5: POST = I / F or p1 × (x + y)
estimated AFFO
Step 6: PRE = POST – I or PRE = p1
• AFFO = FFO – Non cash rent* – 6. Carried interest= % × (NAV before distb. ×x
Recurring Maintenance type Capital –CC) in year when NAV before distb. Is 13. NPV Method with multiple (two) rounds
expenditures – Leasing costs (i.e. first > CC
of financing:
leasing agent’s commissions – Thereafter,
Carried
interest
=
%
×
ΔNAV
Tenants’ improvement allowances) Step 1: Compound interest between dates:
before
distb.
• *Non-cash rent = Straight-line rent - • T1 and T2 = (1 + R1)
Cash rent paid during the period • T2 and T3= = (1 + R2).
7. NAV before distb.t = NAV after distbt-1 +
Step 2: POST2 = V / (1 + R2)
called down capitalt– mgmt feest+
7. Estimated Value of a REIT Co. in yr N Step 3: PRE2 = POST2–I2
operating resultst
= (P/FFO of overall REIT group for Step 4: POST1 = PRE2 / (1 + R1)
8. NAV after distbt = NAV before distb.t–
yr N) × REIT co.’s expected FFO in yr Step 5: PRE1 = POST1 –I1
carried interestt – distb.t
N or Step 6: F2 = I2 / POST 2
= (P/AFFO of overall REIT group for Step 7: F1 = I1 / POST 1
9. CF for Gross IRRt= – Capital called down
yr N) × REIT co.’s expected AFFO in Step 8: y1 = x1[F1/ (1 – F1)]
at the beg of periodt+1 + Op. resultt-1
yr N Step 9: p1 = I1/ y1
Step 10: x2 = x1 + y1
10. CF for Net IRRt = – Capital called down at
Reading 45: Private Equity Valuation Step 11: y2 = x2[F2/ (1 – F2)]
the beg of periodt+1 + Op. resultt-1– mgmt..
Step 12: p2 = I2/ y2
feest– carried interestt
1. PIC:
14. Accounting for Risk in Venture Capital
Venture Capital Method:
FinQuiz Formula Sheet Level II 2018
[
• By adjusting Discount Rate = r = 3. Carhart Four Factor Model = E (Rp) = RF+ 13. Active specific risk = Z\1 𝑤ZÕ > 𝜎}>C
1’î
– 1
βp1RMRF + + βp2SMB + + βp3HML ++
1+]
βp4WML…..+ ℰ P Where
15. By adjusting terminal value using Scenario
𝑤ZÕ = ith asset’s active weight
analysis
=
Adj. TV = (% prob. scenario 1 ×
RMRF = Portfolio’s sensitivity to Mkt. 𝜎}>C is ith asset’s residual risk
expected E × expected P/E multiple) + (% Index
prob. scenario 2 × expected E × expected SMB = small minus big
P/E multiple) + … + (% prob. scenario n × Reading 49: Measuring & Managing Market
HML = high minus low
expected E × expected P/E multiple)
Risk
WML = winners minus losers
d+f
Reading 46: Commodities & Commodity 4. Macroeconomic Factor Model = Ri =ai + b 1. Std. Normal Dist. (z-dist.)=
<
Derivatives: An Introduction i1 F1 + bi2 F2+ …..+ biKFK+ εi 2. To obtain a 5% VaR = 𝐸 d˜ −
1.65𝜎˜ (−1) Portfolio Value
1. Theory of Storage states: Future Prices = ?Õìï×
íñ
w
ñíî
Õ••×Ô
Z +H/×î×_×
/Õìï×
íñ
w
5. biK = 3. Equity Exposure Measure = E(Ri) = RF +
<
(ñíî
/Õìïו
íñ
w )
Spot Price of the physical commodity + βi[E(RM) – RF]
Direct Storage costs – Convenience Yiled 4. Fixed Income Exposure Measure using
6. Actual Inf. = Predicted Inf. + Surprise Inf.
2. Price Return = (Current Price – Previous ∆` ∆3
Duration = = −𝐷
Price)/Previous Price ` 1’3
7. Active R = 𝑅ð − 𝑅` 5. Fixed Income Exposure Measure using
3. Total Return = Price Return + Roll Return
∆` ∆3
+ Collateral Return Duration & Convexity = = −𝐷 +
` 1’3
8. Active R (decomposition)=
1 1 ∆3 ?
w 𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑜
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 − 𝐶
Reading 47: The Portfolio Management > 1’3 ?
Process & the Investment Policy Statement 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 w × ∆
Z[
íðÔZí[
/Õìï×
6. Delta =
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑅 w + 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∆
Z[
/Õìï×
íñ
ï[1×îì3Z[_
∆
Z[
I×ìÔÕ
7. Gemma =
∆
Z[
/Õìï×
íñ
ï[1×îì3Z[_
9. Tracking Error TE = s(RP-RB) ∆
Z[
íðÔZí[
/Õìï×
Reading 48: An Introduction to Multifactor 8. Vega =
∆
Z[
/íìÕÔZìZÔ3
íñ
ï[1×îì3Z[_
Models Ve +VÅ
10. Information Ratio = =
9 Ve +VÅ Reading 50: Economics & Investment Markets
1. Multifactor Model = Ri = ai + b i1I1 + bi2I2+
…..+ biK IK+ εi 11. Active risk squared = s2(RP-RB) 1. Present Value Model =
2. Arbitrage Pricing Theory = E (R p) = RF + RÍ ©†iÍÏÌ
²
λ1β p,1 + λ2β p,2 + …..+ λk βp,k 12. Active risk squared = Active factor risk + 9\1
1’-Í,Ì ’jÍ,Ì ’k*Í,Ì
Ì
2. Price of default-free bond certain to pay d. +dJ 14. Fundamental Law: E(RA) =
4. Sharpe Ratio SR =
c.I
d.
off one unit of real consumption at time s = (TC)(IC) 𝐵𝑅𝜎H
PŠ,9 = EŠ 1mŠ,9 = EŠ mŠ,9 d. +dm dn
5. Information Ratio IR = = pd ∗
c.I
d. c.I
d.
15. 𝜎H = 𝑇𝐶 𝜎`
1+•Í,/ cdm
3. One
period
Rf
interest
rate
lŠ,1 = =
•Í,/
6. 𝑆𝑅˜> = 𝑆𝑅`> + 𝐼𝑅 >
1
−1 16. 𝑆𝑅˜> = 𝑆𝑅`> + 𝑇𝐶 >
𝐼𝑅 ∗ >
RÍ ¦Í,/
pd
7. S.D(RA) = ×𝑆. 𝐷 𝑅`
cdm Ex Ante Measurement of Skill
Risk premium on risky assets:
17. 𝜎H = 𝜎p@ 𝑁𝜎db
8. Active Security R as residual R in
4. Relation b/w expected value and Cov. = p@
𝐸Ô 𝑥𝑦 =
𝐸Ô 𝑥 𝐸Ô 𝑦 + 𝐶𝑜𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 18. 𝐸(𝑅H ) =
𝜎
• Single factor statistical model =𝑅HZ = <Lu H
𝑅Z − 𝑅`
5. Alternate way to view the pricing relation G
• Multi factor statistical model = 𝑅HZ = 19. Breadth BR =
1’(G+1)v
e~ ˜~Ï/,lk/
= 𝑃Ô,• =
1’ì~,/
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑣Ô 𝑃Ô’1,•+1 , 𝑚Ô,1 𝑅Z − wT\1 𝛽T,Z , 𝑅T
Reading 52: Algorithmic Trading & High
6. Expected Holding period return = 𝑟Ô,• = 9. Mean-var optimal security wghts for Frequency Trading
e~ ˜~Ï/,lk/ +˜~,l uncorrelated active R subject to limit on
˜~,l active portfolio risk =
𝜇Z 𝜎H
∆𝑤Z∗ = >
7. Pricing for real default free i rate =𝑃ÔZ = 𝜎Z G fC
?
C Z\1 < ?
G @—~Ïl C
•\1 l
1’ì~,l
10. Grinold Rule = 𝜇Z = 𝐼𝐶𝜎Z 𝑆Z
Reading 51: Analysis of Active Portfolio
fC <n
Management 11. ∆𝑤Z∗ =
<C? p@ `d
G
1. Benchmark Portfolio = 𝑅` = Z\1 𝑤`,Z 𝑅Z 12. Anticipated value added for Active
portfolio = E(RA) = IC 𝐵𝑅𝜎H
G
2. Portfolio Return = 𝑅˜ = Z\1 𝑤˜,Z 𝑅Z
13. Transfer Coefficient TC=
3. Value added return = RP-RB Cor(𝜇Z 𝜎Z , ∆𝑤Z 𝜎Z )